During protein synthesis, mrna is translated into three-base sequences representing amino acids. What signals the ribosome to begin translating the mrna into a new amino acid sequence?.

A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is subunit vaccine.

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that affects the immune system of the infected human. If the virus is present in large amounts, they may cause the disease AIDS. The virus can be transmitted through infected blood, from the semen or vaginal discharge of the person, etc.

Subunit vaccine is the one made from proteins or glycoprotein or polysaccharides part of the pathogen. These vaccines are considered to be safer than the whole-pathogen vaccines.

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The early handaxes, the first significant advancement in stone tool making, are sometimes linked to the arrival as Homo erectus inside the fossil record.

Humans have 99.9% of the same DNA as each other. Additionally, the 0.1% of human DNA that varies from person to person does not neatly fit the definition of race because genetics does not support the idea of race. Because of this, we are too related to each other to be classified as separate subspecies.

Our species is classified as belonging to the genus Homo within the hominid family. The only extant member of this genus is our species, Homo sapiens. Homo erectus is one of several earlier subspecies of Homo that formerly lived but are now extinct.

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The 4 types of transportation containers, most commonly used are: (1) Dry Storage Container, (2) Flat Rack Container, (3) Refrigerated ISO Containers, and (4) Special Purpose Containers.

Flat Rack Container are commonly used for shipping through the boats and other forms of international freight shipping rather than the railroad tracks.  The flat racks are most functional for shipping heavy equipment, machinery, or machine parts, etc.

Refrigerated ISO Containers are also known as reefers. They are used during used in intermodal freight transport. Temperature-sensitive goods are transported through these. These containers therefore rely on electrical power points at a land-based site.

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Skulls are less compact and zygomatic arches are less formed  is the reason behind Paranthropus and australopithecines as a group differ from members of the genus homo .

Paranthropus skull included  large premolar and molar teeth and a robust or strongly built lower jaw. Australopithecine species includes the difference in the thickness of the bones they have thin cranium .

Australopithecus were 120 cm tall, and the cranial capacity were also large. It had a low forehead, protruding face, lack of chin and low brain capacity.  They were adapted for tree climbing, have very small brain, and a long line jaws .

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The resistance to blood flow increases with decrease in viscosity resulting in increased perfusion and blood flow.

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The act of breathing occurring in the respiratory system is known as pulmonary ventilation. It is essentially the transfer of air in and out of the lungs. This act takes place due to three main types of pressure: Palv, Pip and Patm.

Palv (atmospheric temperature) and Patm (alveolar pressure) are two of the mechanisms causing pulmonary ventilation in the lungs. While alveolar pressure is dependent on the physical aspects and condition of the lungs, the atmospheric pressure in the air and the pressure inside the lungs determine the ability to pass air in and out of the lungs.

Inhalation and exhalation, i.e., intake and outlet of air through the lungs, depending on the pressure differences in the atmosphere and lungs. One sequence of inhalation and exhalation is known as a respiratory cycle. Two sets of muscles function during the average inhalation - the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. To create a larger thoracic cavity, the diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly. When the external intercostal muscles contract it expands the ribcage, further increasing the capacity of the cavity.

The adhesive force of the pleural fluid causes the lungs to expand along with the thoracic cavity as well, leading to a decrease in Pip (intra-alveolar pressure) that is lower than Palv. This causes air to enter the lungs.

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Using the theories of arteries, we got that cardiac muscle tissue is the tissue of the heart which is affected first when there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries.

The different types of tissues found in human heart are-

The cardiac muscle tissue supports in the pumping of the blood in the heart and out of the heart.

The connective tissues helps to support its shape and also connect the muscles to each other. The connective tissue actually forms the protective covering known as the pericardium.

The epithelial tissue forms the lining of the heart their by allowing the blood so that blood move smoothly.

Hence, When there is decreased blood supply to the coronary arteries, then the  tissue of the heart which is affected first is cardiac muscle tissue.

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Only the adrenal medullae are purely endocrine organs containing modified neurons that produce and secrete neurohormones.

The adrenal medulla is the adrenal gland's inner region. It is made up of the autonomic nervous system's modified sympathetic ganglion and grows from the same embryonic tissue as the other sympathetic ganglia. The cells that make up the adrenal medulla don't have axons and are found in groups around large blood vessels.

The adrenal medulla's chromaffin cells are responsible for the endocrine system. The ANS's sympathetic preganglionic neurons provide these cells with their innervation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are neurohormones because they are secreted by neurons, are secreted by the adrenal medulla.

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Flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often display low ultraviolet reflectance near the center of flower.

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the male reproductive part-anther of a flower to the female reproductive part-stigma. The goal of every living organism on this planet is to create offspring for the next generation through reproduction. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is through the formation of seeds.

Pollinators are the agents which transfer pollen grains or are responsible for pollination. Insect pollinators include bees, flies, butterflies, moths, and others. Of these, bees are the most important group of pollinators, with both wild and managed species which are acting as pollinators.

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In order to fossilize the body of a Mastodon who dies while walking around the river, a flood must occur so that the sediments can wash away the body with it.

Fossilizing is the act of forming fossils. Fossils are the remains, traces or impressions of the dead plant or animals, that dies millions of years ago. They are usually found buried deep down in the earth.

Mastodon is an organism that belonged to the extinct genus called Mammut of the family Mammutidae. They are believed to be the distant relatives of elephants and mammoths. They were shorter than the current elephants but their stature was quite heavy-built.

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Answer:

Lateral ventral horn

Explanation:

I know the answer from Quizlet.

The ventral horns contains the cell bodies of motor neurons that send axons via the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to terminate on striated muscles

Marine bacteria ate the subsurface oil removing oxygen from the water, killing both plants and animals and causing dead zones.

Marine microorganisms are minuscule creatures that only appear under a microscope and exist in aquatic habitats. They include viruses that accompany cellular organisms like bacteria, fungus, algae, and plankton.

A family of single-celled marine bacteria known as SAR11 is the most prevalent creature in the oceans, and potentially on the entire planet. These tiny jelly bean-like drifting organisms have evolved to outcompete other bacteria for the ocean's limited nutrients.

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Muscle cells can use both fatty acids and glucose for his or her aerobic respiratory. ATP is used for 2 matters in muscle cells: lively shipping of calcium (Ca++) and motion of motor proteins.

It also reminds us that ATP is needed by using the muscle mobile for the electricity stroke of the myosin pass bridge, for disconnecting the cross bridge from the binding web page on actin, and for transporting calcium ions back into the SR.

ATP is used for contraction when: the myosin heads are activated by an ATP molecule, which supplies it with the energy to carry out a electricity stroke. ATP is used at some point of rest to break the bond among the myosin heads and the actin filament.

ATP binding to myosin at some point of the contractile cycle effects in myosin detachment from actin, and electricity liberated from next ATP hydrolysis is then used to pressure the next contractile cycle. ATP is likewise used to decrease myoplasmic calcium ranges at some point of muscle rest.

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A population's genotype frequency is calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg Principle i.e. dividing the number of people having a particular genotype by the overall population size.

We have a single gene with two alleles, which is the most basic case. These alleles could be A and an or A1 and A2, for example. Say A or A1 is tall and A or A2 is short. Assume that a population has the frequencies p and q. (Since there are only two options and they must sum to one, p + q = 1.). The genotype frequencies can be predicted if we are aware of the allele frequencies.

Expected Frequency

AA or A1A1 = p * p = p²

Aa or A1A2 = pq + pq (or 2pq)

aa or A2A2 = q * q = q²

p² + pq + pq + q² = 1, or 100%

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Answer:

amnio acids

Explanation:

Glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6. The structural difference between them is that fructose is a five membered ring and glucose is a six membered ring.

Glucose is sugar whereas fructose is an amino acid and glucose is a monosaccharide whereas fructose is a disaccharide.

Glucose is the common monosaccharide whereas fructose is only rarely found in nature. Glucose generates appetite-regulating signals by the release of insulin whereas fructose does not affect appetite in this way.

Fructose changes blood sugar levels slowly as compared to glucose and does not impact insulin levels. Glucose is processed throughout the body, whereas fructose is entirely metabolized by the liver.

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Using the theories of receptor, we got that ligand is the signal molecule that does not enter the cell in the binding of a signal molecule to a surface receptor.

Cell-surface receptors Cell-surface receptors are the membrane-anchored proteins that bind to ligands on  outside surface of the cell. In this type of signaling, the ligand actually does not need to cross the plasma membrane.

In other cases, the receptor binds the DNA in either the presence or absence of hormone, but the hormone binding alters the activity of the receptor as the transcriptional regulatory molecule. For example, thyroid hormone receptor acts as the repressor in the absence of hormone.

Hence, in the binding of a signal molecule to a surface receptor, the signal molecule does not enter the cell is ligand.

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Radiations that damage living cells are the most dangerous.

Alpha particles make up the first one. The heaviest form of radiation particle, these particles are made up of two protons and two neutrons. A lot of the earth's naturally occurring radioactive substances, including uranium and thorium, emit alpha particles. Radon in our houses is one example that most people are acquainted with.

The most dangerous outside threat is gamma radiation. "Beta burns" can be brought on by beta particles that partially penetrate skin. Alpha rays can't get through healthy skin. Gamma and x-rays can pass through a person while harming the cells they encounter.

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Answer:

Both the cells have a distinct plasma membrane, which protects the internal components from external damage.

There is no well-defined nucleus in the prokaryotic cell, whereas eukaryotic cells have an organized nucleus.

Central dogma of molecular biology dna → mRNA → proteins.

Central dogma of molecular biology is a concept that tells that genetic information moves only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein. Three important classes of  biopolymers are  DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein.

Hence, central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein. It states that genes specify the sequence of mRNA molecules, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins .

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San Francisco's hiring proposal is to provide employees with breastfeeding breaks and feeding areas.

Employees who regularly work eight or more hours per week in San Francisco are covered by the HCSO. For example, a worker who regularly works eight hours a week in January is a covered worker for the month, even if she has not worked for two months at the end of the quarter.

These supplements are not to be confused with the SF mandate where employees fund the health care of her over 20 corporate restaurant employees. Employer Mandate is the latest term for Healthy San Francisco. SF requires employers to provide health insurance to their employees. Some have chosen to charge a different fee to cover this as well as increase the prices on the menu sometimes a per person fee and sometimes a percentage of the bill.

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Glycosylases are the enzymes that has a repair function and can excise incorrect nucleotides during dna replication.

Base excision repair is a method for identifying and removing particular kinds of damaged bases. In base excision repair, a class of enzymes known as glycosylases plays a crucial role. Each glycosylase recognises and eliminates a particular type of damaged base.

For instance, a process known as deamination can change a cytosine base into uracil, a base that is generally only found in RNA. Uncorrected cytosine-to-uracil changes can result in mutations because during DNA replication, uracil will pair with adenine rather than guanine (as it would if the base was still cytosine).

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Chromosomes are the fibrous proteins coil the 30 nm structures into a thicker condensed structure visible under a microscope, starting during prophase.

Chromosomes are the structures in a cell that group genes together, are composed of chromatin (DNA and protein), and become visible under a light microscope during mitosis.Chromosomes are thread-like structures that are composed of protein and one molecule of DNA (chromatin) which contains an organism’s genetic information such as eye colour that are inherited from the parents. Chromosomes are visible in the cell’s nucleus under a microscope only when the cell is dividing. Each chromosome is divided into two sections by a constriction point (centromere) and most chromosomes are arranged in pairs in the nucleus of a cell. Humans possess 22 chromosome pairs.

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You have a 25% chance of inheriting the faulty gene from both parents and getting the condition if you are born to parents who share the same autosomal recessive gene.

It is a process in which material property is handed down from one generation to another, typically within the family, typically from aging parents to their adult offspring, and which is finished after the death of a older generation.

A will needs to be admitted to probate in order for the inheritance procedure to start. The probate court examines the will, approves an executor, and formally distributes assets to recipients in accordance with the terms. The executor will pay off any outstanding obligations of the deceased prior to the transfer.

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We can use a punnett square to predict the outcome of self-fertilization for the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross. In this case, the punnett square should be set up as a blank 2×2 square.

For the f1 hybrids of a monohybrid cross, self-fertilization can be predicted using a punnett square. The punnett square should be configured as a 2x2 square in this situation.The Punnett square uses the representation of crosses between different persons to indicate the possibility of having children with varied genotypes and attributes.Different gamete combinations are produced by these crossings depending on the alleles involved.Remember that every gamete carries a particular allele of one of the important genes.When we talk about monohybrid crosses, we typically mean a single diallelic gene that codes for a single trait. There are two rows and two columns in the Punnett squares used to represent this cross.

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Two parents with black eyes can give rise to offspring with red eye (ee) which is a recessive trait only when both the parents are heterozygous (Ee) for the trait. This is showed in the cross on the given image.

Recessive condition in the genotype can only occur during homozygous state when both the alleles for the gene are recessive. Recessive alleles are the mutated version of the gene that are not able to produce any effect when present along with a dominant allele.

Heterozygous state of the genotype is when both the alleles for a given trait are different or contrasting. One of the alleles is able to show its effect while the other is not, in a heterozygous condition. Sometimes heterozygous trait can have a phenotype that is different from the dominant and recessive phenotype.  

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There are five different types of subunits are there in bacterial RNAP holoenzyme.

The Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a multi-subunit enzyme composed of five subunits including α (two copies), β, β’ and ω subunits. These five subunits form the RNAP core enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis using DNA as template and ribonucleotide (rNTP) as substrate. For initiating promoter specific DNA transcription, the core enzyme has to bind a σ factor, which helps to direct the polymerase to specific promoters. The core polymerase with sigma factor is referred to as the holoenzyme.

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laws usually describe what will happen in a given situation as demonstrable like a mathematical equation, where theories describe how the phenomenon happens.

Characteristics of natural or treated hair that can be determined by viewing hair under a compound microscope are:

Cuticle is the protective layer of cells for the hairs. These cells are dead in nature and overlap each other to form the protective layer. Healthy cuticle is important to protect the innermost layer of cells.

mt-DNA refers to mitochondrial DNA. This is the DNA present inside the mitochondria instead of the cell's nucleus. The DNA is circular is structure.

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When a tall and quick plant are crossed, all the offspring are tall. If the offspring self-fertilize, they produce tall and quick flowers in a ratio of 3:1 withinside the subsequent technology. Mendel's real counts have been 787 tall:277 quick flowers on this technology (2.84:1 ratio).

Mendel stated that hybridizing true-breeding (P technology) flowers gave upward push to an F1 technology that confirmed most effective one trait of a characteristic. For example, a true-breeding purple-flowering plant crossed with a true-breeding white-flowering plant constantly gave upward push to purple-flowered hybrid flowers.

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