During the Target breach, a type of attack called spear phishing was used against the 3rd party HVAC vendor.
Spear phishing is a targeted form of phishing, where the attacker sends a personalized email to a specific individual or organization, often using their name and other details to appear legitimate. In this case, the attackers gained unauthorized access to the HVAC vendor's credentials by sending a malicious email with an infected attachment. Once opened, the malware allowed the attackers to infiltrate Target's network, leading to the massive data breach. This highlights the importance of strong cybersecurity measures, especially when dealing with third-party vendors.
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Lawyers used a mass of sociological evidence in the 1908 muller v. Oregon case to demonstrate what?
Answer:
In the 1908 Muller v. Oregon case, lawyers used a mass of sociological evidence to demonstrate that women were physically and mentally weaker than men, and that they needed special protection in the workplace. This evidence was used to justify the state of Oregon's decision to limit the number of hours women could work in certain industries.
the revenue act of 1935 (sometimes called the wealth-tax act):
The Revenue Act of 1935, also known as the Wealth-Tax Act, was a piece of legislation signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 30, 1935.
The purpose of the Revenue Act of 1935 was to provide additional revenue for the federal government during the Great Depression. One of the key features of the act was the introduction of a progressive tax on wealth. This meant that the more money a person had, the higher their tax rate would be.
The wealth tax was part of a broader effort by the Roosevelt administration to address income inequality and redistribute wealth in America. Supporters of the tax argued that it was necessary to ensure that the wealthy paid their fair share and to prevent the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few.
The Revenue Act of 1935 also made several other changes to the tax code, including an increase in corporate tax rates and a new tax on capital gains. Additionally, the act introduced several new social welfare programs, including Social Security, which provided retirement benefits for workers.
Overall, the Revenue Act of 1935 was a significant piece of legislation that helped to shape the modern American tax system and social welfare programs. Its legacy continues to be felt today, as debates about taxation and income inequality remain central issues in American politics.
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what is the burden of proof in a tort litigation? group of answer choices by clear and convincing evidence articulable probable cause beyond a reasonable doubt by a preponderance of the evidence
The burden of proof in a tort litigation is typically by a preponderance of the evidence. This means that the plaintiff must show that it is more likely than not that the defendant was responsible for the harm suffered.
It is a lower standard of proof than beyond a reasonable doubt, which is used in criminal cases. The plaintiff does not need to prove their case by clear and convincing evidence or articulable probable cause. However, in some specific types of tort cases, such as fraud or defamation, the burden of proof may be higher and require clear and convincing evidence. Ultimately, the specific burden of proof in a tort litigation will depend on the specific circumstances of the case and the type of tort involved.
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In United States v. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court justices A. required Nixon to turn over secret tapes to Congress. B. ruled that Nixon must resign from office in order to avoid criminal charges. C. allowed Nixon to withhold secret tapes from Congress. D. impeached Nixon.
A. In United States v. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court justices required Nixon to turn over secret tapes to Congress. However, it is important to provide a detailed answer as well.
The case arose from the Watergate scandal, in which members of President Nixon's administration were caught breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters. Nixon's involvement in the cover-up of the break-in was revealed through secret tape recordings that he had made in the Oval Office.
Congress issued a subpoena for the tapes, but Nixon refused to turn them over, claiming executive privilege. The case eventually made its way to the Supreme Court, which ruled unanimously that Nixon had to turn over the tapes. The Court held that the need for evidence in a criminal trial outweighed the President's claim of privilege.
The ruling was a significant blow to Nixon's presidency, as it provided evidence of his involvement in the Watergate cover-up and led to his eventual resignation.
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Distinguish between the Letting and hiring of services and the letting and hiring of work
The letting and hiring of services refers to a situation where an individual or company contracts with another individual or company to provide a specific service or set of services.
For example, a homeowner may contract with a landscaping company to mow their lawn on a weekly basis, or a business may contract with an accounting firm to handle their financial statements.
On the other hand, the letting and hiring of work refers to a situation where an individual or company contracts with another individual or company to perform a specific task or set of tasks. This can include physical labor, such as construction or manufacturing, or intellectual labor, such as graphic design or software development. In this situation, the contractor is typically responsible for providing their own tools and materials and completing the work to the specifications outlined in the contract.
Overall, the main difference between letting and hiring services and letting and hiring work is that in the former, the contractor is responsible for providing a specific service or set of services, while in the latter, the contractor is responsible for completing a specific task or set of tasks.
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The textbook refers to the activity by which an issue is agitated or settled as a) government b) policy c) politics d) participation
The activity by which an issue is agitated or settled is referred to as politics. Politics involves the use of political power, influence, and negotiation to make decisions and address problems that affect society.
It includes a variety of actors, such as elected officials, interest groups, and citizens, who engage in the political process through participation, lobbying, and voting. Policy, on the other hand, refers to the specific actions and decisions made by government officials to address issues and achieve goals. Government, as a broader term, refers to the institutions and individuals responsible for governing a society, including elected officials, bureaucrats, and judicial bodies. Participation is a key aspect of politics, as it allows citizens to have a voice in the decisions that affect their lives.
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Which of the following are rights enjoyed by people who are under grand jury investigation?
Right to testify
Right to be present
Right to counsel
None of the above
The correct answer is "None of the above."
People who are under grand jury investigation do not have a right to testify, be present, or have counsel present during grand jury proceedings. The grand jury investigation is conducted by the government to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring criminal charges against an individual.
The grand jury proceedings are secret and the individuals under investigation are not allowed to be present. The grand jury may call witnesses to testify, but the individuals under investigation do not have the right to testify.
They also do not have the right to have an attorney present during the grand jury proceedings, although they may consult with an attorney outside of the proceedings. The grand jury's decision to indict or not indict is based solely on the evidence presented to them by the government, and the individuals under investigation do not have the right to challenge the grand jury's decision.
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a chief officer is known as a judge in a state court of record as well as in a federal court. T/F
True, a chief officer is known as a judge in both a state court of record and a federal court.
In the context of the judicial system, a chief officer or judge plays a crucial role in administering justice, overseeing court proceedings, and ensuring the fair application of the law.
Both state and federal courts consist of judges who are responsible for interpreting and applying the law within their jurisdiction. State courts of record handle cases involving state laws, while federal courts deal with cases involving federal laws, the U.S. Constitution, and disputes between states.
In both court systems, the judge's primary duty is to uphold justice and maintain an impartial and professional environment during legal proceedings.
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Liebeck v. McDonald's
Do you agree with the end result of this case? Why or why not?
Liebeck v. McDonald's is a famous case that revolves around a woman named Stella Liebeck who was severely burned by a cup of hot coffee she purchased from McDonald's. She sued McDonald's for serving coffee that was too hot and received a substantial monetary settlement.
In my opinion, the end result of this case was fair. While some may argue that Liebeck should have known that the coffee was hot, the truth is that McDonald's was serving coffee that was significantly hotter than industry standards, which made it more dangerous. The coffee was so hot that it caused third-degree burns on Liebeck's legs and required extensive medical treatment.
The monetary settlement that Liebeck received was not only meant to compensate her for her medical expenses and suffering but also to send a message to McDonald's and other companies to prioritize customer safety over profits. In the end, the case brought attention to the need for companies to adhere to safety standards and provided justice for Liebeck's injuries.
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which governmental agency or agencies is/are responsible for designing food policy guidelines?
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) are responsible for designing food policy guidelines. These agencies collaborate every five years to create the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which provide recommendations for healthy eating patterns and nutrient intake.
The USDA and HHS gather input from other agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as well as experts in nutrition, public health, and food science. The guidelines are based on the latest scientific research and are intended to promote health and prevent chronic diseases. The USDA and HHS also provide guidance on food safety, labeling, and nutrition education.
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A defense in which the defendant claims the other party was the aggressor and the defendant acted in self-defense is known as the
a. aggressor defense
b. mutual combat defense
c. reasonable discipline of a child by a parent
d. necessary conduct defense
The defense in which the defendant claims the other party was the aggressor and the defendant acted in self-defense is known as the aggressor defense.
This defense is often used in criminal cases, where the defendant claims that they were only acting in self-defense to protect themselves from harm. The aggressor defense is not always successful, as the defendant must prove that they were not the initial aggressor and that their actions were reasonable in response to the perceived threat. In cases where both parties were actively engaged in a physical altercation, the mutual combat defense may be used. However, this defense is less common and requires both parties to have willingly participated in the altercation. The reasonable discipline of a child by a parent and necessary conduct defense are unrelated to the aggressor defense.
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What is Miller's Law?
Miller's Law is a psychological principle which states that the average human can only retain approximately seven pieces of information in their working memory at any given time.
This means that any information presented beyond this limit is likely to be forgotten or lost. The principle was first introduced by psychologist George Miller in 1956 and has since been used in fields such as user interface design and advertising to help present information in a more effective and memorable way. By breaking down complex information into smaller chunks and presenting it in an organized and structured manner, it is possible to overcome the limitations of working memory and increase the chances of retaining important information.
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texas ranks ______ the national average in voter turnout of the voting-age population
According to data from the United States Elections Project, Texas ranks below the national average in voter turnout of the voting-age population.
In the 2020 Presidential election, Texas had a voter turnout rate of 66.2%, while the national average was 66.4%. In the 2018 midterm elections, Texas had a voter turnout rate of 46.3%, while the national average was 50.3%. It is important to note that voter turnout can vary depending on factors such as demographics, election type, and voter accessibility. However, Texas has consistently been below the national average in recent years. Efforts to increase voter turnout in Texas include expanding early voting, implementing online voter registration, and increasing access to voting locations.
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the governorâs "military power" extends to all the following organizations, except the
The governor's military power typically extends to several organizations within their state or region, such as the National Guard, State Guard, and State Police.
These powers allow the governor to mobilize and direct these forces to respond to emergencies, maintain peace, and support disaster relief efforts. However, one organization that the governor's military power does not extend to is the Active-Duty Military, which falls under the authority of the President of the United States and the Department of Defense. The Active-Duty Military is responsible for national defense and global operations, and their activities are directed at the federal level rather than by individual state governors.
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Which of the following can be used to help determine the intent of the Framers?
A. The Equal Rights Amendment
B. The Federalist Papers
C. checks and balances
D. Full Faith and Credit
The Federalist Papers can be used to help determine the intent of the Framers.
The Federalist Papers were a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. The papers were written to encourage the ratification of the United States Constitution and explain the reasoning behind its design.
The Federalist Papers provide insight into the thoughts and intentions of the Framers and offer valuable commentary on the various provisions of the Constitution.
The papers remain an important resource for understanding the original intent of the Constitution and the Framers' views on important topics such as federalism, separation of powers, and the scope of the federal government's authority. Overall, the Federalist Papers are an invaluable tool for interpreting the meaning of the Constitution and understanding the intent of the Framers.
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the nomination of someone to serve as federal judge would be sent to which senate committee?
The nomination of someone to serve as a federal judge would be sent to the Senate Judiciary Committee. The committee assesses the nominee and conducts a hearing to determine if they should be recommended for Senate confirmation.
The Senate Judiciary Committee is a standing committee of the United States Senate that has jurisdiction over matters related to federal law, including the nomination of federal judges, as well as legislation related to civil liberties, criminal justice, and intellectual property.
Once a nomination is made by the President, it is sent to the Senate Judiciary Committee for consideration. The committee reviews the nominee's qualifications and conducts a confirmation hearing to question the nominee about their background, experience, and views on legal issues.
After the confirmation hearing, the committee votes on whether to recommend the nominee for confirmation by the full Senate. If the committee approves the nomination, it is sent to the full Senate for a vote. If the nomination is approved by the Senate, the nominee is appointed as a federal judge.
In summary, the nomination of someone to serve as a federal judge would be sent to the Senate Judiciary Committee for consideration. The committee reviews the nominee's qualifications and conducts a confirmation hearing before voting on whether to recommend the nominee for confirmation by the full Senate.
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the united states has a dual prison system that parallels its dual court system.
T/F
True. The United States has a dual prison system that parallels its dual court system.
The United States does have a dual prison system that parallels its dual court system. This means that there are both federal and state prisons that operate separately from one another, just as there are federal and state courts that operate separately. Federal prisons are overseen by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and house inmates who have committed crimes against the federal government or who have violated federal laws. State prisons are overseen by state departments of corrections and house inmates who have committed crimes against the state or who have violated state laws.
This system comprises federal and state prisons. Federal prisons are managed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, while state prisons are operated by individual states. This structure reflects the division of authority between federal and state governments.
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the type of justice that seeks to achieve the greatest good for all is called
Utilitarian justice is a type of justice that aims to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Utilitarian justice is a consequentialist approach to justice that focuses on the outcome or consequences of a particular action or decision. It measures the success of a decision by its ability to produce the greatest happiness or benefit for the greatest number of people. Utilitarian justice considers the overall well-being of society and seeks to maximize overall happiness and minimize suffering. It is often used in discussions surrounding public policy and ethical dilemmas, where decisions must be made that affect a large number of people.
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after suspects officially become defendants, they are brought before a lower-court judge for
After suspects officially become defendants, they are brought before a lower-court judge for an arraignment. During this court hearing, the defendant is formally charged with the crime they are accused of and enters a plea of guilty or not guilty.
The arraignment serves as a critical step in the criminal justice process as it ensures that the defendant is aware of the charges against them and gives them an opportunity to plead guilty or not guilty. The judge may also set bail or other conditions of release during this hearing.
Additionally, if the defendant pleads not guilty, the arraignment sets the stage for the pretrial process, including discovery, motion practice, and plea bargaining. Overall, the arraignment is an important legal proceeding that helps to ensure due process for defendants and to move the criminal justice system forward.
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the complete question is:
After suspects officially become defendants, they are brought before a lower-court judge for:
A) an arraignment
B) plea bargaining
C) an initial appearance
D) filing charges
the law permitting a man to pass on his entire estate to his eldest son was known as
The law permitting a man to pass on his entire estate to his eldest son is known as "primogeniture."
Primogeniture was a common law concept that originated in medieval England and was later adopted by other countries, including the United States. Under this law, the eldest son of a family was entitled to inherit his father's entire estate upon his death, regardless of whether he had other siblings or not.
This practice ensured that family wealth and power remained concentrated within one line of descent, typically the male line. However, primogeniture was abolished in most countries in the 19th and 20th centuries, as it was seen as unfair to younger siblings and perpetuated inequality. Today, most countries have adopted laws of equal inheritance, where all children are entitled to an equal share of their parent's estate.
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evaluate current strategic position and the options available to sonance.
Sonance is a leading provider of high-end audio solutions for residential and commercial spaces. The company's current strategic position is strong, with a reputation for high-quality products and a loyal customer base. However, there are several factors that could impact Sonance's future growth and profitability.
One of the main challenges facing Sonance is increased competition in the audio industry. As more companies enter the market, Sonance will need to differentiate itself from its competitors and continue to innovate in order to maintain its position as a leader in the industry.
Another factor that could impact Sonance's growth is the changing landscape of the audio industry. With the rise of streaming services and wireless audio, Sonance will need to adapt to new technologies and trends in order to stay relevant.
To address these challenges, Sonance has several options available. One option is to continue to invest in research and development to create innovative products that differentiate the company from its competitors. Another option is to expand its product offerings to include new technologies and services that appeal to customers.
Sonance could also explore partnerships and collaborations with other companies in the industry to leverage their expertise and resources. This could include collaborations with technology companies to develop new products or with installation companies to expand its reach in the commercial market.
Finally, Sonance could consider expanding its geographic reach by entering new markets or expanding its distribution network. This would require a significant investment, but could provide new opportunities for growth and profitability.
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what should you do about keeping the name of an organization confidential on your résumé?
If you need to keep the name of an organization confidential on your resume, there are a few steps you can take.
What are the steps?First, consider using a generic description of the type of organization you worked for instead of the actual name.
For example, instead of listing the name of a government agency, you could simply list "federal government agency."
Additionally, you can explain in your cover letter or during an interview that you are unable to disclose the name of the organization due to confidentiality agreements.
It's important to be honest and transparent while still protecting the organization's identity.
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which of the following is not a purpose of law? select one: a. promoting equality b. keeping order c. influencing conduct d. providing compromises e. all of the above are purposes of law.
The purpose of law is multifaceted and can vary depending on the context. However, not all options listed are considered a purpose of law. The answer to this question is D) providing compromises.
While law can provide a framework for compromise and negotiation, it is not a primary purpose of the legal system. The primary purposes of law include promoting equality by protecting individuals and groups from discrimination, maintaining social order by establishing rules and consequences for violating those rules, and influencing conduct by encouraging individuals and organizations to act in a certain way. Additionally, law can serve to protect individual rights, resolve disputes, and provide a framework for government functions.
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Which Supreme Court case signals a return to the hands-off doctrine of earlier times?
Cruz v. Beto
Hudson v. Palmer
Estelle v. Gamble
Wilson v. Seiter
None of the cases listed signal a return to the hands-off doctrine of earlier times.
The "hands-off" doctrine refers to the idea that courts should not interfere in the internal affairs of prisons and should defer to the expertise of prison officials in matters of security and discipline. This doctrine was challenged in the 1960s and 1970s as prisoners' rights activists argued that inmates were being subjected to cruel and unusual punishment.
However, in recent years, some Supreme Court cases have been criticized for taking a more hands-off approach to prison conditions and inmate rights, such as Hudson v. Palmer (1984), which held that prisoners do not have a Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures in their cells, and Wilson v. Seiter (1991), which set a high standard for proving that prison conditions violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment.
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the process of suspending the rules of the senate, thus ending the threat of a filibuster is called ____
The process of suspending the rules of the Senate, thus ending the threat of a filibuster is called invoking cloture.
In order to overcome a filibuster, the Senate can invoke cloture, which is a procedural vote to end debate and bring the bill or nomination to a final vote. To invoke cloture, a Senator must file a motion, which requires the support of at least 60 Senators to pass. Once cloture is invoked, the Senate is limited to an additional 30 hours of debate before a final vote is taken.
The use of the filibuster has been a subject of debate in recent years, with some arguing that it is an essential tool for protecting minority rights in the Senate, while others argue that it has become a tool for obstructionism and has been abused by both parties to prevent the passage of important legislation.
the filibuster is a procedural tactic in the United States Senate that allows a Senator or a group of Senators to delay or block a vote on a piece of legislation or a presidential nomination by speaking for an extended period of time. The filibuster is used to prevent the Senate from voting on a measure, effectively halting the legislative process.
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From wearing two hats, there is no potential conflict in both treating and evaluating a person for court.
True
False
False. Wearing two hats, or having dual roles, of treating and evaluating a person for court can create a potential conflict of interest.
This is because the mental health professional may be torn between their obligation to help their client and their obligation to provide accurate information to the court. In such cases, the mental health professional may struggle to remain neutral, and their judgment may be clouded by their personal relationship with the client.
For example, a therapist treating a client for substance abuse may be called upon to provide an evaluation of the client's mental state and ability to stand trial. The therapist may feel pressure to minimize the client's culpability in order to protect their progress in treatment, or they may feel compelled to provide information that is not accurate to help the client's case. This can compromise the integrity of the evaluation and lead to unfair outcomes in the legal system.
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what major player provided nearly $2 million for the recall of governor gray davis?
The major player who provided nearly $2 million for the recall of Governor gray Davis was Darrell Issa.
California held a recall election in 2003 to remove the governor at the time, Gray Davis. Darrell Issa is a wealthy businessman who was one of the key contributors to the recall campaign and contributed almost $2 million. Issa was a Republican in Congress at the time, made significant financial contributions to Davis's recall effort.
He contributed more than $1.7 million of his own funds to the cause and he also ran as Davis replacement in the event of the latter's recall. Arnold was ultimately elected as the new governor of California as the recall effort was successful.
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in about two-thirds of all adjudicated delinquency cases, the judge decides to place the juvenile on probation
In about two-thirds of all adjudicated delinquency cases, the judge decides to place the juvenile on probation.
What does this entail?This means that the juvenile is allowed to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer, rather than being sent to a detention center or other facility.
The probation officer will work with the juvenile and their family to ensure that they follow the terms of their probation, which may include attending school, participating in counseling or treatment programs, and avoiding criminal activity.
Probation is often seen as a more lenient punishment than incarceration, but it can still be a challenging experience for juveniles and their families.
It requires a high level of compliance and accountability, and failure to meet the terms of probation can result in more serious consequences.
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an individual is shot while trying to break into a home. this is an example of:
This situation is an example of self-defense or the Castle Doctrine, where a homeowner uses force to protect their property and themselves from an intruder.
This is an example of self-defense or justifiable use of force. If the homeowner reasonably believed that the intruder posed an immediate threat of death or serious bodily harm, the homeowner may be protected under self-defense laws. However, the specific circumstances of the incident would need to be examined to determine the legality and justification of the use of force.
This situation is an example of self-defense or the Castle Doctrine, where a homeowner uses force to protect their property and themselves from an intruder.
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if an individual is permitted a trial, who chooses whether it will be before a judge or a jury?
If an individual is granted a trial, the decision on whether it will be before a judge or a jury is usually made by the defendant.
However, there are certain circumstances where the decision may be made by the court or the prosecutor. In some cases, the defendant may choose to waive their right to a jury trial and opt for a bench trial where the judge decides the outcome. This may be done if the defendant believes that they will have a better chance of success with a judge who has legal expertise rather than a jury who may be swayed by emotion or bias. Ultimately, the decision on the type of trial is an important one and should be made after careful consideration of the facts and circumstances of the case.
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