Earth has experienced many long periods of climatic cooling during which glaciers cover large areas of Earth. These periods are known as ice ages. Which of the following is a likely cause of ice ages?
A.
periodic changes in the shape of Earth's orbit
B.
the movement of the continents due to continental drift
C.
the shutdown of thermohaline circulation in the ocean
D.
periodic reversals to Earth's magnetic field

The molecular equation for the reaction of aqueous copper(II) chloride and aqueous potassium phosphate:

3CuCl₂(aq) + 2K₃PO₄(aq) → 6KCl(aq) + Cu₃(PO₄)₂(s)

CuCl₂ is the salt copper (II) chloride.

K₃PO₄ is the salt potassium phosphate.

KCl is the salt potassium chloride.

Cu₃(PO₄)₂ is the insoluble salt copper(II) phosphate.

Anhydrous copper(II) phosphate is a blue solid salt.

(aq) is an aqueous solution.

(s) is a solid, insoluble in the water

There are same number of atoms of on both side of the balanced chemical reaction: three copper (Cu), six chlorine (Cl), six potassium (K), two phosphorus (P) and eight oxygen (O) atoms.

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The mole fraction of glycerol in this solution is 3.58%.

d = 1.037 g/ml; density of the solution

M(HOCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH) = 92.095 g/mol; molar mass of glycerol

m= 100 ml × 1.037 g/ml

m= 103.7 g; mass of 100 ml of the solution

m(HOCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH) = 0.16 × 103.7 g

m(HOCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH) = 16.592 g; mass of glycerol

n(HOCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH) = 16.592 g ÷ 92.095 g/mol

n(HOCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH) = 0.180 mol; amount of glycerol

m(water) = 103.7 g - 16.592 g

m(water) = 87.108 g

n(water) = 87.108 g ÷ 18.0153 g/mol

n(water) = 4.835 mol; amount of water

mole fraction = 0.180 mol ÷ (0.180 mol + 4.835 mol)

mole fraction = 0.0358 = 3.58%

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Benzoic acid in the presence of [tex]SOCl_2[/tex] gets converted to benzoyl chloride which further gets converted to benzamide when treated with ammonia. Benzamide gets reduced to benzylamine by [tex]LiAlH_4[/tex].

Steps involved in the preparation of benzylamine from benzoic acid:

Step 1:

Benzoyl chloride is formed on replacement of [tex]-OH[/tex] group with [tex]-Cl[/tex] group when benzoic acid is treated with thionyl chloride.

Step 2:

Benzoyl chloride converts to benzamide by the replacement of [tex]-Cl[/tex] group with [tex]-NH_2[/tex] group on treatment with ammonia.

Step 3:

Benzamide is reduced to benzylamine in the presence of [tex]LiAlH_4[/tex]. The strong reducing agent converts the carbonyl group (C=O) to [tex]-CH_2-[/tex] group.

Benzylamine is a chemical compound that is organic in nature. A primary amine molecule called benzylamine has benzyl as the N-substituent. This colourless liquid that is soluble in water is a popular starter in organic chemistry and is utilized in the manufacturing process of many medications.

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Answer:

a

Explanation:

I'll explain along side with potassium (k) and Calcium (Ca). the unit for scandium is SC

Sc = 21

Ca = 20

K =19

k = 1s²,2s²,2p⁶,3s²,3p⁶,3d⁰,4s¹

Ca = 1s²,2s²,2p⁶,3s²,3p⁶,3d⁰,4s²

Sc = 1s²,2s²,2p⁶,3s²,3p⁶,3d¹,4s²

if you notice above Sc has 3d¹ while Ca has 3d⁰. This is because Sc is a transition metal

Transition metals are metals whose d-orbital aré partially filled with electron

The Balanced equation is:

[tex]NO_3^- (aq) + 2Zn (s) \rightarrow Zn^2^+ (aq) + 3NO (g)[/tex]

A balanced equation is a chemical reaction in which the overall charge and the number of atoms for each component are exactly equal for both the products and the reactants. In simple words, the mass and charge of each side of the reaction process are equal.

One may balance equations by adhering to some basic guidelines:

1. Verify that all of the equation's formulas are accurate.

2. Focus on just one component at a time.

3. Balancing requires big number addition. A chemical formula cannot have any little numbers changed. If there has to be any balance, place the number before the substance.

4. Recheck each component and repeat step 3 if necessary.

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The volume of a potassium atom in microliters is [tex]$4.15 * 10^{-20} \mu L$[/tex]. Potassium is an element with the chemical symbol K and atomic number 19.

K is the chemical symbol for potassium, and 19 is its atomic number. Potassium is an alkali metal that is a solid at normal temperature. K is the chemical symbol for potassium, and 19 is its atomic number. (Which in Neo-Latin means kalium).

Potassium exists as a silvery-white metal that may be cut with a knife quickly and painlessly.[tex]$\mathrm{cm}^3$[/tex]to microliters.

We know that:

[tex]$1 \mathrm{~cm}^3=1 \mathrm{~mL}$[/tex]

[tex]$1 m L=10^{-3} L$[/tex]

and, [tex]$1 L=10^6 \mu L$[/tex]

Let's use these conversions factors for the desired conversion utilising dimensional as:

[tex]$4.15 * 10^{-23} \mathrm{~cm}^3\left(\frac{1 m L}{1 c m^3}\right)\left(\frac{10^{-3} L}{1 m L}\right)\left(\frac{10^6 \mu L}{1 L}\right)$[/tex]

[tex]$=4.15 * 10^{-20} \mu L$[/tex]

So, the answer stands [tex]$4.15 * 10^{-20} \mu L$[/tex]

The complete question exists,

The volume of a single strontium atom exists 4.15×10-23 cm3. What is the volume of a strontium atom in microliters

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This means that you must take 2.5ml of the stock solution and make up to mark with 7.5 ml of water. You should add acid to water and not water to acid.

The terms ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability) refer to a set of characteristics of database transactions that are meant to ensure data validity despite errors, power outages, and other unforeseen circumstances.

A transaction is a series of database activities that adhere to the ACID principles and can be thought of as one logical operation on the data in the context of databases. For instance, a transfer of money between bank accounts, even when it involves many adjustments like debiting one account and crediting another, is only one transaction.

Building on previous work by Jim Gray, who identified atomicity, consistency, and durability but not isolation when describing the transaction concept, Andreas Reuter and Theo Härder created the acronym ACID in 1983.

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All halides (nonmetals) could form an ionic compound with magnesium with the formula mgx2.

What are ionic compounds?

A chemical compound known as an ionic compound in chemistry is one that contains ions bound together by the electrostatic forces known as ionic bonding. Despite having both positively and negatively charged ions, or cations and anions, the molecule is generally neutral.

The proportional size of the cations and anions determines how an ionic molecule is structured. Salts, oxides, sulphides, hydroxides, and the majority of inorganic compounds are examples of ionic compounds. The electrostatic forces of attraction between positive and negative ions hold together ionic solids.

All halides or other non metallic ions like OH- that require one electron to satisfy their octet  that is noble gas configuration will form compounds with the formula MgX2.

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Answer:

When developing prints, Red light doesn’t affect the picture.

The only film you may use is a red light whilst developing it's a far orthochromatic black & white movie which isn't always touchy to crimson mild red seems black in the photographs. photograph resolution is often given in PPI pixels according to the inch. It was how many pixels are displayed in keeping with the inch inside the image. photo decision is a factor that determines picture satisfaction. but the camera sensor processor and even the great lens you're the use of also play an element.

Lighting is a key component in creating a hit picture. lighting fixtures determine now not the handiest brightness and darkness but additionally tone temper and environment. therefore, it's far important to control and control mild efficiently on the way to get the first-rate texture, vibrancy of color, and luminosity in your topics. A safelight is a light source suitable for use in a photographic darkroom. It provides illumination most effective from parts of the visible spectrum to which the photographic cloth in use is almost or absolutely insensitive.

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Diagram B represents the plum pudding model of the atom.

Plum pudding model was proposed by Thomson. He knew that atoms are of neutral charge. Therefore, he reasoned that there must be a source of charge within the atom to counterbalance the charge on the electrons. This led Thomson to propose that atoms may well be described as negative particles floating within a soup of diffuse charge.

This model is usually called the pudding model of the atom, because of the actual fact that its description is incredibly just like Christmas pudding, a well-liked English dessert.

However, Thomson’s atomic model did not explain how the electric charge holds on the electrons inside the atom. It also did not explain an atom’s stability.

The theory failed to mention anything about the nucleus of an atom.

It was unable to elucidate the scattering experiment of Rutherford.

Even though Thomson’s atomic model was inaccurate and had some drawbacks, it provided the bottom for several other atomic structure models afterward. it's one in all the muse models that led to significant and revolutionary inventions later.

Therefore, option B is the diagrammatic representation of plum pudding model.

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When an electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes the transition from the energy level. The wavelength is 97.3 nm.

The separation between similar points in successive waves of a waveform signal that have traveled across space or along a wire.

1 / λ = -1.097 x 107 m-1 ( 1/nf2 - 1/ni2 )

λ = wavelength in m

nf = final energy level = 1

ni = initial energy level = 7

1 / λ = -1.097 x 107 m-1 (1/16 - 1) = 1.097 x 107 m-1 (-0.9375)

1 / λ = 1.028 x 107 m-1

λ = 9.73x10-8 m = 97.3 nm

Thus, the wavelength, in nanometers, of the spectral line is 97.3 nm.

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The weight of the column is 1224.73 pounds.

r = 380 mm/2 = 190 mm

r = 0.190 m; a radius of a concrete column

l = 2 m; a length of a concrete column

d = 2.45 Mg/m³; density of a concrete

V = r² × π × l

V = (0.190 m)² × 3.14 × 2 m

V = 0.227 m³; volume of a column

m = d × V

m = 2.45 Mg/m³ × 0.227 m³

m = 0.555 Mg

1 Mg = 1000 kg

m = 555.4 kg; mass of concrete

W = 555.4 kg × 9.8 m/s²

W = 5443.25 N

W = 5443.25 N × 0.225 Ibf/N

W = 1224.73 Ibf; weight of a concrete

The weight of an object is the amount of force acting on the object due to gravity. SI unit for weight is newton (N).

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Answer:

2H+(aq) is the net ionic equation.

The empirical formula of a compound found to contain 7.353 g of Al and 6.547 g of O is Al2O3.

We are given that

Mass of Al = 7.353 g

Mass of O = 6.547 g

To calculate the moles of the compounds, we need to divide the given mass by their molar mass

Moles of Al = 7.353/27 = 0.272

Moles of O = 6.547/16= 0.409

Now we need to divide the moles by the least common number i.e, 0.272.

Moles of Al/0.272 = 0.272/0.272= 1

Moles of O/0.272= 0.409/0.272 = 1.5

Now, to convert these values into whole numbers we should multiply them by 2

Moles of Al = 2

Moles of O = 3

Thus, the ratio of Al:O = 2:3

Hence, the empirical formula of a compound found to contain 7.353 g of Al and 6.547 g of O is Al2O3.

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w/w+%+of+an+aqueous+solution+of+ammonia+at+14.3+m,+with+a+density+of+0.900+g/ml.

The molar mass of ammonia is 17g/mol

So, 14.3 mole ammonia =  17×14.3 g = 243.1g

In 1243.3 g solution, ammonia is present = 243.3g

So, in 100 g solution, ammonia is present

= (243.3/1243.3) × 100 g

= 19.57 g

Ammonia here is 19.56% w/w.

What is w/w?

The concentration of a solution can be expressed in a variety of ways. They only differ in terms of the units they utilise, but they consistently express the solute concentration in a specific volume of solution. The solution contains 0.3% (w/w) PCMX, according to the label on the right, where (w/w) stands for weight per weight.

(w/w) The relative amount of solute and solvent present in a solution is indicated by its concentration. The proportion of solute to solvent in a concentrated solution is high.

The concentration of the solution is 14.3 m

So, we can say in 1 kg of solvent (water)  , 14.3 mole solute ( ammonia ) is present.

The molar mass of ammonia is 17g/mol

So, 14.3 mole ammonia =  17×14.3 g = 243.1g

In 1243.3 g solution, ammonia is present = 243.3g

So, in 100 g solution, ammonia is present

= (243.3/1243.3) × 100 g

= 19.57 g

So, here , Ammonia 19.56% w/w.

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The energy supplied to the charge carriers in a circuit exists measured by the potential difference (or voltage) of a supply.

m = mass of electron = 9.1 x 10⁻³¹ kg

λ = wavelength of electron = 0.29 x 10⁻⁹ m

v = speed of electron

Using de-Broglie's hypothesis

λ m v = h

(0.29x 10⁻⁹) (9.1 x 10⁻³¹) v = 6.63 x 10⁻³⁴

v = 2.9 x 10⁶ m/s

ΔV = Potential difference through which electron is accelerated

q = charge on electron = 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C

Using conservation of energy

(0.5) m v² = q ΔV

(0.5) (9.1 x 10⁻³¹) (2.9x 10⁶) ² = (1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹) ΔV

ΔV = 20.7 volts

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A statement which most likely explains why the early atomic models did not include the subatomic particles is that: D. subatomic particles could not be detected with the technology available.

Generally, an atom comprises three (3) distinct subatomic particles and these include the following

Ernest Rutherford performed a set of experiments on atoms in 1910 which has helped several scientists and researchers to better understand the structure of atoms by using gold foil.

In his experiment on structure of atoms, Rutherford directed a beam of small, positively charged particles referred to as alpha () particles at a very thin sheet of gold foil.

However, the early atomic models did not include the subatomic particles is that they could not be detected with the technology available at the time.

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Complete Question:

Ancient atomic models described the atom as a solid sphere with no charge. In the 1800's and 1900's, scientist discovered subatomic particles with charges inside the atoms.

Which statement most likely explains why the early models did not include the subatomic particles?

answer choices

atoms changed over time to develop the subatomic particles

not all atoms contain subatomic particles

subatomic particles move and cannot be counted

subatomic particles could not be detected with the technology available.

Work done by a student who used the machine to lift a load of 150 kg through a distance of 2.5cm is 61.25 J.

Given,

Efficiency of machine in decimal= 60% = 0.6

Weight of load = 150 Kg

Distance must be in meters = 2.5cm = 0.025m

Using the formula,

Efficiency = work output/ input work

Work done is unknown.

work output = Force × Distance

Force can be calculated = m × g = 150 × 9.8 = 1470 N

work output = 1470 × 0.025 = 36.75 J

Work done = work output / Efficiency

= 36.75 / 0.6

= 61.25 J

Therefore, work done by student to lift that load is 61.25 J.

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When student places two charged objects near each other. The objects repel each other. The student concludes that the objects must both be negative .

YES, the conclusion is accurate according to rule like charges repel each other for example negative to negative, positive to positive and unlike charges attracts each other for example negative to positive or positive to negative.

It is governed by Coulomb's law how two sets of charges interact. According to the law, two charges held apart will attract or repel one another with a force equal to their product and the square of the distance between them. While items with differing charges attract one another, those with the same charge repel one another.

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We can classify the given reaction as Synthesis Reactions are :  Ni + Cl₂ → NiCl₂,  C₃H₆ + Br₂ → C₃H₆Br₂. Decompositions Reactions are : CaCO₃ →  CaO + CO₂,2NaCl →  2Na + Cl₂, 2HI → H₂ + I₂. Single Displacement Reactions are : 2Fe + 6HCl →  2FeCl₃ + 3H₂. Double Displacement Reactions are : CaCO₃ +2HCl → CaCl₂ +H₂CO₃

In this type of reaction , two or more chemical components combine in order to form a complex product which is given as:                                                

A + B → AB

A kind of chemical reaction which only one type of reactant results to produce of two or more than two products.

A single displacement reaction which has an another name as single replacement reaction is a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reaction in which an ion or element moves out of compound.

A double displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction which tells that the reactant ions exchange its's places in order to form new products.

Thus, From the above Conclusion we can say that,

Synthesis Reactions are :  Ni + Cl₂ → NiCl₂

                                           C₃H₆ + Br₂ → C₃H₆Br₂

Decompositions Reactions are : CaCO₃ →  CaO + CO₂

                                                      2NaCl →  2Na + Cl₂

                                                      2HI → H₂ + I₂

Single Displacement Reactions are : 2Fe + 6HCl →  2FeCl₃ + 3H₂

Double Displacement Reactions are : CaCO₃ +2HCl → CaCl₂ +H₂CO₃

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Note: The question is incomplete in the portal. Here is the complete question.

Question: Classify the following reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement or double replacement.

On the basis of the characteristics of the "R" group in each amino acid, amino acids can be divided into four general groupings. Polar, nonpolar, electrically charges amino acids are all possible types. The "R" groups on polar amino acids are hydrophilic, meaning they want to come into touch with watery solutions.

What are amino acids?

Organic compounds known as amino acids join with other amino acids to produce proteins. Because the proteins that amino acids create are involved in almost all cellular processes, amino acids are necessary for life. While some proteins serve as structural support, others act as antibodies or enzymes. Although there are hundreds of amino acids in nature, only a set of 20 amino acids are used to make proteins.

On the basis of the characteristics of the "R" group in each amino acid, amino acids can be divided into four general groupings. Polar, nonpolar, electrically charges amino acids are all possible types. The "R" groups on polar amino acids are hydrophilic, meaning they want to come into touch with watery solutions. The hydrophobic (opposite) nonpolar amino acids shy away from contact with fluids. These interactions are crucial for protein folding and provide proteins with their three-dimensional structure.

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The base ionization constant exists as the equilibrium constant for the ionization constant.

The base ionization constant exists as the equilibrium constant for the ionization constant. It is represented as Kb. If the concentration of the solution (C) and the degree of ionization (α)exists known, then the base ionization constant exists measure as follows:

[tex]$K_b=\frac{C \alpha^2}{1-\alpha}$[/tex]

[tex]$K_b=\frac{C \alpha^2}{1-\alpha}$[/tex]

=(0.0800*21%) ²/1-21%

=0.003/1-0.21 =0.0044.

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The theoretical yield CaCO₃ is 0.75 grams.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction:

Na₂CO₃ + CaCl₂ → 2NaCl + CaCO₃

NaCl is sodium chloride or common salt

Na₂CO₃ is sodium carbonate or washing soda

CaCO₃ is calcium carbonate or limestone

From balanced chemical equation: n(Na₂CO₃) = n(CaCl₂) = n(CaCO₃)

n(CaCO₃) = 0.05 l × 0.15 mol/l

n(CaCO₃) = 0.0075 mol

m(CaCO₃) = 0.0075 mol × 100 g/mol

m(CaCO₃) = 0.75 g; the theoretical yield

Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be produced from limiting reactant and actual yield is a product that is obtained by experimentation.

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The particular pH at which a given amino acid exists in solution as a zwitterion is called the isoelectric point (pI).

The structure of an amino acid allows it to act as both an acid and a base. An amino acid has this ability because at a certain pH value (different for each amino acid) nearly all the amino acid molecules exist as zwitterions.

If acid is added to a solution containing the zwitterion, the carboxylate group captures a hydrogen (H+) ion, and the amino acid becomes positively charged. If base is added, ion removal of the H+ ion from the amino group of the zwitterion produces a negatively charged amino acid.

Amino acids undergo reactions characteristic of carboxylic acids and amines. The reactivity of these functional groups is particularly important in linking amino acids together to form peptides and proteins, as you will see later in this chapter. Simple chemical tests that are used to detect amino acids take advantage of the reactivity of these functional groups.

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ion-ion,  is the dominant intermolecular force that determines the solubility of the amine hydrochloride salt of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate in water.

It is standard practice to transform amines into their hydrochlorides in order to increase their water solubility, which might be advantageous for compounds used in pharmaceuticals. More than 200 hydrochlorides are listed as active components in pharmaceuticals in the European Pharmacopoeia. In comparison to free bases, these hydrochlorides might dissolve more easily in the digestive system and be absorbed into the bloodstream faster. Furthermore, many amine hydrochlorides have a longer shelf life than their corresponding free bases.

Amine hydrochlorides are latent forms of a free base, which is more reactive. In this sense, protection is granted by the production of an amine hydrochloride. The hydrochlorides of the amino acids serve as an example of this phenomenon. Shelf-stable glycine methyl ester hydrochloride is easily transformed into reactive glycine methyl ester, a substance.

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