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Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption
Deanne K. Bird,
Guðrún Jóhannesdóttir,
…
Guðrún Gísladóttir
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Open Access
First Online: 22 June 2017
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Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN)
Abstract
Eyjafjallajökull became Iceland’s most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. The summit eruption, which began on 14 April 2010, was preceded by a 24-day long effusive flank eruption that produced spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. The 39-day long summit eruption, however, was far more explosive and resulted in medium-sized jökulhlaups to the north, small jökulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano. As in other crises in Iceland, the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) coordinated efforts and facilitated crisis communication, while collaborating with the Icelandic Meteorological Office, the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland and the National Crisis Coordination Centre. The DCPEM’s role included providing information to the government and its various agencies and feeding information from scientists to local police officials, civil protection committees and the public. Communication with local residents took place through agencies’ websites, the national media and frequent open town hall meetings where representatives of institutions responsible for eruption monitoring, health, safety and livestock handling provided advice. These face-to-face meetings with local residents were critical as ash fall had not affected these areas for over 60 years and plans for dealing with this hazard were not established. This chapter explores these events and in doing so, provides a narrative of crisis coordination and communication in Iceland. The narrative is based on multiple sources, including an analysis of community perspectives of the emergency response and their use and views of the various forms of communication platforms. The chapter also considers the eruptions’ impacts at the local level. This exploration reveals that the trust developed through close communication between all involved prior to and during the eruption increased the effectiveness of crisis communication. The experience gained from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption is important for volcanic crisis communication at a local and international level. While the immediate evacuation plans were effective, the ash fall problems illustrated the need for necessary precautions and broadly defined preparedness strategies.
how many official copies of the bill of rights were commissioned by congress
Answer: 14 official copies.
Explanation: 14 official copiesCongress commissioned 14 official copies of the Bill of Rights—one for the federal government and one for each of the original 13 states, which President George Washington dispatched to the states to consider for ratification.
Information is from a reliable source!
Hope this helps!
How doe the city of Chicago exemplify ome of the triumph and hortcoming of American citie in the late 19th century?
Before the train arrived in 1848, Chicago's expansion was dependent on roads and water, and by the 1890s, the area was traversed by dozens of railroad lines.
Why did Chicago grow so quickly in the latter part of the nineteenth century? Before the train arrived in 1848, Chicago's expansion was dependent on roads and water, and by the 1890s, the area was traversed by dozens of railroad lines.The patterns of settlement were determined by this web of tracks.First railroad and telegraph were installed in Chicago in 1848.The introduction of grain elevators and the Board of Trade's standards for grading wheat swiftly revolutionized the way in which harvests were traded.More than 30,000 people, many of them immigrants from Europe, called the city home by 1854, when it was the greatest grain port in the world.Financial, cultural, commercial, industrial, educational, technological, telecommunications, and transportation hubs all have offices in Chicago.After the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, the City Beautiful Movement was born.To learn more about Chicago refer
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Alemseged gives various examples of what has been learned about our earliest ancestors and the evolutionary process based on the research done with Selam (the earliest child ever discovered). What are two things that we have learned about and/or from Selam that stuck in your mind while listening to this talk? Why?
Understanding of Human Evolution:
One key takeaway from the research done on Selam is a greater understanding of the evolutionary process of human ancestors. Selam's well-preserved fossil provided insights into the transition from early hominins to more advanced species and how the anatomy of our ancestors evolved.
Developmental Stages in Childhood:
Another important discovery from the research on Selam is the insight it provided into the developmental stages of early human childhood. Selam's fossil revealed the development of its l, teeth, and bones, which were found to be more similar to those of modern human children than to those of adults. This highlights the significance of childhood in the evolution of human ancestors and the complex development that took place during that time.
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Evolution is a process that results in changes in a population's genetic content over time. Microevolution and macroevolution are the two broad types of evolutionary change. Changes in allele frequencies in a population over time are microevolutionary processes.
What is learning as an evolutionary process?It is a process of evolution. Learning entails generating new ideas from old ones. It does not imply rejecting everything that has come before, but rather making new connections and reconfiguring networks so that previous knowledge converts into new information that serves human purposes better than older forms.
Ardipithecus is the earliest known species of the human lineage and the most likely ancestor of Australopithecus, a group that is closely related to and frequently considered ancestral to modern humans. Ardipithecus inhabited the Earth between 5.8 and 4.4 million years ago.
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The map shows the route of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Pacific
Ocean
Oregon
Country
British Territory
Missour
River
Lewis and Clark
Expedition
UNITED St. Louis
Spanish STATES
Territory
According to the map, for much of the expedition,
explorers traveled
across mountains.
O along the Missouri River.
O into Spanish Territory.
O into British Territory.
O along the Missouri River.
According to the map, the Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled along the Missouri River for much of their journey. The map shows the expedition starting from St. Louis and following the Missouri River westward, with the destination being the Pacific Ocean. The expedition did not travel across mountains, into Spanish Territory or into British Territory according to the map.
What other sources might help us to better understand what life was like for people living in the Maurya Empire while Ashoka was the king?
Would you want to live in the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka’s Rock and Pillar Edicts? Explain.
Answer: Having taken the throne through fratricide, Ashoka was initially a cruel and ambitious figure. However, this changed completely after he conquered the Kalinga Kingdom.
Casualties from the conquest of the Kalinga Kingdom were numerous. Out of 150,000 deployed, 100,000 were killed, and many more were injured. This war caused him deep regret.Ashoka did not attack other kingdoms anymore but focused his energy on ruling his empire. Ashoka reinforced policies based on Buddhist principles, which were beneficial for the welfare and happiness of the people.He built pillars throughout his kingdom with inscriptions of his edicts. He implored the people to live according to Dharma which includes living in harmony, avoiding violence, religious tolerance, and respect for elders, parents, and teachers. His good intentions for his people and his status as a fatherly figure in his empire is reflected in one of Ashoka's edicts.After Ashoka converted to Buddhism, Buddhist principles became the guiding principles in his imperial edicts. Not only was the Mauryan Empire influenced by Buddhism, but it also played a very important role in spreading the teachings of Buddha, who died only about one and a half centuries before the beginning of the empire in 483 BCE.Ashoka sent Buddhist monks to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Egypt, and Hellenistic Europe. He even sent two of his own children. Sri Lanka's official religion is Buddhism, owing to the legacy of Ashoka's two children.Ashoka also built numerous stupas in his region, Southeast Asia and Central Asia.Ashokan pillars provide invaluable insight into Ashoka's edicts, ideas, and life events. A great place to see an Ashokan pillar is in Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh.Sanchi Complex is an ancient Buddhist complex in Madhya Pradesh, India, known for its Great Stupa. It is one of the oldest stone structures in India. The capital city of the Mauryan Empire was Pataliputra, modern-day Patna. The writings of a Greek diplomat, Megasthenes, suggest that Pataliputra was a city of splendor during its time, with numerous gates and towers. Archeological remains of this great ancient Indian city can be seen in Patna.
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In the industrial revolution in own words make a summary of how women recovering 1/3 of what men got payed
What are suggestions and improvements for the Industrial Revolution
Answer:
During the Industrial Revolution, women were often paid significantly less than men for the same work. This wage gap was rooted in societal beliefs that women were not as capable or as valuable as men in the workforce. Women were often relegated to lower-paying jobs, such as domestic work or textile manufacturing, and were paid less than men even in those roles.
There were several suggestions and improvements that could have been implemented. One suggestion was to introduce policies such as equal pay for equal work, which would have ensured that women were paid the same as men for doing the same job.
What founding principle connects to the 4th amendment and how are they connected?
The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution safeguards citizens from arbitrary government searches and seizures. Only those searches and seizures that are ruled legally unreasonable are protected by the Fourth Amendment, though.
By weighing two significant interests, the law decides whether a certain form of search is justified. The violation of a person's Fourth Amendment rights is on the negative end of the spectrum. Legitimate government interests, such those related to public safety, are on the other end of the spectrum.
The location of the search or seizure affects how much an individual is shielded by the Fourth Amendment. Carter v. Minnesota, 525 U.S. 83 (1998).
James Madison presented the Fourth Amendment to Congress in 1789 together with the other Bill of Rights amendments in response to anti-federalist criticisms of the new Constitution.
Without requiring any proof of criminality, they could enter and search any home using generic warrants. People were to be shielded from this kind of privacy invasion by the government by the founding fathers.
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As a consequence of the dawes act, by 1900, american indians:____.a. had gained more land than they held in 1881.b. had lost half the land they held in 1881.c. had lost all the land they held in 1881. d. had kept all of the land they held in 1881.
As a consequence of the Dawes Act, by 1900, American Indians had lost half the land they held in 1881.
The Dawes Act of 1887 was a federal law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society by abolishing their communal land ownership and dividing it into individual allotments. The act allowed the US government to break up communal tribal land into parcels and assign them to individual members of the tribe.
This act also allowed Native Americans to gain US citizenship if they accepted their allotment and adopted the lifestyle of a white American. The Dawes Act was intended to help Native Americans become self-sufficient and independent, but instead it resulted in them losing a large portion of their land.
Hence, the correct option is "B".
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What was the U.S.'s official policy when WWI broke out?
Answer: When WWI began in Europe in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the United States would remain neutral, and many Americans supported this policy
Explanation: President Woodrow Wilson said: “The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men's souls".
Match these items. Match the items in the left column to the items in the right column.
1 .
parallelism
build upon a previous idea
2 .
meter
poetic rhythm
3 .
synonymous
expresses sorrow
4 .
selah
repeating important words
5 .
lament
to raise up
6 .
emblematic
spoke of the Lord Jesus
7 .
Messianic
having the same meaning
8 .
climatic
makes a contrast
9 .
synthetic
uses images
10 .
antithetical
balance of thought
Pls help quick
The appropriate matches are
parallelism - build upon a previous ideameter - poetic rhythmsynonym - having the same meaningselah - repeating important wordslament - expresses sorrowemblematic - uses imagesMessianic - spoke of the Lord Jesusclimactic - makes a contrastsynthetic - uses imagesantithetical - the balance of thoughtWhat is parallelism?
Generally, Parallelism is the use of similar grammatical structures in two or more parts of a sentence or phrase to create a balanced or rhythmic effect. It can also refer to the use of multiple processors in a computer system to perform tasks simultaneously.
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Q1: Which document reinforces Shahada or the First Pillar of faith in the Islamic belief? Cite your evidence.
Answer:
Explanation:
The Shahada, or the First Pillar of faith in the Islamic belief, is the declaration of faith in the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad. It is reinforced in the Quran, which is considered the holy book of Islam and the final revelation of God to humanity as per the Islamic belief.
According to the evidence from the Quran, the declaration of faith in the oneness of God, known as the Tawhid, is a central belief and is emphasized throughout the Quran. For example, in Surah Al-Ikhlas (Chapter 112) states "Say, He is Allah, [who is] One. Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent."
Additionally, the prophethood of Muhammad is also reinforced in the Quran. For example, in Surah Al-Ahzab (Chapter 33) verse 40 states " Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of Allah, and the Seal of the Prophets: and Allah has full knowledge of all things."
These verses among many others, reinforces the Shahada or the First Pillar of faith in the Islamic belie
Which of the following best describes the Black Hand?
A. A secret society that sent extortion letters signed with a black handprint.
B. A group of immigrants with ink-stained fingerprints after disembarking at Ellis Island.
C. A group of people who had come to the cities from the rural coal mines.
D. A group of immigrants known by the Black Hand emblem on their clothing.
▸
A secret society that sent extortion letters signed with a black handprint best describes the Black Hand.
The Black Hand was a secret society that operated primarily in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly among Italian immigrants in the United States.
The group was known for extorting money from Italian-American businesses and individuals by sending letters signed with a black handprint.
The symbol of the black hand was meant to intimidate the recipients into paying the demanded sums, or face dire consequences.
The Black Hand's activities were a major concern for law enforcement, and the group was eventually broken up by a series of arrests and trials in the early 1900s.
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what was the third estate in the french revolution?
Everyone else, from impoverished farmers to the bourgeoisie, or wealthy business class, made up the Third Estate. Despite having a higher population (96% vs. 1%), the Third Estate did not have the same advantages and rights as the other two estates.
How did the Third Estate feel about the French Revolution?By giving politicians more influence and representation, the Third Estate hoped to alleviate concerns of inequality. The Estates-General meeting was called after weeks of argument, but no decision was reached, thus it was called off.
What was the main argument of the Third Estate?The nation, in Sieyès' opinion, was made up primarily of commoners who also carried out the bulk of the nation's job. The Third Estate was urged by him to demand a constitution and more robust political participation.
What role did the Third Estate play?In early modern Europe, the vast majority of common, everyday people are referred to as the "Third Estate." The "Estates" represented a hypothetical partition of a country's populace. They played a significant role in the early phases of the French Revolution, which also put an end to the division's popular use.
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What are these new taxes on foreign sugar paying for ?
Answer:
Sugar Act, also called Plantation Act or Revenue Act, (1764), in U.S. colonial history, British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies and at providing increased revenues to fund enlarged British Empire responsibilities following the French and Indian War. Actually a reinvigoration of the largely ineffective Molasses Act of 1733, the Sugar Act provided for strong customs enforcement of the duties on refined sugar and molasses imported into the colonies from non-British Caribbean sources.
Explanation:
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The Proclamation of Neutrality was the document that barred French and British warships from American ports during the late 18th century. This proclamation was issued by President George Washington in 1793, as a response to the outbreak of war between France and Britain, which was known as the French Revolutionary Wars. The proclamation stated that the United States would remain neutral in the conflict and that neither French nor British ships would be allowed to use American ports as bases for military operations or as places to resupply. This policy of neutrality was aimed at protecting American trade and avoiding involvement in the war.
Answer:
Proclamation of Neutrality
Explanation:
The Proclamation of Neutrality was a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.
This prevented the French and British warships from entering American ports
What happened to the underground railroad after the fugitive slave act was passed?a. it became less effective. b. it grew and became busier.c. it was shut down by bounty hunters. d. it was shut down by the federal government.
The underground railroad after the outlaw slave act was passed. c. it was shut down by bounty hunters.
The slaves visiting the north on the Underground Railroad, they have been in any case in danger after they entered the northern states. The Criminal Slave guideline of 1850 permitted and suggested the capture of outlaw slaves because of the reality that they were viewed as taken resources, rather than manhandled people.
What happened after the Criminal Slave Act changed surpassed?
Given on September 18, 1850, by Congress, The Outlaw Slave Demonstration of 1850 transformed into part of the Split the difference of 1850. The demonstration expected that slaves be lowered back to their owners, regardless of whether they were in a free realm.
Hence option (C) is correct.
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how many babies were killed during the one-child policy?
Answer: Who knows
Explanation: LOL
how much is the mona lisa painting estimated to be worth
The Mona Lisa is beyond value. Any speculative value (some say north of a billion bucks!) would likely be high to such an extent that not one individual would be capable or ready to buy and keep up with the work of art. Besides, the Louver Historical center would most likely never sell it.
The museum center draws in a great many guests every year, the vast majority of whom come for the Mona Lisa, so a constant flow of income might be more rewarding over the long haul than a solitary installment.
To be sure, the historical center considers the Mona Lisa indispensable and hence spends its assets on preventive measures to keep up with the representation instead of on costly protection that can offer simple cash as a substitution.
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which of these occurred as a direct result of the meeting
The direct result of meeting occurred The U.S.'s late-nineteenth-century industrialization was Dangerous working conditions
What is a century?When stating a date, a century is a time frame of 100 years. For instance, the 19th century covered the years 1801 to 1900. Since the late eighteenth century, the Church's material standing had been deteriorating. Any period of 100 years is referred to as a century
Long hours, severe restrictions, and few (if any) real benefits were the norm during the industrialization era, making working circumstances intolerable. This is how stories of muckraking reporters and books like "This Jungle" first began to depict the amount of criminality and risk.
Therefore, Thus option (C) is correct.
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The complete question was,
The U.S.'s late-nineteenth-century industrialization?
A. Prison reform
B. Women's Suffrage
C. Dangerous working conditions
D. Movement of affluent whites from urban to rural areas
Venice agreed to help the Byzantine Empire during a series of wars between 1096 CE and 1271 CE. What did they ask for in return?
No barrier to trade throughout the Byzantine Empire they ask for in return.
What is Empire?A group of nations governed by a member government or ruler is referred to as an empire. A region that wants to have control over territory outside of its borders builds empires. These lands could be nearby or hundreds of kilometers away.
Enrico Dandolo of Venice and indeed the crusaders in the Fourth Crusade signed the Treaty of Venice in order to provide transportation. The crusade's detour to Zara as well as Constantinople was largely caused by the conquering armies' failure to pay their debt.
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What items were rationed during World war II?.
Answer:
During World War II, many items were rationed in order to conserve resources and ensure that there were enough supplies for the war effort. Some of the items that were rationed during the war included:
Food: Items such as sugar, butter, cheese, meat, and canned goods were rationed in order to conserve these resources and distribute them fairly among the population.
Gasoline: Gasoline was rationed to conserve fuel and ensure that there was enough for military use.
Clothing: Certain items of clothing, such as nylon stockings, were rationed in order to conserve resources and materials that were needed for the war effort.
Rubber: Tires and other rubber products were rationed in order to conserve resources and materials that were needed for the war effort.
Metal: Metals such as steel and aluminum were rationed in order to conserve resources and materials that were needed for the war effort.
Coal: Coal was rationed to ensure that there was enough for heating homes and for war production.
Overall, rationing was implemented to conserve resources and materials needed for the war effort, and to ensure that they were distributed fairly among the population.
the most immediate cause of the reformation included —
The quick reason for the Reconstruction is to be tracked down in the movement of Luther somewhere in the range of 1517 and 1521, albeit the determination of a particular occasion might bring contrasts of assessment.
The Reconstruction turned into the reason for the establishment of Protestantism, one of the three significant parts of Christianity. The Reorganization prompted the reformulation of specific fundamental principles of Christian conviction and brought about the division of the Western Christian world between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant practices.
Cash Producing rehearses in the Roman Catholic Church, like the offer of extravagances. Requests for change by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and different researchers in Europe. The creation of the motorized print machine permitted strict thoughts and Book of scriptures interpretations to broadly course.
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How did World War 2 advanced technology?.
Answer:
Many types of technology were customized for military use, and major developments occurred across several fields including:
Weaponry: ships, vehicles, submarines, aircraft, tanks, artillery, small arms; and biological, chemical, and atomic weapons
Logistical support: vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies, such as trains, trucks, tanks, ships, and aircraft
Communications and intelligence: devices used for navigation, communication, remote sensing, and espionage
Medicine: surgical innovations, chemical medicines, and techniques
Rocketry: guided missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, and automatic aircraft.
Which of the following was a result of Pike's expedition?
The trip recorded the American discovery of Tava, which was eventually given the new name Pikes Peak in Pike's honour. Pike divided his troops into smaller groups and then led the larger group to the Red River's headwaters.
The Pike Expedition was a military party sent by President Thomas Jefferson and approved by the US government to investigate the south and west of the recently acquired Louisiana Territory (July 15, 1806, to July 1, 1807). It was headed by United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike, Jr., who was elevated to captain during the journey, and it took place roughly concurrently with the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
It was the first official American attempt to explore Colorado's Rocky Mountains and western Great Plains.
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The Qing dynasty, established by the Manchus in China, did all of the following EXCEPT - reestablished a strong centralized economy. - strengthened the Chinese military. - saw the Chinese population grow to 350 million by 1700- welcomed Europeans into China without hesitation
The Qing dynasty (1636–1912), often known as the Great Qing (English: /t/ CHING), was the final orthodox dynasty in China history and was ruled by the Manchus.
It came about as a result of the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group that united other Jurchen tribes to create a new "Manchu" ethnic identity, founding the Later Jin dynasty. In Manchuria, the dynasty was formally established in 1636. (modern-day Northeast China and Outer Manchuria). In 1644, it took power in Beijing. The dynasty persisted until the Xinhai Revolution of 1912, when it was destroyed. According to traditional Chinese historiography, the Ming dynasty came before and the Qing dynasty followed it.
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who was the individual that wrote about the council house fight?
The individual that wrote about the Council House Fight was Hugh McLeod.
The Council House Fight was a catastrophic cultural clash resulting from land negotiations in the 1800s. When the Comanche group of Penateka released a white captive named Matilda Lockhart during a peace truce, they thought they were negotiating in good faith. Hugh McLeod claimed, in a letter dated March 20, 1840, that of the 65 representatives of the Comanches' party, 35 were killed: 30 adult males, 3 women, and 2 children, 29 were taken prisoner: 27 women and children, and 2 old men, and 1 escaped unnoticed: described as a renegade Mexican.
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How did the Thirty Year' War begin?
after the Holy War
a political dipute
the effect of the Reformation
England ent a fire-hip to the Spanih Armada
a religiou dipute
Ferdinand II of Bohemia, Holy Roman Emperor, attempted to curtail his subjects' religious activities, setting to a Protestant uprising, which led to the start of the Thirty Years' War (1618–48).
What is Thirty Years' War?Although the Thirty Years War's conflicts started some time earlier, it is generally accepted that the conflict started in 1618 when Protestant nobles in both Bohemia and Austria rebelled against the future Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II's attempts to impose Roman Catholic absolutism on their respective realms. The worst conflict of the Reformation period was the Thirty Years' War. It utterly destroyed Germany and killed close to one-third of its people. With the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, the Reformation Wars were finally put to a stop, and secular, independent nation-states emerged in Europe. The German states were once more empowered to decide the official religion of their countries once the Holy Roman Emperor's authority was overthrown. As a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, the notion of state sovereignty was established, and it now forms the cornerstone of the contemporary system of nation-states.To learn more about Thirty Years' War, refer to:
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URGENT PLEASE HELP DUE TODAY!
After de Gama discovered the port cities and returned to Europe, what were the Portuguese government’s three goals for returning to the eastern African coast?
and what was the result of these goals?
thinkers and leaders other than martin luther king jr. have created tension to bring about change.T/F
Answer:
Explanation:
True creators other than MLK have created tension to bring about change.
What was the main reason the United States was attacked at Pearl Harbor?.
