Transport of materials will increase between cells occurred in the claudin gene that make up tight junctions, which of the following would occur.
In this case, Option C is correct
Are they malignant epithelial cells?
Additionally, epithelial tissue is where the majority of malignancies develop. Carcinomas, which form from tissue containing epithelial cells, account for up to 90% of all human cancers. The two most common types of human cancer are found in the gastrointestinal and chest epithelium.
What does it mean that my body has a lot of epithelial cells?
A moderate to high number of endothelial cells in a urinalysis may be an indication of the following medical conditions: renal disease a liver condition infection with Candida infections of the kidneys and bladder particular cancer types The type of epithelia found in the feces may also be a sign of many different diseases.
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A science student makes the following statement:
I think houseplants improve the quality of indoor air.
Which part of the scientific process is this?
If a science student thinks houseplants improve the quality of indoor air. Creating a hypothesis is a step in the scientific method, hence option A is correct.
What is the hypothesis?A science student claims, "I believe houseplants enhance the quality of indoor air."
A theory proposed to explain a phenomenon is called a hypothesis. A hypothesis cannot be called a scientific hypothesis unless it can be tested using the scientific process.
Therefore, scientists frequently base their theories on earlier data that are insufficiently explained by the body of existing knowledge.
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The given question is incomplete, so most probable complete question is,
a science student makes the following statement: i think houseplants improve the quality of indoor air. which part of the scientific process is this? a. forming a hypothesis b. drawing a conclusion c. developing a theory d. conducting an experiment
which of the following adaptations would you not expect to find in an organism that lives in an aquatic ecosystem?
The best answer among the choices is letter thick layer if blubber.
What is meant by layer ?
A thin layer of material on top of a surface, or a layer of material that is distinct from the layers on either side: Two coats of paint were applied.A layer of a material or substance is a quantity or portion of it that lies on top of something else or that is sandwiched in between two other objects.the layer is Layering in computer programming is the division of the code into distinct functional parts that interact sequentially and hierarchically, with each layer often having an interface that only connects to the layer above it and the layer below.To learn more about layer refer to
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Students are studying the carbon cycle. Which of the following models would best show how carbon moves throughout the carbon cycle? A. three-dimensional scene of carbon reservoirs B. clay model of fossil formation through carbon films C. class skit in which students act as carbon molecules (D. diagram of how a power plant uses carbon as an energy source
The model that would best show how carbon moves throughout the carbon cycle is a three-dimensional scene of carbon reservoirs (option A).
What is carbon cycle?Carbon cycle is the physical cycle of carbon through the Earth’s biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that includes such processes as photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and carbonification.
The carbon cycle depicts how carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth and then back into the atmosphere.
A model is a simplified representation used to explain the workings of a real world system or event. According to this question, the model that would showcase how carbon moves in the carbon cycle is option A.
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T/F reversible gene silencing through frameshift indels and frameshift scars provide adaptive plasticity for mycobacterium tuberculosis
False, reversible gene silencing through frameshift indels and frameshift scars provide adaptive plasticity for mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, is known to have a high degree of genetic plasticity, which allows it to adapt to different environments and evade the host immune response. However, reversible gene silencing through frameshift indels and frameshift scars is not a known mechanism of adaptation for M. tuberculosis. Frameshift indels are mutations that occur in the DNA sequence and cause a shift in the reading frame, which can result in the production of truncated or non-functional proteins. Frameshift scars are specific DNA sequences that are known to cause frameshift mutations.
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Model lignin oligomers have also been used to probe lignin disassembly mechanisms, aiding in the analysis of depolymerization of actual lignin. How do you Depolymerize lignin?
In a process known as pyrolysis, the depolymerization of lignin also occurs at extremely high temperatures without the presence of oxygen.
The process of lignin destruction with the aid of bacteria, fungi, or isolated enzymes under relatively mild circumstances is referred to as biological depolymerization of lignin. White-rot fungi like Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which produce an extracellular lignin peroxidase enzyme to start the degradation process, can slowly break down lignin. Other fungi strains generate laccase and manganese peroxidase, two enzymes involved in the degradation of lignin. After the lignin has been hydrolyzed, its constituent parts will be separated, yielding phenol monomers, oligomers, and polymers.
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drag the appropriate trnas to the binding sites on the ribosome to show the configuration immediately before a new peptide bond forms. note that one of the binding sites should be left empty. AUGCGGUAUAGGCc 5 :11 PA 5/3/201 0)
As the exit site for protein synthesis, the E site will be empty.
As the site for peptide synthesis, P site will contain code AUA with three amino acids.
What is E and P sites?Because the UCC code is for the synthesis of serine, a site will have one amino acid. Additionally, during protein synthesis, the A site serves as a binding site for charged t-RNA molecules.As the process continues, the tRNAs in the P and A sites move to the E and P sites, the uncharged tRNA in the E site disappears, a new tRNA containing the amino acid for the following codon enters the A sites, and so on.During translation, a step in protein synthesis, the E-site is the ribosome's third and last binding site for t-RNA. In addition to the P-site (for peptidyl), which is the second binding site, and the A-site (for aminoacyl), which is the first binding site, there is a "E" that stands for exit.To Learn more About protein synthesis Refer To:
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Original Source Material
To return to the primeval soup, it must
have become populated by stable
varieties of molecule; stable in that
either the individual molecules lasted a
long time, or they replicated rapidly, or
they replicated accurately. Evolutionary
trends toward these three kinds of
stability took place in the following
sense: if you had sampled the soup at
two different times, the later sample
would have contained a higher
proportion of varieties with high
longevity/fecundity/copying-fidelity.
References:
Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene
(3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford
University Press.
Student Version (written in 2002)
The "primeval soup...must have become
populated by stable varies of molecule"
and over time would contain "a higher
proportion of varieties with high
longevity/fecundity/copying-fidelity"
(Dawkins, 1989, p. 18).
References:
Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene
(3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford
University Press.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
The paraphrasing plagiarism is true for the student version above written. The correct option is B.
What is paraphrasing plagiarism?If you don't give the original author full credit, paraphrasing is considered plagiarism. If you paraphrase something too close to the original material, it counts as plagiarism (even if you cite the source).
Quote, a sentence or phrase rather than just copying it verbatim. Plagiarism that is disguised as paraphrasing occurs when you offer someone else's thoughts as being your own.
Therefore, the correct option is B. Paraphrasing plagiarism.
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how can evolutionary fitness be measured? how can evolutionary fitness be measured? determine which individuals are the strongest. count the number of healthy, fertile offspring produced. document how long individuals survive. determine which phenotype is the most common.
The term fitness is used by evolutionary biologists to describe how good a particular genotype is at leaving offspring in the next generation in comparison to other genotypes.
So, if brown beetles consistently produce more offspring than green beetles due to their color, you'd say the brown beetles were more fit.
The most common Rh positive phenotype was DCCee, while the most common Rh negative phenotype was ccee. A dominant allele causes a dominant phenotype in individuals who have only one copy of the allele, which can come from either parent.
For a recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent. The phenotype of an organism is determined by its genotype, which is the set of genes that organism carries, as well as environmental influences on these genes.
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Which term is least closely related to the others?
a aerobic respiration
b lactic acid fermentation
c anaerobic respiration
d alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and alcoholic fermentation all processes are held in the absence of oxygen, while aerobic respiration is in the presence of oxygen, hence option A is correct.
What is an anaerobic condition?Many different kinds of organisms and cells use fermentation, another anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) process for breaking down glucose.
Glycolysis is the only energy extraction mechanism used throughout fermentation, with one or two additional processes added at the end.
Therefore, a metabolic process called lactic acid fermentation turns glucose into the metabolite lactate, which is the lactic acid in solution, and cellular energy.
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What did Hamilton smith notice in 1972
Answer:
that the phage DNA degraded over time.
Explanation:
1 What does the codon sequence on the mRNA strand determine?
A The gene sequence of the DNA
B The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide
C The codon that is signaled
D The signaling sequence
2 What portion of the DNA is also known as a gene?
A The coding sections
B The non-coding sections
C The mRNA strand
D The polypeptide sequence
1. The correct answer is B.
2. The correct answer is A.
The codon sequence on the mRNA strand determines the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.
The coding section is the portion of the DNA that is also known as a gene. Genes are the functional units of DNA that provide the instructions for making proteins. They are composed of coding cells, also known as exons, that contain the information needed to build the polypeptide, and non-coding sections, also known as introns, that do not.
The codon sequence on the mRNA strand is translated by the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each codon, which is a sequence of three nucleotides, corresponds to a specific amino acid. The ribosome reads the codon sequence on the mRNA strand and adds the corresponding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. This process is called translation.
In DNA, genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. Genes are specific segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making a specific protein. These instructions are encoded in the sequence of nucleotides within the coding sections of the DNA, also known as exons. The non-coding sections, also known as introns, do not contain instructions for making proteins, but they play important roles in the regulation of gene expression.
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trace conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus (cs) begins the unconditioned stimulus (us).
The unconditioned stimulus (US) is delivered following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), which is subsequently interrupted or eliminated.
Does the conditioned stimulus come after the unconditioned stimulus?Initially neutral, the conditioned stimulus gradually causes a conditioned response after coming to be linked with the unconditioned stimulusIn classical conditioning, a person or animal learns to link an unconditioned stimulus (US) that normally results in behaviour with a neutral stimulation (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) (the unconditioned response, or UR).An unconditioned stimulus turns into a conditioned stimulus after the neutral stimulus has come to be connected with it and the subject has come to associate the stimulus with a certain result.The conditioned stimulus must come before the unconditioned stimulus in order for classical conditioning to work, not after it or at the same time.To learn more about stimulus refer to:
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which of the following choices is correct when describing the principles of competitive radioimmunoassay procedures?
In radioimmunoassay, an antigen that has been tagged at a set concentration is incubated with an equal volume of antiserum until the percentage of antigen binding on the antibody reaches a limiting value.
About 40% of commonly prescribed medications are metabolised by the CYPs, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, & CYP2D6 [160]. The variability of an individual's sensitivity to drug-drug interactions and drug-metabolizing abilities is greatly influenced by various CYP allelic variations. Due to its lower levels during acute phase response, albumin is a "negative" acute protein. Higher temperatures and longer centrifugation times were associated with higher levels of vitamin D, zinc, ferritin, and creatinine. Even after 24 hours at room temperature, creatinine was still significantly impacted. In radioimmunoassay, an antigen that has been tagged at a set concentration is incubated with an equal volume of antiserum until the percentage of antigen binding on the antibody reaches a limiting value.When collecting samples, movement of the hand or arm muscles will cause the lactic acid content to artificially rise.
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given what you learned about optimal cell size, explain how these animals can be such different sizes?
Smaller cells are significantly easier to handle than larger ones because of their more manageable size. The cell needs organelles to assist move materials around the cell because it can no longer develop.
Do various species' cells have varying sizes?Animals can come in a wide range of sizes, but they all have a few characteristics. From shrews to humans to dinosaurs, the constituent cells that make up each of their bodies are about the same size.
Why is it crucial for a cell to keep its ideal size and shape?Our bodies' cells come in a variety of sizes and forms. Each cell is shaped to be most effective for a certain function. A cell's function may be compromised and it may even cause issues for the body when things go wrong and it fails to take on its intended structure.
What adjective best describes the animal cell's size?An average mammal cell has a diameter of 10–20 μm, or around one-fifth the size of the smallest particle discernible with the unaided eye.
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Farmlands located near coastal regions are being threatened by encroaching seawater seeping into the soil. In terms of water movement into or out of plant cells, explain why seawater could decrease can't put action. Include a discussion of water potential in your answer
Due to the difference in water potential between seawater and soil, seawater can reduce crop growth on farmland near coastal areas. Pressure, temperature, and concentration all have an impact on Osmosis
water potential, which is a measurement of the energy state of water. Due to its high salt content, seawater has a far higher water potential than soil. Osmosis will then transfer water from the soil to the ocean. As a result, the soil may become salt-saturated, which will make it challenging for plants' roots to absorb water and nutrients.
Water can enter plant cells by osmosis and is absorbed by plants through their roots. Water molecules flow by osmosis from a high water potential (lower solute concentration) location to a low water potential area (higher solute concentration). The entry of seawater causes the water potential in the soil to decline, which in turn causes the water potential in plant cells to decline and makes it more difficult for water to enter the cells. The cells may become dehydrated as a result and unable to perform their functions.
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What can you do to help sentient beings?
In our midst, like bugs. Offering them sanctified food or drink, chanting prayers, and sending sentient creatures mantras are a few suggestions for how to help them.
Are all creatures conscious?
Sentient beings are those that possess centralised neural systems. This contains several types of plants, mammals, archaea, protists, fungus, and bacteria. It is possible that certain creatures with extremely straightforward centralised neural systems aren't really sentient yet, although this is an unresolved issue.
What does the Buddhist term sentient mean?
Buddhists define sentient beings as creatures with cognition, sentience, or, in certain cases, actual existence. The 5 aggregates, or skandhas, that make up sentient beings are matter, sense, perception, mental formations, and awareness.
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which of the following statements about genes is incorrect? group of answer choices genes contain the information needed for cells to make proteins. genes correspond to segments of dna. each chromosome contains precisely one gene. genetic differences can result from changes in the dna called mutations. during fertilization, both the sperm and the egg contribute genes to the resulting zygote.
The parents' genes must be donated during fertilization since these genes don't work until they find a corresponding partner on the chromosomes.
Genes are DNA sequences that code for particular proteins needed for a function. These genes are physically present as DNA segments. These genes are crucial to an organism because they regulate a particular characteristic, such as the hue of a flower's petals or a person's skin. The genes are found on a pair of homologous chromosomes, one on each chromatid, in a place known as the "locus." Genes can be found on a single chromosome in a vast number, and the number of genes varies between chromosomes. The parents' genes must be donated during fertilization since these genes don't work until they find a corresponding partner on the chromosomes.
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What types of inheritance are represented by the genetic of human blood types
A. I^a abd I^b show incomplete dominance because both are partially expressed in blood type A and B
B. The human blood types are an example of polygenic traits with four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, O.
Human blood types, for instance, can demonstrate dominant inheritance. It is an inheritance pattern in which both A and B genetic alleles express themselves equally and neither genetic allele obscures the other.
How should I explain blood?Solids and liquids make up your blood. Plasma is the liquid component, which is composed of plasma, salts, and polypeptide. Your blood contains more than 50% plasma. Red blood cells, white plasma cell types, & platelets make up your blood's solid portion. Your tissues receive oxygen from the lungs through red blood cells (RBC).
What is the primary function of blood?
All of the body's components can continue to function by receiving oxygen and nutrition through the blood. The lungs, liver, and gastrointestinal system use the blood to transport waste gases and other products for elimination from the body.
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As the human population grows, people are using more resources. If this trend continues, which of these would you expect to be a limiting factor for the human population?
A. Pollution in the environment will decrease as industrialization continues
B. overuse of soil will reduce the nitrogen it contains, limiting its fertility
C. The amount of clean water will be increased through new technologies
D. new soil will be created as land is cleared for housing and farms.
Option B -Overuse of soil will reduce the nitrogen it contains, limiting its fertility this would expect to be a limiting factor for the human population.
Generally speaking, our use of natural resources rises as the human population grows. Generally speaking, our use of natural resources rises as the human population grows. More people use more resources like freshwater, land, clothes, etc. According to latest estimates, the increase of the global population has slowed during the last ten years. Environmentalists are nevertheless worried about the effects of global population growth despite this trend, primarily because: A small developing nation with very low rates of immigration and emigration is experiencing a demographic shift.
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all of the following support the endosymbiotic theory that ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent, free-living prokaryotes, except group of answer choices mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of their eukaryotic host cell by a process similar to binary fission mitochondria and chloroplasts carry on protein synthesis separately from the eukaryotic host cell mitochondria have ribosomes that more closely resemble bacterial ribosomes than those of eukaryotic cells mitochondria and chloroplasts function independently of the eukaryotic host cell
The correct option is D ; Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria have a single, circular chromosome without histones or proteins.
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cell organelles that serve as the primary source of energy generation. It is a double-membrane bound structure with numerous cristae folding's. The mitochondrion is mostly investigated in humans to assess maternal inheritance because the mother is the one who passes mitochondria to the offspring. According to the Endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once distinct prokaryotic creatures. Those prokaryotic entities were consumed by eukaryotic cells, according to the theory. Mitochondria are one type of organelle that lends support to the Endosymbiotic idea.
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Full Question ;
All of the following support the endosymbiotic theory that ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent, free-living prokaryotes EXCEPT:
A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the eukaryotic host cell by a process similar to binary fission.
B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes that more closely resemble those of bacteria than of eukaryotic cells.
C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts function independently from the eukaryotic host cell.
D. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria have a single, circular chromosome without histones or proteins
biologists analyze a population of wild geese and determine that this particular population has a high level of genetic diversity. wild geese reproduce sexually. which of the following features of meiosis is most responsible for the genetic diversity in the wild geese?
The homologous double-chromatid chromosome pairs cross across and frequently swap chromosomal segments during prophase of meiosis I. In order to produce chromosomes with a diverse genetic makeup, this recombination allows genes from each parent to mix, resulting in genetic diversity.
What is meiosis I?The process by which most eukaryotic organisms—those whose cells have an ordered nucleus—produce sex cells, or the male and female gametes—is called meiosis. Two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent, are typically present in cells. The paired chromosomes are known as homologous, and this chromosome condition is diploid. One copy of each chromosome is found in each of the four haploid granddaughter cells that meiosis creates from a diploid cell. A species' genetic diversity is boosted through the procedure.Two cell generations go through meiosis at once. Each chromosome undergoes a normal cell division process called mitosis during which it is duplicated, resulting in twin sister chromatids on each chromosome. To create the following generation of identical chromosomes, these linked chromatids later split during mitosis. Each daughter cell only obtains one copy of each chromosome, or the haploid number, and each copy contains two chromatids during meiosis I since the chromatids do not separate during this process. The chromatids split apart and are dispersed to each gamete that is produced during meiosis II.To Learn more About meiosis I Refer To:
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the diagram shows patches of habitat that are either colonized (red dots) or not colonized (green dots). which conclusion can be drawn from the data? exam 2 patch group of answer choices patches that are very close to another occupied patch or that have large areas are most likely to be colonized. patches that have the largest area and are farthest away from another occupied patch are most likely to be colonized. patches that have the smallest area and are closest to another occupied patch are most likely to be colonized. patches with the smallest area are most likely to be colonized; the distance to the nearest occupied patch does not affect colonization rates.
The correct option is C .Patches that are very close to another occupied patch or that have large areas are most likely to be colonized.
How the patches are look like in the diagram?
The most probable patches to be colonized are those that are close to other occupied patches or have sizable expanses.
The distance to the nearest occupied patch does not appear to affect colonization rates. This can be inferred from the fact that red dots are present throughout the diagram, rather than being concentrated in one area.
The size of the patch may play a role in colonization rates, as there are several large red dots indicating that larger patches are more likely to be colonized.
It is not possible to draw a conclusion about the relationship between patch size and colonization rates based on this data.
And more data would be needed to determine any correlation between patch size and colonization rates.
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___, in bacterial cells, the translation of ____ can begin as soon as the blank of the blank molecule peels away from the dna template. in eukaryotic cells, however, transcription and translation are separated in space and time as a result of the eukaryotyic cell`s ___.
No, in bacterial cells, the translation of mRNA can begin as soon as the 5 end of the mRNA molecule peels away from the DNA template. In eukaryotic cells, however, transcription and translation are separated in space and time as a result of the eukaryotyic cell's nuclear membrane.
An RNA subtype that is present in cells. The genetic material required to produce proteins is carried by mRNA molecules. They transport data from the DNA in the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are produced. also known as messenger RNA.
Each mRNA includes instructions for producing a particular protein. This manual functions as a "blueprint." These instructions are delivered by mRNA, and cells assemble the protein as a result.
RNA comes in a variety of forms. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is one kind of RNA. Ribosomes use mRNA, which is RNA, to make proteins. While all RNA forms contribute to the production of proteins, mRNA serves as the actual messenger.
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compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts in terms of the substrates they use and the prodcust they produce
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. Chloroplasts are the cell's kitchen.
define motochondria ?
Mitochondria are organelles present in the cells of all eukaryotes, including mammals, plants, and fungus. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and employ aerobic respiration to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of chemical energy throughout the cell. Albert von found them in the voluntary muscles of insects in 1857. Carl Benda invented the name mitochondrion in 1898. The mitochondrion is commonly referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell," a term originated by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 essay of the same title.
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. Chloroplasts are the cell's kitchen. In cellular respiration, mitochondria use oxygen to oxidise the carbohydrates and fats in the cell to carbon dioxide and water vapour. In the process of producing food, chloroplasts produce oxygen (photosynthesis).
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Biologists working in Spain say that their discovery of teeming life in a highly acidic
river may not only broaden the search for life, or for evidence of past life, no other
planets but also show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions
that scientists have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria.
A. show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that
scientists have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria
B. may show that a number of forms of microscopic life is capable of adapting to
conditions that scientists have long thought hostile to all bacteria but the hardiest
ones
C. shows a number of forms of microscopic life to be capable to adapt to conditions
that scientists have long thought had been hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria
D. showing that a number of forms of microscopic life is capable of adapting to
conditions that scientists have long thought had been hostile to all but the hardiest
bacteria
E. showing that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that
scientists have long thought hostile to all bacteria but the hardiest
According to Spanish biologists, their discovery of abundant life in a river with high acidity A. may not only broaden the search for life or evidence of past life on other planets but may also demonstrate that a variety of microscopic forms of life can adapt to environments that scientists have long considered hostile to all but the toughest bacteria.
Tropical rain forests or coral reefs, not rivers that are so acidic they have a pH of 2, which is somewhere between vinegar and stomach acid, are typically associated with biological diversity.
However, when an international team of biologists examined the Rio Tinto, a similar river in southwestern Spain, in greater detail, they discovered the following: hundreds of microbes, including one-celled algae, fungi, yeast, amoebas, and others, some of which appear to be unique to that river.
According to the biologists, their findings may broaden the search for life or evidence of life on other planets and demonstrate that a wide range of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that were previously thought to be hostile to all but the toughest bacteria.
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Which of the following may take place during bacteriophage reproduction after the phage genome is injected into the host cell?
Multiple select question.
A. Reverse transcriptase reverse-transcribes DNA from viral RNA for integration.
B. Lysogenic phage becomes lytic when cell stress causes depression of the prophage.
C. New virus particles are synthesized by the cell and then released by lysis or budding.
D. Viral proteins are synthesized that act as templates to cause misfolding in those produced by the host cell.
E. The viral DNA is integrated into the genome of the host cell, allowing it to replicate when the host cell divides.
Answer: it's "E" i asked my teacher
Oompas can have red_ blue or purple hair. Purple hair results from the heterozygous condition Make kev" showing the genotypes and phenotypes for hair color. Is this an example of codominance or incomplete dominance: Explain vour reasonin
Oompas can have red_ blue or purple hair. This is an example of incomplete dominance.
In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes. In this case, purple hair is a blend of red and blue hair, and the heterozygous individual with the "Make" gene will have purple hair.In contrast, in codominance, both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygous individual, resulting in a phenotype that is a combination of the two homozygous phenotypes. In this case, the heterozygous individual would have red and blue hair together, not purple. In summary, Oompa's hair color is an example of incomplete dominance because the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes, purple hair is a combination of red and blue hair.
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Phylogenetic information is the basis for describing patterns of evolution, yet some examples of patterns were presented without phylogenetic trees in the text. Consider the following examples and discuss what phylogenetic evidence or inference was left unstated: (a) The fusion of hindlimb bones during embryonic development of birds is a derived trait, not an ancestral trait, relative to the unfused condition in crocodiles.
(b) Pentadactyly (five digits) is homologous in humans and crocodiles. (c) The sting of a wasp is derived from an ovipositor but is modified in both structure and function. (d) Insects evolved wings, but the character was lost for many wingless insect groups. (e) Frogs have some traits that are very similar to those of their deep ancesfors (five toes on the hindlimb, multiple bones in the lower jaw) but others that are relatively advanced (lack of teeth in the lower jaw
(a) The text states that the fusion of hindlimb bones during the embryonic development of birds is a derived trait, not an ancestral trait, relative to the unfused condition in crocodiles.
However, it does not present a phylogenetic tree or any other form of evidence to support this inference. A phylogenetic tree would be helpful in showing the evolutionary relationships between birds and crocodiles and how the trait of hindlimb bone fusion evolved.
(b) The text states that pentadactyly (five digits) is homologous in humans and crocodiles. However, it does not present a phylogenetic tree or any other form of evidence to support this inference
(c) The text states that the sting of a wasp is derived from an ovipositor but is modified in both structure and function. However, it does not present a phylogenetic tree or any other form of evidence to support this inference. A phylogenetic tree would be helpful in showing the evolutionary relationships between different groups of insects and how the ovipositor has been modified to become a sting in wasps.
(d) The text states that insects evolved wings, but the character was lost for many wingless insect groups. However, it does not present a phylogenetic tree or any other form of evidence to support this inference.
(e) The text states that frogs have some traits that are very similar to those of their deep ancestors (five toes on the hindlimb, multiple bones in the lower jaw) .However, it does not present a phylogenetic tree or any other form of evidence to support this inference.
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Use Figure 8.10 in the textbook (shown below) to determine which of the following statement(s) is/are true: (Choose ALL correct answers)
A) A+B→A−B is an exergonic reaction B) A phosphate is transferred from ATP and covalently attached to one of the substrates during the coupled reaction process C) A molecule of A−B produced by the top reaction has greater free energy than a molecule of
D) A−B produced by the bottom reaction.
E) A+B+ATP→A−B+Pi+ADP is a spontaneous process
A phosphate is transferred from ATP and covalently attached to one of the substrates during the coupled reaction process.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are trueA−B produced by the bottom reaction has greater free energy than a molecule of A−B produced by the top reaction.A+B+ATP→A−B+Pi+ADP is a spontaneous process.A+B→A−B is an exergonic reaction: This statement is true. The reaction is exergonic because the products have a greater free energy than the reactants. This is represented by the downward arrow in Figure 8.10.A phosphate is transferred from ATP and covalently attached to one of the substrates during the coupled reaction process: This statement is true. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi in the coupled reaction, and the phosphate group is covalently attached to one of the substrates.A molecule of A−B produced by the top reaction has greater free energy than a molecule of A−B produced by the bottom reaction: This statement is true. The top reaction produces A−B with a greater free energy than the bottom reaction. This is represented in Figure 8.10 by the downward arrows indicating that the products of the top reaction have a greater free energy than the products of the bottom reaction.D) A+B+ATP→A−B+Pi+ADP is a spontaneous process: This statement is true. The reaction is spontaneous because the products have a greater free energy than the reactants. This is represented by the downward arrow in Figure 8.10.To learn more about exergonic reaction refer to:
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A phosphate is transferred from ATP and covalently attached to one of the substrates during the coupled reaction process.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are trueA−B produced by the bottom reaction has greater free energy than a molecule of A−B produced by the top reaction.
A+B+ATP→A−B+Pi+ADP is a spontaneous process.
A+B→A−B is an exergonic reaction: This statement is true. The reaction is exergonic because the products have a greater free energy than the reactants. This is represented by the downward arrow in Figure 8.10.
A phosphate is transferred from ATP and covalently attached to one of the substrates during the coupled reaction process: This statement is true. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi in the coupled reaction, and the phosphate group is covalently attached to one of the substrates.
A molecule of A−B produced by the top reaction has greater free energy than a molecule of A−B produced by the bottom reaction: This statement is true. The top reaction produces A−B with a greater free energy than the bottom reaction. This is represented in Figure 8.10 by the downward arrows indicating that the products of the top reaction have a greater free energy than the products of the bottom reaction.
D) A+B+ATP→A−B+Pi+ADP is a spontaneous process: This statement is true. The reaction is spontaneous because the products have a greater free energy than the reactants. This is represented by the downward arrow in Figure 8.10.
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Using the brake pedal analogy, explain the impact on the cell cycle of one mutated tumorsuppressor gene allele versus two mutated tumor suppressor alleles.If there is only one mutated tumor allele, the effect is the same as if there are no mutated genes, pressing thebrakes on the car only when prompted. However two mutated tumor suppressor alleles presents a differentoutcome as it appears as if the brakes are indefinitely pushed downwards, preventing any future cell cycleprogression.
Tumor suppressor genes work by preventing cancer cell division and thus preventing tumor formation. Because mutations in this gene result in loss of function, it is usually recessive.
This means that tumor suppressor genes slow the growth of cancer cells. It inhibits tumor growth. The car or cancer formation can be halted even if one of the brakes (one tumor suppressor gene) fails. However, because tumor suppressor gene mutations are recessive, if two brakes fail, the car will not stop. Furthermore, the tumor will be expressed and formed.
If only one mutated tumor allele exists, the effect is the same as if no mutated genes exist, with the brakes applied only when necessary.
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