what are two of the main types of changes that have occurred in the evolution of primate teeth from the primitive mammalian pattern
The main modifications include a decrease in the number of teeth and an expansion of the molars' cusp pattern.
What are the two significant modifications that have been made to the fundamental mammalian pattern of primate teeth?Heterodonty is a primitive feature because primates have diverged from the basic pattern less than most mammals. The two main changes are a reduction in the number of teeth and an expansion of the cusp pattern on the molars.
What phases of primate evolution are there?Prosimians and anthropoids are the two categories used to categorize primates. During the Oligocene Epoch, prosimians gave rise to monkeys. African catarrhines gave rise to apes during the Miocene epoch. Lesser and bigger a apes re the two categories of apes.
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Compare Theories and Hypotheses
Answer:
Theory: a theory is an explanation for observations of the world, that is possibly true but not proven to be true. A theory is an explanation of a fact.
Hypothesis: a hypothesis is a theory or explanation at the start of a research that the research is designed to test. The hypothesis is based on facts, or the assumptions of the researcher, but it must be tested.
A cell has a mutation that results in higher levels of phosphorylated proteins than normal cells without the mutation. What kind of mutation could have occurred and what reasoning leads to this claim?.
A mutation in a cell causes it to produce more phosphorylated proteins than healthy cells would. Since phosphatases typically remove phosphates from proteins, the type of mutation that happened has a nonfunctional phosphatase protein.
A mutation is a modification to the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result through viral infection, errors in DNA replication during cell division, and exposure to mutagens. Somatic mutations (which happen in body cells) cannot be passed onto offspring, whereas germline mutations (which happen in eggs and sperm) can. An organism's observable traits, or phenotype, may or may not change as a result of a mutation. Evolution, cancer, and the maturation of the immune system, including junctional variety, are among the normal and malignant biological processes in which mutations play a role. All genetic variety originates from mutation, which also provides the basis for the action of evolutionary forces like natural selection.
Sequence changes can take many distinct forms as a result of mutation. Gene mutations can have no effect, change the gene's product, or stop the gene from working fully or correctly. Non-genic areas are likewise susceptible to mutation. According to a 2007 study on genetic differences between different species of Drosophila, if a mutation modifies a gene's ability to produce a protein, the outcome is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70% of amino acid polymorphisms having negative effects and the remaining 20% neutral or tangentially beneficial. Because mutations can have negative effects on genes, animals have mechanisms like DNA repair that can stop or reverse mutations by restoring the original state of the altered region.
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which of the following is NOT a disadvantage to sexual reproduction
A. slow to repopulate
B. genetic variation is created within a population
C. the organism must find a mate
Answer:
B
Explanation:
GENETIC VARIATION IS CREATED WITHIN A POPULATION
A grassland ecosystem experiences a long-lasting drought and unusually warm temperatures over several summer months.
Which statement explains the ,begin emphasis,most,end emphasis, likely effects of these changes on the grassland ecosystem during the drought?
Answer options with 4 options
A.
Increased temperatures will result in an increased variety of producer species.
B.
Increased temperatures will result in increased rates of photosynthesis in producers.
C.
Decreased rainfall will result in decreased competition among consumer species for food.
D.
Decreased rainfall will result in decreased diversity of consumer species due to less available food.
Decreased rainfall will result in decreased competition among consumer species for food.
The correct option is C.
What is a ecosystem ?An ecosystem is a region in which a bubble of life is created by plants, mammals, and other organisms interacting with the weather, environment, and other factors. Abiotic elements, or non - living things components, coexist with biotic components in habitats. Ecosystem functioning is the ability of natural phenomena and elements to either directly or indirectly meet human demands for commodities and services.
What is importance of ecosystem?Human welfare and survival rely on healthy terrestrial ecosystems because they give us access to critical goods and benefits. More than 90% of our food originates from ecosystem types, which also offer us energy, resources for building and clothing, health-related products, fresh water, and pure air.
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What would be the most likely result if a mutation caused tlr5 to always be on, or to always act as if it were bound to flagellin, even in the absence of flagellin?.
If TLR5 remains on always or act as if it were bound to flagellin even in the absence of flagellin then this would lead to needless activation of the immune system.
TLRs and NLRs which are short for Todd-like receptors and Nod-like receptors respectively are the watchmen of the immune system and can be regarded as Immune system activators.
TLRs are present in the gut and play a pivotal role in recognizing pathogen associated invasion pattern thereby stimulating the body's immune system for action. The TLRs signal through involvement of particular adaptor molecules thereby leading to activation of transcription factors like Nuclear factor-Kappa B(NF-κB) and IRFs.
Human and other mammals' body consists of many pattern-recognizing receptors which include TLRs, NLRs, ALRs, RLRs etc. The foremost function of PRR is that they identify pathogen associated molecular patters. TLRs were the first ones to be identified and the most studied on pattern recognizing receptor.
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Old crust is destroyed and recycles at a
mid ocean ridge
deep ocean trench
inthich of the following associations is/are correct? question 8 options: a) intercalated disc : located at the ends of cardiac muscle cells b) cardiac myocytes : centrally located nuclei c) cardiac endomysium : attaches to integrins near the z-line
The following associations are correct ;
a) intercalated disc : located at the ends of cardiac muscle cells
c) cardiac endomysium : attaches to integrins near the z-line
Intercalated discs are sophisticated structures that connect neighboring cardiac muscle cells. Desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions are the three types of cell junctions recognized as constituting an intercalated disc. Fascia adherens serve as actin anchoring sites and connect to the nearest sarcomere.
Cardiac muscle cells, like skeletal muscle cells, are surrounded and separated by a connective tissue layer called endomysium.
The endomysium, which literally means "within the muscle," is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that encases each individual muscle fiber or muscle cell. Capillaries and nerves are also present. The sarcolemma is the membrane that covers the cell membrane of the muscle fiber.
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A client is preparing for a fecal occult blood test. What teaching will the nurse provide regarding vitamin c three days before testing?.
Vitamin C, such as vitamin C-fortified fruit drinks and supplements at amounts greater than 250 milligrammes (mg) daily.
If an occult blood test is positive, what happens?If the faecal occult blood test results are positive, blood has been discovered in the stool. Your doctor will need to identify the cause of the bleeding, either by doing a colonoscopy or by performing an examination to establish if the stomach or small intestine is the source of the bleeding.
A faecal occult blood test examines a sample of faeces for blood that is not visible to the eye. A sign of bleeding in the digestive tract is blood in the stool. This might be a sign of diverticulosis, diverticulitis, cancer, polyps, hemorrhoids, or inflammatory bowel disease.
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The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label _____.
At label D, the cell membrane is closest to the potassium equilibrium potential.
The equilibrium potential is where?At the level of the cell membrane, homeostasis prospective is the completion of the brief, directed flow of charged ions. This phase normally has zero charge, which prevents ions from moving freely between the membrane's two sides.
What does electrochemistry's equilibrium potential mean?For any chemical change, the total of the electrolytic possibilities of the reactants and products must equal one another in order for the system to be in equilibrium and for every given species to have the same electrochemical potential throughout the system.
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On a cattle ranch, 70% of all cows have brown fur and 20% of all cows have spots. Assuming independent assortment, how many cows in a herd of 200 will be both brown and spotted?.
28 cows in a herd of 200 will be both brown and spotted.
Probability of brown fur, P1 = 70% or 0.70, and
probability of spots, P2 = 20% or 0.20.
Probability that a cow will be both brown and spotted,
= P1 × P2
= 0.7 × 0.2
= 0.14
Thus, in a herd of 200, the number of cows which will be both brown and spotted,
= 0.14 × 200
= 28
Hence, the answer is 28.
Genes or alleles that sort into newly produced gametes independently of one another are referred to as independent assortment. Be aware that during crossing over, the order of the genes on each chromosome is altered.
Therefore, the Gregor Mendel principle of Independent Assortment explains how various genes bearing various features may appear in the new gametes following the completion of the meiotic division. Gregor Mendel postulated several laws of inheritance, and this rule is simply one of them. Below, we will learn more about Mendel's laws.
The monk Gregor Johann Mendel, who lived in the nineteenth century, is the source of the Mendelian inheritance principles, which bear his name.
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Which part of the nerve cell is specially constructed to transmit a message from one cell to another nerve cell?.
The part of the nerve cell specially constructed to transmit a message from one cell to another nerve cell is axon.
What is a nerve cell?Nerve cells are electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses.
Nerve cells are specialized cells of the nervous system which conducts nerve impulses. Nerve cells, also known as neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, which are made up of three components as follows:
DendritesAxonSomaThe cell body, also called the soma contains the cell’s nucleus, which controls the activities of the cell. The dendrites are extensions that branch off the cell body and receive chemical signals from other neurons, which they convert to electrical impulses and transmit to the cell body.
Axons are a long extension that carries information away from the cell body. It is where information leaves the nerve cell and is passed on to target cells.
Therefore, the axon is the part of the nerve cell that is specifically constructed to transmit message from one cell to another.
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The transpiration pull is due to the ________ that causes water to move up through the xylem that begins at the surface of mesophyll cells.
The transpiration pull is due to the negative pressure potential that causes water to move up through the xylem that begins at the surface of mesophyll cells.
A transpiration pull can be simply defined as a biological process that generates pulling force within the xylem tissue. This force aids in the movement of water upward into the xylem vessels. Water loss in the form of vapours is observed during this process. While root pressure "pushes" water through the xylem tissues, transpiration "pulls" the column of water ascending from the roots.
The negative pressure created by transpiration pull acts on the water particles, causing them to move upward in the xylem. This theory is based on the ascent of sap, which is the upward movement of water from the root to aerial parts of the plant body.
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How is protein synthesis different in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes? (there may be more than one correct answer; choose all answers that apply. ).
Answer:
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation happen at the same time.
Explanation:
hope it helps
The hydrosphere can reshape the geosphere by which of the following processes?
A. erosion and deposition
B. deflation
C. evaporation
The hydrosphere can reshape the geosphere by processes such as erosion and deposition and is denoted as option A.
What is Hydrosphere?This is referred to as the total amount of water present on the planet and consists of water bodies such as rivers, seas etc.
It ensures that water is recycled through precipitation in the form of rainfall after several processes such as evaporation and condensation of the water vapor which leads to erosion of the earth surface and there are also deposition of substances during movement which is how it reshapes the geosphere thereby making option A the most appropriate choice.
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A theme in biology is how structure is related to function. Discuss how the structures of the different chambers and vessels of the heart relate to their functions.
The right-hand side of the heart is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left-hand side pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
The heart is a large muscular pump and is divided into two halves - the right-hand aspect and the left-hand side. The proper-hand facet of the coronary heart is accountable for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left-hand facet pumps oxygenated blood across the frame.
The coronary heart has 4 chambers atria and ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-terrible blood from the frame and pumps it to the proper ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-terrible blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
Blood vessels are the channels or conduits via which blood is sent to body tissues. The vessels make up two closed structures of tubes that start and cease at the coronary heart. One system, the pulmonary vessels, transports blood from the proper ventricle to the lungs and returned to the left atrium.
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2. The effect of earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents is called the
what evidence do scientists have that flight in birds evolved from the ground up? be thorough in your explanation.
A loose hypothesis birds evolved suggests that the ancestors of birds probably ran and jumped to catch prey, and evolved flight to improve on this and return safely to the ground.
Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs in the Jurassic period (about 165-150 million years ago), and their classic small, light, feathered, and winged body shape was not a spurt of innovation, but rather Gradually assembled over tens of millions of years of evolution. Modern birds descended from a group of two-legged dinosaurs known as theropods, including the towering Tyrannosaurus Rex and the smaller Velociraptor. Some of the similarities between birds and humans are because they shared a common ancestor millions of years ago. This ancestor was a primitive reptilian creature that resembled neither humans nor birds, but shared features of both.
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evolution connection paramecium and other protists that live in hypotonic environments have cell membranes that limit water uptake, while those living in isotonic environments have membranes that are more permeable to water. describe what water regulation adaptations might have evolved in protists in hypertonic habitats such as the great salt lake and in habitats with changing salt concentration.
Hypertonic pond protists may store solutes inside the cell to equalize its concentration with Great Salt Lake. It could also move ions across the membrane by using active transport.
What is a hypertonic solution?Any external solution that, in comparison to the fluids of the body, has a high solute concentration but a low water content is considered to be a hypertonic solution. In the presence of a hypertonic solution, the body will lose water and gain it in the solution as a result of the net movement of water.
It's possible that protists that live in hypertonic ponds will store concentrated solutes within their cells in order to make the concentration of their interior match that of the Great Salt Lake. Ion movement across the membrane might also be accomplished through active transport.
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DEMOSTRATE THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST
Answer:
The central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → protein.
Explanation:
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA.
Help please Match the correct term with the corresponding definition or description
The picture below provides the solution. Enlarge the text to read it.
the pattern in which rare disorders are transmitted only through strongly suggests cytoplasmic inheritance and points to a mutation in as the reason for the phenotype.
Cytoplasmic inheritance is defined because the inheritance of organelle DNA from the mother and father. Cytoplasmic inheritance differs from “plain antique” nuclear genetics because it does now not observe the laws of gene inheritance which kingdom that half of the genes will come from every discern.
There are five simple modes of inheritance for unmarried-gene illnesses: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-related recessive, and mitochondrial. Genetic heterogeneity is a not unusual phenomenon with both single-gene illnesses and complex multi-factorial diseases.
The most, not unusual inheritance patterns are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-related dominant, X-connected recessive, multifactorial, and mitochondrial inheritance. "Autosomal" refers to developments decided by means of the genes placed in the autosomes.
We've got learned the meaning of cytoplasmic inheritance. Cytoplasmic DNA is observed in certain cell organelles and may be exceeded onto offspring strictly from the female, male, or aggregate of both parents. Cytoplasmic inheritance examples are Iojap in maize, pokiness in Neurospora, Oenothera, and many others.
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is a general term for a group of hereditary, progressive disorders affecting skeletal muscles.
A general term for a group of hereditary, progressive disorders affecting skeletal muscles is muscular dystrophy.
A group of diseases called muscular dystrophy result in progressive weakness and muscle loss. Mutations in genes that cause muscular dystrophy prevent the production of proteins that are necessary for healthy muscle formation. Thus, it is a hereditary disorder.
Multiple forms of muscular dystrophy exist. The most common type begins in childhood, typically in boys. Other kinds don't show up until you're an adult.
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hiv is the virus that causes aids. in the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in hiv called protease and began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. if this strategy for stopping hiv infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon?
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. If the drugs that would fit in the active site and block it, became successful for stopping HIV infections, it would be an example of competitive inhibition.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a virus that takes over the mechanism of body' cells and therefore affects the immune system. The mode of transmission of this virus can be infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids.
Competitive inhibition is the mechanism where the inhibitor molecule is so similar to the substrate molecule that it fits in the active site of the enzyme and therefore inhibits the whole process carried out by the enzyme. Due to the similarity in structures, there occurs a competition between the substrate and inhibitor molecule and therefore the name competitive inhibition.
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What environmental or weather situation always requires exceptional physical conditioning?.
Answer:
the plants that only get water
Explanation:
because i love water and plants need water to grow
during oxidative phosphorylation, why does a single molecule of nadh result in the production of more atp molecules than a single molecule of fadh2?
During oxidative phosphorylation, a single molecule of nadh result in the production of more atp molecules than a single molecule of fadh2 because NADH AND FADH2 feed their electrons to different electron carriers in the electron-transport chain.
The steps of oxidative phosphorylation are delivery of Electrons through NADH and FADH2. Reduced NADH and FADH2 switch their electrons to molecules close to the start of the shipping chain, electron Transport and Proton Pumping, splitting of Oxygen to shape Water and ATP Synthesis.
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Which molecules have been synthesized in experiments similar to the ones performed by miller and urey?.
In experiments like those carried out by Miller and Urey, DNA molecules have been created.
The initial evidence for the chemical production of proteins using amino acids was provided by Miller and Urey. They created simple organic compounds (amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, etc.) from a mixture of methane, hydrogen, water vapour, and ammonia by simulating the primitive earth conditions Oparin described. Similar to an early atmosphere, methane provided the hydrocarbon building blocks for the synthesis of organic molecules while hydrogen functioned as a reducing agent. In the glass chamber, water was used as the chemical synthesis medium for organic molecules. The early atmosphere was reducing, devoid of oxygen, and free of any oxides that produce carbon dioxide. Nitrogen was only present in the form of ammonia in the strongly reducing primaeval environment. In discharges and laser-driven plasma impact simulations conducted in a basic model of reducing environment comprising ammonia and carbon monoxide, Miller-Urey experiments yield RNA nucleobases. The well-known Miller-Urey experiment showed that amino acids, crucial components of biological proteins, may be produced under simulated primordial terrestrial circumstances from basic starting elements.
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in studying an x-linked dominant trait, you examine a family with seven children. none of the three sons has the trait and all four daughters have the trait. what is a likely conclusion about the parents?
Upon studying the X-linked dominant trait of a family with seven children where none of the three sons have the trait and all four daughters have the trait, the conclusion can be made that the father has the dominant trait in his gene.
X-linked dominant trait is the one where the mutant gene for a specific character lies of the X-chromosome. Since the trait is dominant hence only one allele transferred from any of the parent is sufficient to cause the disease.
Genes are the unit of heredity. They are transferred from the parent of offspring that carry information about some character which can be seen in the offspring.
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A Gram stain will____________________.
a. always clearly show only pink cells
b. sometimes clearly show only pink or purple cells
c. always clearly show only pink or purple cells
d. always show a mixture of pink or purple cells
Answer:
A Gram stain will always clearly show only pink or purple cells.
Explanation:
Gram-positive organisms are either purple or blue in color, while gram-negative organisms are either pink or red in color.
the id50 of francisella tularensis is 1, while the id50 of mycobacterium tuberculosis is 10. which bacterium is more infectious?
Id50 of francisella tularensis is more infectious than Id50 of mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What is the bacterial ID50?ID50 gauges the bare minimum population of infectious agents necessary to start an infection with a 50% chance. All 48 bacterial pathotypes for which we could find experimental values in the literature had average ID50 values that were log-transformed.
The line that connects the fictitious fractions of the bracketing dosages is interpolated to estimate the ID50 [40]. For an accurate estimation of the dose-response, both techniques depend on doses being distributed logarithmically equally spaced, with equal numbers of subjects (for example, pigs) in each group.
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