Answer:
Environmental marine biologist.
Explanation:
Hope it helps:)
This diagram orders biological systems from least complex (at the beginning)
to most complex at the end):
Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biome
Which systems include abiotic factors?
O A. Population and community only
• B. Community and ecosystem only
• C. Community, ecosystem, and biome only
O D. Ecosystem and biome only
Community, ecosystem, and biome only include abiotic factors.
What is an example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem? An abiotic factor in an ecosystem is a non-living element that can affect the environment and the organisms within it. Examples of abiotic factors include climate, soil, air temperature, water, sunlight, and other physical and chemical elements of the environment.Climate is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem, as it can affect the ability of organisms to survive. For example, high temperatures may limit the range of certain species, while extreme cold can kill off entire populations.Soil is also an abiotic factor that can affect an ecosystem. It can provide nutrients for plants and provide a habitat for microorganisms. Soil composition and texture can also influence the types of plants that can grow and the number of animals that can inhabit an area.Air temperature is another important abiotic factor, as it can influence the activity of organisms, such as the speed at which plants and animals grow and reproduce.Water is also an important abiotic factor, as it is necessary for most organisms to survive. It also influences the type of organisms that can inhabit an area, as some species may require certain levels of water and salinity.Sunlight is a major abiotic factor, as it provides energy and warmth to plants and animals, and is necessary for photosynthesis to occur.All of these abiotic factors interact with one another and with the biotic factors in an ecosystem, such as plants and animals, to create a balanced and healthy environment. Without these abiotic factors, ecosystems would not be able to function.
To learn more about abiotic factors refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/12689972
#SPJ1
place the steps of the lytic cycle of a t-series bacteriophage in order, assuming that the cycle begins with an inactive virion in the environment. the next step should be placed at the top of the list and the last step before a new generation of inactive virions is found in the environment should be placed at the bottom.
Adsorption of the virion to the outer surface of a bacterial cell, contraction of the bacteriophage tails, allowing the tail tube to penetrate the bacterial cell wall.
injection of the bacteriophage genome into the host cell cytoplasm, synthesis of viral components using the cell's replication and translation machinery, assembly of new virions, and release of virions when the host cell is lysed.
The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction (referring to bacterial viruses or bacteriophages), the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane. Bacteriophages that only use the lytic cycle are called virulent phages (in contrast to temperate phages).
In the lytic cycle, the viral DNA exists as a separate free floating molecule within the bacterial cell, and replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA, whereas in the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is located within the host DNA. This is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic (bacterio) phage cycles. However, in both cases the virus/phage replicates using the host DNA machinery.
Learn more about " lytic cycle " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/13762063
#SPJ4
Which statement best describes a relationship between activation, energy and rate of reaction
The activation energy of a chemical reaction is closely related to its rate such that the higher the activation energy, the slower the chemical reaction. So, the correct option is (B).
What is Activation energy?Activation energy is defined as the minimum amount of energy that must be provided for compounds to result in a chemical reaction which is measured in joules per mole, kilojoules per mole or kilocalories per mole.
It is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. It is defined as the difference between the energies of the reactants and the energy greatest along the reaction progress. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the activation energy.
Thus, the activation energy of a chemical reaction is closely related to its rate such that the higher the activation energy, the slower the chemical reaction. So, the correct option is (B).
Learn more about Activation energy, here:
https://brainly.com/question/28384644
#SPJ1
Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is :
Which statement best describes the relationship between activation energy and rate of reaction?
Increasing the activation energy can increase the rate of a reaction.Reducing the activation energy can increase the rate of a reaction.Increasing the reaction energy does not alter the rate of reaction.Reducing the activation energy can decrease the rate of a reaction.pick one chain from your food web and create an explanation of the energy flow and how energy is being used and lost in the ecosystem: talk about photosynthesis, fermentation and cellular respiration
One example of a food chain can be grass>grasshopper>frog>snake>eagle. In this chain, the grass is the producer which generates energy while the eagle is the apex predator.
In the given food chain, the green plants(grass in this case), use photosynthesis to extract energy from sunlight, and only 10% of solar energy is converted to chemical energy and the remaining 90% is lost. Through each subsequent chain, only 10% of energy is passed on, and the remaining 90% is lost. The animals consume food and then subject it to cellular respiration where the carbohydrates primarily glucose are broken down to release energy in the presence of oxygen. When the glucose breakdown takes place in the absence of oxygen, then the process is called fermentation. Both these methods are used to generate Adenosine triphosphate molecules which serve as energy currency.
To know more about food chain, please visit
https://brainly.com/question/16065961
#SPJ4
Cells are the basic unit of life. In the Cells lab, we'll observe several different kinds of cells. Which of the following answers are true? (Pick all correct answers for credit)
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
Cells are nearly all the same size.
Cells vary in size across orders of magnitude.
Eukaryotic cells are usually distinguished from prokaryotic cells by membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.
Because a cell is capable of autonomous existence and can do all necessary tasks for surviving, a cell is the structural and functional unit of life. Nutrition, respiration, excretion, transportation, and reproduction are all carried out by a cell.
Why are cells significant?From bacteria to humans, cells give all living things their structure and functionality. They are regarded as the tiniest form of life by scientists. The biological apparatus that produces proteins is housed within cells.
Initially, who was the cell?Self-replicating RNA and related molecules are believed to have formed the first cell when they were enclosed in a phospholipid-based membrane. There are two lengthy hydrophobic chains on each phospholipid molecule (more...)
To know more about cell visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/30046049
#SPJ4
. Is the frilled lizard unicellular or multicellular? Use evidence to explain your answer.
The frilled lizard is multicellular organisms.
What do you mean by multicellular organisms?Multicellular organisms are those composed by multiple cells. They are classified in 13 major groups of terrestrial living beings, including animals, plants, fungi, ciliates, algae, and foraminifera.
As well as humans, plants, animals and some fungi and algae are multicellular. A multicellular organism is always eukaryote and so has cell nuclei. Humans are also multicellular.
Simple multicellular organisms, composed of multiple similar cells, occur widely within the eukaryotic tree of life, and a few of these evolved into more complex multicellular organisms characterized by differentiated tissues and organs.
Learn more about multicellular organisms:
https://brainly.com/question/24381583
#SPJ1
Which of the following contains all the possible phenotypes that could be the result of parents who are type O and type A:
Please select the single best answer
Type A or type O only
Type A only
Type O only
All possible blood types
All possible blood types. The possible blood types that could result from parents who are type O and type A are A, O, AB, and AO.
What is blood types?Blood types refer to the classification of blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Blood types are determined by the ABO blood group system, which classifies blood into four major types: A, B, AB, and O. Each of these types is further divided into positive or negative subtypes, depending on whether or not the Rh factor is present. Blood transfusions are only compatible between certain types, making it important to know a person's blood type before donating or receiving blood. In addition to the ABO system, there are other rarer blood types, such as the Kell and Duffy systems, which are also important to consider in transfusions.
To learn more about blood types
https://brainly.com/question/15289194
#SPJ4
"spatiotemporal single-cell regulatory atlas reveals neural crest lineage diversification and cellular function during tooth morphogenesis" who wrote this paper ?
The given paper was written by JunJun Jing, Yuan Yuan, Jifan Feng, Tingwei Guo, and Yang Chai.
Who was the discoverer of the neural crest cell?In the 1950s, researchers started to further study skeletal tissues that originated from the neural crest. Sven Hörstadius published 1950 about The Neural Crest: Its Properties and derivations in the Light of Experimental Research.
What is the significance of neural crest cells?The cranial neural crest cells are essential to craniofacial tissue and organ maturation including the tooth organ. These cells give rise to varied dental tissues including pulp, cement, dentin and periodontal tissue.
To know more about tissues, visit here:
https://brainly.com/question/17664886
#SPJ4
Asexually reproducing organisms produce offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parents. What type of cell division are the offspring a product of?
disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes?
Clostridium difficile. Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment over an extended period of time can alter the typical microbe in the human intestines.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as more widespread systemic manifestations of disease including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atopy, have all been associated with an imbalance of the normal gut microbe. When these antibiotics eliminate the healthy gut microbiota, Clostridium difficile populations can rise, leading to the potentially lethal illness known as pseudomembranous colitis. A variety of disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various cancer types are now known to be correlated with abnormalities in the gut microbiota. As a result, it is possible that different metabolic pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism are impacted.
The complete question is:
Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes?
Candida albicans
Mycobacterium
Clostridium difficile
Learn more about microbe here:
https://brainly.com/question/14571536
#SPJ4
which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all chordates, at least in some part of their lifecycle?
Four-chambered heart is a characterastic which is not shared by all chordates in some of their lifecycle.
The left and right halves of the four-chambered heart are fully divided by septa. This stops the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. All regions of the body can now receive oxygenated blood very effectively. This is helpful for species with high energy requirements, such birds and mammals.
To learn more about Four-chambered heart click here:
https://brainly.com/question/2264437
#SPJ4
Cytokinesis usually follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be:a) A cell with a single large nucleus.b) A cell with high concentrations of actin and myosin.c) A cell with two abnormally small nuclei.d) A cell with two completely identical nuclei.e) A cell with two non-identical nuclei with half the amount of DNA.
a cell with two nuclei that are completely identical
Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates and then segregates its chromosomes, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division. Mitosis is commonly followed by the equal division of the cell's content into two daughter cells with identical genomes.
Mitosis is a nuclear division process that occurs in eukaryotic cells when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new genetically identical cells (the daughters). Mitosis is the process by which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is divided into two equal sets of chromosomes in the context of the cell cycle.
Learn more about " Cytokinesis " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/10606931
#SPJ4
which of the following best describes why food moves through the digestive system from the mouth toward the anus
Peristalsis best describes why food moves through the digestive system from the mouth toward the anus.
What do you mean by the digestive system?
The digestive system is the group of organs that break down food into nutrients that the body can use. It basically includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The digestive system also makes and releases hormones and enzymes that help break down food and absorb nutrients.
Peristalsis is a type of involuntary muscle contraction that causes food to move through the digestive system from the mouth to the anus. It works by contracting and relaxing the muscles in the walls of the digestive tract in a wave-like motion. This movement propels food through the digestive system, allowing it to be broken down and absorbed into the body. Peristalsis is the main way food moves through the digestive system, and is an important part of the digestion process.
To know more about the digestive system,
https://brainly.com/question/18639907
#SPJ4
The primary structure of a protein: is determined using NMR methods: can be determined as long as the peptide is not broken or denatured. is determined by cleaving the protein into smaller peptides. is its sequence of amino acids is determined by combining overlapping peptide segments to obtain the sequence of the entire
The correct statements are - is its amino acid sequence
The size of the protein is determined by cleaving it into smaller peptides.
The sequence of the entire protein is determined by combining overlapping peptide segments.
The primary structure of proteins is the basic structure, which is only a sequence of amino acids.Because the primary structure of the protein has not been denatured, this is the incorrect option.Because any large protein is made up of primary protein, cleavage of protein results in primary structure, which is then determined. As a result, it is correct.We can obtain the entire protein by arranging the primary structure of amino acids in 3D or 2D. As a result, it is also correct.
Learn more about " primary structure " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/16007014
#SPJ4
the diploid number of chromosomes in the cell of a domesticated dog is 7878. which of the following options includes the correct number of chromosomes in a cell after each cellular process (g2g2 checkpoint, meiosis, and fertilization, respectively)? responses after g2g2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 156156 7878 3939 , after g 2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 156 78 39 after g2g2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 7878 3939 7878 , after g 2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 78 39 78 after g2g2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 156156 3939 7878 , after g 2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 156 39 78 after g2g2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 7878 7878 3939
The correct answer is after g2g2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 7878 3939 7878.
What is fertilization ?
Fertilization is the process of joining a sperm cell with an egg cell, resulting in the formation of a single cell called a zygote. During fertilization, the egg releases chemicals that cause the sperm cell to undergo a process known as the acrosome reaction, which enables it to penetrate the egg's outer membrane and release its genetic material. The sperm cell then fuses with the egg cell, and the genetic material from both cells combine to form the zygote. Fertilization is the first step in the process of reproduction.
Therefore, The correct answer is after g2g2 checkpoint after meiosis after fertilization 7878 3939 7878.
To learn more about fertilization
Here: https://brainly.com/question/1294562
A 10 year-old child received one dose of the hepatitis A vaccine at 1 year of age, but never returned for a second dose. Which of the following is true regarding the need for a second dose of the hepatitis A vaccine for this child?
A. No further doses of hepatitis A vaccine are required
B. Wait until the child is 18 years of age and give the second dose if there are other risk factors
C. Give 1 dose now as catch up
D. Restart the series and give 2 doses , 6 months apart
Answer: D
Explanation:
which of the following is not a way in which you can address the physical effects of speech anxiety?
Crying is not one way to address the physical effects of speech anxiety. Therefore, option b is a relevant answer.
Speech anxiety can range from a mild case of the "nerves" to virtually paralyzing fear. Anxiety is frequently manifested as a fear of public speaking. It might be anything from mild uneasiness to paralyzing anxiety and panic. Many persons who suffer from this fear either completely avoid public speaking situations or put up with them by trembling their hands and voice.
Shaking, sweating, quick heartbeat, stomach butterflies, dry mouth, and squeaky voice are some of the most typical signs of speech anxiety. Even though it is frequently hard to eradicate speech anxiety, there are several strategies to manage it and even use it to your benefit. By lowering muscle tension and general mental distress, progressive muscle relaxation aids in breaking the cycle of anxiety. Another way is to stand in a power pose which helps to feel stronger, less stressed, more confident, and less anxious. Therefore, option b is correct because crying helps to reduce the emotional effect of speech anxiety, not the physical effect.
The complete question is -
which of the following is not a way in which you can address the physical effects of speech anxiety?
a) Repeat tensing and relaxing different muscles
b) Cry in private before the speech
c) Yell as loud as you can to release energy
d) Stand in a power pose in private before the speech
To know more about anxiety:
https://brainly.com/question/30090221
#SPJ4
measurements of oxygen electroadsorption energies and oxygen evolution reaction on ruo2(110): a discussion of the sabatier principle and its role in electrocatalysi
The Sabatier Principle states that the energy required to electroadsorb oxygen onto the surface of RuO2(110) must be greater than the energy released from the oxygen evolution reaction. This principle plays an important role in electrocatalysis, as it helps to ensure that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable.
What are the challenges associated with measuring oxygen electroadsorption energies and oxygen evolution reaction on RuO2(110)? Measuring oxygen electroadsorption energies and oxygen evolution reaction on RuO2(110) can be challenging due to the complexity of the surface. The electronic structure of RuO2(110) is highly affected by the oxidation state of the surface. Therefore, the energetics of oxygen adsorption and the oxygen evolution reaction on this surface can be difficult to quantify. Additionally, the presence of oxygen vacancies and oxygen interstitials on the surface can result in a non-uniform environment, which can lead to discrepancies in the measurements. Furthermore, the structure of RuO2(110) can become unstable when exposed to high temperatures, making it difficult to accurately measure the energies at elevated temperatures. Finally, the presence of adsorbates on the surface can also affect the electronic structure and energetics, further complicating the measurements.To learn more about measurements of oxygen refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/20340558
#SPJ4
Name 2 differences between genetic disorders, viral infections, bacterial infections, and cancer. I need 2 differences between all 4 please. Thank you in advance!
The differences between genetic disorders, viral infections, bacterial infections, and cancer are that the genetic disorder is inherited, while the viral infection can be transferred from one person to another but not in the case of the bacterial infection. Cancer is caused by abnormal cell division.
What is the significance of the bacterial and viral infections?Genetic disorders can be caused by mutations, but viral infections, bacterial infections, and cancer are caused by external agents like chemical aging or other infections. While the genetic disorder is passed from the parent to the offspring, viral infections, bacterial infections, and cancer can occur at any point in an individual's life and can be influenced by the environment.
Hence, the differences between genetic disorders, viral infections, bacterial infections, and cancer are that the genetic disorder is inherited, while the viral infection can be transferred from one person to another but not in the case of the bacterial infection. Cancer is caused by abnormal cell division.
Learn more about bacterial and viral infections here.
https://brainly.com/question/6390688
#SPJ1
a deer waits motionlessly, hidden in the thicket as a band of hunters approaches. as the hunters get closer, their dogs bark, picking up the scent of their prey. in a futile effort to escape, the deer bolts. which of the following most accurately describes the nervous system of the hunted deer at this point? group of answer choices
The appropriate response is (A) Sensory: detects changes in the environment and transmits information to the brain and spinal cord.
Which of the following statements best sums up how the nervous system works? The appropriate response is (A) Sensory: detects changes in the environment and transmits information to the brain and spinal cord.The nervous system's main job is to gather a wide variety of sensory data, analyze, interpret, and integrate that data, and launch the proper bodily reactions as a result.The central organizing mechanism of the organism is the neurological system.Each and every experience, thought, and deed has a reflexive effect.The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system are the two main divisions used to categorize the structures of the nervous system (PNS). Blood flow to the body and the nervous system's management of blood pressure and heart rate.Hormones produced by the endocrine system control neuronal activity.To learn more about nervous system refer
https://brainly.com/question/869589
#SPJ4
A 5-day-old infant was born with a laryngeal defect. The greater cornu and the inferior part of the hyoid bone were absent at birth. Failure of development of which of the following embryonic structures most likely led to these defects?
A. Maxillary prominence B. Mandibular prominence
C. Second pharyngeal arch
D. Third pharyngeal arch E. Fourth pharyngeal arch
Option C; The failure of the development of second pharyngeal arch leads to laryngeal defect.
The embryonic structure that is most likely responsible for the laryngeal defect described in the 5-day-old infant is the pharyngeal arch. The branchial arches are a series of structures that form in the embryonic stage and give rise to various structures in the head and neck, including the hyoid bone and the larynx. Specifically, the greater cornu and the inferior part of the hyoid bone develop from the second branchial/pharyngeal arch. Therefore, failure of development of the second branchial arch would result in the absence of these structures at birth.
Learn more about pharyngeal arch here :
https://brainly.com/question/7437374
#SPJ4
functions of the oral cavity include sensory analysis of food, mechanical processing, and lubrication
a. true
b. false
True functions of the oral cavity include sensory analysis of food, mechanical processing, and lubrication
What is oral cavity ?An oval-shaped aperture in the skull is the mouth, often known as the oral cavity. Starting at the lips and moving down to the throat. Breathing, speaking, and food digestion are just a few of the body processes that depend on it. Tissues are pink, wet, odourless, and painless in a healthy mouth.
Two areas of the oral cavity can be distinguished:
(1) the oral vestibule, which is the area medial to the teeth
(2) the oral cavity proper, which is the area around the teeth.
Learn more about Oral cavity here:
https://brainly.com/question/8295579
#SPJ4
The speed of sound in steel is greater than it is in air because
steel is
a. more elastic than air
b. less elastic than air
c. more dense than air
d. less dense than air
For a wave of wavelength 4 m and frequency 8 waves/sec.,
a. amplitude = 32 m.
b. amplitude = 0.5 m.
c. speed =32 m/sec.
d. speed = 2 m/sec.
a) The speed of sound in steel is greater than it is in air because
steel is more dense than air. Option C
b) The speed of the wave is 32 m/sec. Option C
What is the speed of a wave?We know that the speed of a wave is the ratio of the distance that have been covered by the wave within a given time interval. We ought to know that the speed of sound in various media do differ. This stems from the fact that density of the media also differ.
We know that;
Wavelength = 4 m
Frequency of the wave = 8 waves/sec.,
Speed of the wave = Wavelength * Frequency
= 4 * 8 = 32 m/s
Learn more about wave speed:https://brainly.com/question/10715783
#SPJ1
Need help ASAP!!
Which of the three "planimals" described in the video do you think will have the most evolutionary success at getting energy from photosynthesis? Why?
Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar through a process known as photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?Plants and other living things use a process called photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy that can later be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
The main purpose of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored for later use. This process primarily provides energy to the planet's living systems. By the standards of human engineering, it is not particularly effective, but it gets the job done.
Note that your information is incomplete and an overview was given.
Learn more about photosynthesis on:
https://brainly.com/question/19160081
#SPJ1
A few random individuals colonize an area in which no individuals of their species lives. The allele frequencies of the founding population may not represent the allele frequencies of the mainland population. This form of genetic drift is called:
the founder effect
natural selection
artificial selection
the bottleneck effect
Answer:
The founder effect
I need help with this:(
Answer:
Water temperature is a key factor affecting phytoplankton bloom dynamics in shallow productive coastal waters and could become crucial with future global warming by modifying bloom phenology and changing phytoplankton community structure, in turn affecting the entire food web and ecosystem services.
identify the species that behaves as the oxidizing agent in the following reaction. zn 2 agno3 -> zn(no3) 2 2ag
The species that behaves as the oxidizing agent in the given reaction is AgNO3.
What is oxidizing agent?
An oxidizing agent is a molecule or substance that has the ability to oxidize other molecules or substances.
Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, resulting in the formation of a new compound.
Oxidizing agents act as electron acceptors, and usually contain oxygen, halogens, or other elements that can easily gain electrons. Oxidizing agents are used in a variety of chemical processes, including the production of fuels and pharmaceuticals, and in industrial processes such as metal etching and water treatment.
Therefore, The species that behaves as the oxidizing agent in the given reaction is AgNO3.
To learn more about oxidizing agent
Here: https://brainly.com/question/14041413
#SPJ4
name two strata of the epidermis and the process that changes the deepest stratum into the most superficial stratum
The two strata of the epidermis are the stratum basale (also known as the stratum germinativum) and the stratum corneum. The stratum basale is the deepest stratum of the epidermis and is responsible.
The stratum corneum is the most superficial stratum and is composed of dead skin cells that have been pushed to the surface. The process that changes the stratum basale into the stratum corneum is called keratinization or cornification. During this process, cells in the stratum basale epidermis begin to produce a protein called keratin, which gives them their characteristic strength and waterproofing properties. As the cells move upward through the epidermis, they lose their nuclei and other organelles, becoming the flat, scale-like cells of the stratum corneum epidermis . This process is known as cell differentiation, and it takes around 2-3 weeks to complete.
Learn more about stratum here:
https://brainly.com/question/5125379
#SPJ4
When a solution has carbohydrates in it, the copper in Benedict's gets reduced and the solution stays blue.
a. true
b. false
Answer:
This is TRUE
Explanation:
One of the main principles of the scientific method is Replication. Benedict's test not only detects reducing carbohydrates as a yes/no answer, but also how much reducing sugar is present in the solution.
The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because
