Oxidation-reduction reactions in the copper cycle experiment. For each oxidation-reduction reaction, half reactions to show copper is oxidized and copper is reduced.
Any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by acquiring or losing an electron is referred to as an oxidation-reduction reaction. Some of the fundamental processes of life, such as photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and corrosion or rusting, depend on redox reactions.
The copper gets oxidized and in the fourth step, the copper gets reduced.
Acid - base reaction
In a chemical reaction known as neutralization or neutralisation, an acid and a base interact quantitatively. By neutralizing a reaction in water, surplus hydrogen or hydroxide ions are removed from the solution.
CuO(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) -->CuSO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)
precipitation reaction
Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2NAOH(aq) -->Cu(OH)₂ + 2NANO₃
Thus, 21.3 mL of NaOH is required to react with 4 mL of 16 M HNO3 H N O 3 .
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based on the results you obtained in the lab today, calculate the percentage (by mass) of nahco 3 in one alka-seltzer tablet. you must show your calculations to receive credit for this question. hint: use the masses that you measured in the lab as your masses of nahco 3 and alka-seltzer
Percentage by mass of NaHCO₃ of Alka - Seltzer tablet in trial 1 is 57.04 %, in trial 2 is 56.91 % and in trial 3 is 3.26 %.
Trial 1 :
Mass of one Alka - Seltzer tablet = Mass of Alka - Seltzer tablets / 2
= 6.42 g / 2 = 3.21 g
Mass of NaHCO₃ in a single tablet = 1.831 g
Percentage by mass of NaHCO₃ in one Alka - Seltzer tablet
= ( Mass of NaHCO3 in a single tablet / Mass of one Alka - Seltzer tablet ) × 100
= ( 1.831 g / 3.21 g ) × 100
= 57.04 %
Percentage by mass of NaHCO₃ is 57.04 % .
Trial 2 :
Mass of one Alka - Seltzer tablet = Mass of Alka - Seltzer tablets / 2
= 6.48 g / 2 = 3.24 g
Mass of NaHCO₃ in a single tablet = 1.844 g
Percentage by mass of NaHCO₃ in one Alka - Seltzer tablet
= ( 1.844 g / 3.24 g ) × 100
= 56.91 %
Percentage by mass of NaHCO₃ is 56.91 %.
Trial 3 :
Mass of one Alka - Seltzer tablet = Mass of Alka - Seltzer tablets / 2
= 6.43 g / 2 = 3.215 g
Mass of NaHCO₃ in a single tablet = 0.105 g
Percentage by mass of NaHCO₃ in one Alka - Seltzer tablet
= ( 0.105 g / 3.215 g ) × 100
= 3.26 %
Percentage by mass of NaHCO₃ is 3.26 %.
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1. Consider the following compounds: Cl2 and CsCl
a) Which of these substances has non-polar bonds? Explain your reasoning.
b) Which of these substances is the most ionic? Explain your reasoning.
c) Suggest a substance which has polar covalent bonds. Explain your reasoning
Non-polar bonds are present in Cl2 compounds. CsCl compounds are the most ionic PCl3 or SCl2 compounds with polar covalent bonds.
a) Because the atoms at each end of the connection are the same, Cl2 will have non-polar bonds. On average, the electron pair will be kept midway between the two. There isn't a net pull either way.
b) CsCl. One or more chlorine atoms are connected to cesium, which has the lowest electronegativity of all the atoms on the list. As a result, when cesium meets chlorine, the difference in electronegativity will be the highest of all the cases on the list. The electron pair will be more strongly drawn to one end of the bond and the compound will be more ionic the greater the difference in electronegativity.
c) You might recommend either SCl2 or PCl3, which are the two options. You are seeking for an example with a tiny electronegativity difference because polar covalent bonds do not have enough electronegativity difference to produce ions.
When atoms with differing electronegativities share electrons in a covalent link, this creates a polar covalent bond. Let's have a look at the molecule of hydrogen chloride (HCl). The inert gas electron arrangement of each atom in HCl demands one additional electron.
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Answer: By considering Cl2 and CsCl compounds,
Cl2 compounds are non polar bonds. The most ionic compounds are CsCl compounds and CHCl3 compounds have polar covalent bonds.
Explanation:
a) Compounds that are non polar bonds have zero dipole moment. such molecules have an even distribution of charge between their atoms. The Cl2 molecule is a diatomic molecule consisting of two chlorine atoms. Both atoms have equal electronegativity. It denotes both atom share an equal proportion of charge. Thus the molecule formed by two chlorine atoms is always nonpolar.
b) According to Fajan’s Rule:
Greater the difference of electronegativity between atoms stronger is the ionic bond. As a result, when Cs meets Cl, the electronegativity difference is very high. Hence CsCl is most ionic and in cations the Cs is down the group in group 1 alkali metals and it is more Electopositive and has larger radius.
c) Polar covalent bonds are present in substances whose dipole moment is not zero. As for example, CHCl3 is a polar molecule due to the large electronegativity difference between hydrogen and chlorine. This induces a permanent dipole across the molecule with a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the chlorine atoms. Therefore CHCl3 is a polar covalent compound because its dipole moment is not zero.
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the descriptions pertain to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic transcription. match each description to the appropriate category.
Prokaryotic transcription happens in the cytoplasm, where Eukaryotic transcription happens inside the nucleus. Proteins referred to as transcriptional factors are required for eukaryotic transcription but not for prokaryotic transcription.
What distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription quizlet exist?Eukaryotic cells carry out transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. Translation starts while the mRNA is still being created in a prokaryotic cell because transcription and translation are linked together during this process.
How does transcription in prokaryotes work?Prokaryotic transcription is the process by which the genetic material in prokaryotes is converted into messenger RNA transcripts, which are then translated to make proteins.
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provide a complete arrow pushing mechanism for reaction 1d. explain the origin of the stereochemistry observed in the product.
When stereoisomeric starting materials are used in a reaction, a stereospecific reaction results in a product from one reactant that is a stereoisomer of the product from the other.
While a stereoselective reaction chooses products from among those produced by the same, non-specific mechanism acting on a particular reactant, a stereospecific mechanism specifies the stereochemical outcome of a given reactant. A stereospecific mechanism, given a single, stereoisomeric ally pure starting material, will produce 100% of a specific stereoisomer (or no reaction), yet stereochemical integrity can readily be lost due to competing processes that produce distinct stereochemical results. Even if only one mechanism is at work on an isomerically pure starting material, a stereoselective process will typically yield numerous products. The term "stereospecific reaction" is ambiguous because the word "reaction" itself can refer to either the end product of a reactant mixture that may proceed through multiple competing, specific and non-specific mechanisms, or it can refer to a single-mechanism transformation (such as the Diels-Alder reaction), which could be stereospecific. The phrase stereospecific reaction is frequently used incorrectly to refer to a highly stereoselective reaction in the latter sense. Chiral synthesis is based on a mix of stereoselective and stereospecific transformations, where the optical activity of a chemical molecule is conserved. Stereospecific transformations are used to interconvert existing stereocenters.
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What is the mass of the precipitate formed when 50mL of 16.9% (w/v) solution of AgNO 3 is mixed with 50mL of 5.8% (w/v) NaCl solution? [Ag=107.8,N=14,O=16,Na=23,Cl=35.5]
The mass of the precipitate formed when 50mL of 16.9% (w/v) solution of AgNO 3 is mixed with 50mL of 5.8% (w/v) NaCl solution is 7.19 g.
Let's calculate the number of moles of NaCl:
Number of moles = Mass(g)/Molecular mass
Number of moles of NaCl = 50×5.8/100/58.5
= 50×5.8/100×58.5
= 0.05 mole
The mass of AgCl can be calculated by referring to Equation 1.
By applying POAC on Ag
Number of moles Ag in AgNO3 = Number of moles Ag in AgCl
Number of moles of AgCl = 0.05mole…(ii)
Molecular mass of AgCl = 143.5………..(iii)
Mass of AgCl = Number of moles × Molecular mass of AgCl ………(iv)
Substitute (ii) and (iii) in (iv)
= 0.05 × 143.5
= 7.16g
The mass of an object is a measure of its inertial properties or the amount of matter it contains. The weight of an object is a measure of the force exerted on it by gravity, or the force required to support it. Mass can best be understood as the amount of matter present in an object or body. Everything around us has mass.
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which of the following is used to convert back and forth from moles to grams? group of answer choices. Atomic NumberAvogadro's NumberMolar MassMass Number
Answer: Molar mass
Explanation:
Mass to mole: divide by molar mass
Mole to mass: Multiply by molar mass
Mole to particles/atoms/molecules: Multiply by Avogadro's Number
Particles/atoms/molecules to Mole: Divide by Avogadro's Number
Sketch a voltaic cell consisting of lead anode and a copper cathode. Clearly label both electrodes, the voltmeter,salt bridge, the direction of electron flow, and suggest possible salts which could be dissolved in the half cells to complete the cell.
The voltaic cell consists of a chemical reaction which is irreversible. The electron transfer involved in the reaction setup of the cell results in the production of current. This is an example of an electrochemical cell.
In a lead-copper voltaic cell, the lead cathode is been dipped in the solution of Pb(NO3)2 and the copper cathode is been dipped in the solution of CuSO4 Therefore, the possible salts that could be dissolved in order to complete the cell are CuSO4 and Pb(NO3)2 . The diagrammatic representation of the voltaic cell is depicted below:
An irreversible chemical reaction makes up the voltaic cell. Current is produced as a result of the electron transfer occurring during the cell's reaction setup. An illustration of an electrochemical cell is this.
What do a voltaic cell's anode and cathode represent?An electrode where oxidation takes place is the anode. Reduction takes place on the cathode, an electrode. An electrolyte chamber called a salt bridge is required to finish the circuit in a voltaic cell.
How do you tell a voltaic cell's positive and negative terminals apart?The electrochemical series' lower-ranking metal will become the positive terminal. The positive ions in the electrolyte will receive the released electrons from the positive terminal. within a solar cell.
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When a solution of sodium sulphate and barium nitrate are mixed, sodium nitrate solution and solid barium sulphate is formed. Explain the nature of reaction?
This is an example of a double displacement reaction where chloride ions replace sulphate ions and vice versa.
Double displacement reaction: what is it?When a portion of two ionic compounds is swapped, a double displacement reaction takes place, creating two new components. In aqueous solutions, where ions precipitate and exchange occurs, double displacement processes are most common.
For instance, a white precipitate of barium sulphate quickly forms when a solution of barium chloride and sodium sulphate are combined. These are ionic-based reactions. When the reactants are dissolved in water, they turn into ions, and when ions exchange in the solution, a product molecule is created.
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as you have just seen, the presence of one chirality center in a molecule causes it to not have a plane of symmetry. objects that lack a plane of symmetry are usually chiral. (the only exceptions are when they possess other symmetry elements such as a center or axis of symmetry.) which of the following molecules are chiral?
OH Go back to your original model (4 different colors) and make a second identical model of it: Make sure the two models are identical by trying to superimpose them; all of the atoms on one should superimpose on atoms of the same color in the other_ Now switch any two balls on one of the models and answer the following questions_ Are the models still superimposable? Are they identical? What is the word for non-identical structures that have the same molecular formula?
The molecules which are chiral are all of the atoms on one should superimpose on atoms of the same color in the other. Yes.
Yes, the model represents enantiomers. Because it has non-superimposable mirror image.
2. No
3. different
Yes the models are superimposable.Models represent identical structure.Models does not represent enantiomers. because the mirror images are superimposable.
Objects that possess plane of symmtery will never be chiral. Because one of the property of the chiral molecule is, it has no plane of symmetry or centre of symmetry. for example ,take our hand, it doesn't has the property of plane of symmetry. if a molecule possess plane of symmetry it will be an achiral molecule. When we split achiral molecule into two halves, one molecular half will be the exact reflection of the another half of the molecule.
In tetrahedral carbon, if the carbon bonds with four different groups or atoms there will be a symmetry lose. So that it is asymmetric.
3-methyl hexane possess plane of symmetry.
no chiral carbon present
4th carbon atom is chiral
The chiral carbon is present in 4th carbon atom
* All the models are not superimposable
*They are not identical
*Non identical structures with the same molecular formula are called enantiomers.
Baseball bat - Achiral
nail - Achiral
Baseball gloves - Achiral
Baseball - Chiral
Screw - Chiral
Spiral staircase - Chiral
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do the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products depend on their initial concentrations?
Yes, it is a true statement that the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products will be dependent on the initial concentrations of the reactants.
What is equilibrium?We know that the term equilibrium has to do with the point wen the forward and the reverse reaction begin to occur at the same rate. When the system is at equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction.
We know that we can be able to obtain the concentration at equilibrium from the concentration of the species initially and thus it is safe to say that the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and products depend on their initial concentrations.
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in which of the following groups of substances would dispersion forces be the only significant factors in determining boiling points?
The only significant factors in determining the boiling points, in dispersion forces are Cl2, Ne, CCl4. Correct answer: letter A.
This is because these molecules do not form any significant intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions, so dispersion forces are the only significant factors in their boiling points.
What are dispersion forces?Dispersion forces also known as London forces, are the weakest type of intermolecular forces. They are the forces of attraction between molecules due to the temporary, instantaneous dipoles that form as an electron in one atom is attracted to the nucleus of another atom.
These instantaneous dipoles induce dipoles in adjacent molecules, leading to attraction. Dispersion forces are responsible for the cohesion of nonpolar substances such as noble gases and hydrocarbons.
In which of the following groups of substances would dispersion forces be the only significant factors in determining boiling points?
I. Cl2
II. HF
III. Ne
IV. KNO2
V. CCl4
Group of options:
A. I, III, V
B. I, II, III
C. II, IV
D. III, IV, V
E. II, V
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Which answer choice correctly describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
The correct option is b) Ionic bonds are formed when one atom takes another atom's electrons, while covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons.
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bond?
Ionic bonds are created when a nonmetal and a metal exchange electrons. The term "ionic bond" refers to a chemical bond formed by electrostatic attraction between two ions with opposing charges.
They create covalent bonds when two nonmetals share electrons. The term "ionic bond" refers to a chemical bond formed by electrostatic attraction between two ions with opposing charges.
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Which equation represents a spontaneous reaction?
(1) Ba + Ca2+ = Ba2+ + Ca i
(2) Co + Zn2+ → Co2+ + Zn
(3) Fe + Mg2+ → Fe2+ + Mg
(4) Ni + Mn2+ → Ni2+ + Mn
A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring.
What is spontaneous reaction?The equation that represents a spontaneous reaction is Ni + Mn2+ → Ni2+ + MnA spontaneous reaction serves as the reaction that is capable of proceeding in a given direction without outside source of energy.It is a reaction that is capable of occurring on it's own, without external force. Example of this reaction is the combustion reaction.Therefore, option 4 is a spontaneous reaction since it's a reaction between Nikel and magnesium and occur on its own.How do you determine if the reaction is spontaneous?If ΔH is negative, and –TΔS positive, the reaction will be spontaneous at low temperatures (decreasing the magnitude of the entropy term).When both of these conditions are met, the reaction occurs naturally. A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring.A spontaneous reaction is one that releases free energy, and so the sign of ΔG must be negative. Since both ΔH and ΔS can be either positive or negative, depending on the characteristics of the particular reaction, there are four different possible combinations.To learn more about spontaneous reaction refer to:
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Part A Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins CH;l XeF4 GaH: NH; CBr4 SeF4 Bins: Polar Nonpolar
Nonpolar -CBr4 ,GaH ,XeF4
Polar - CH₃I ,NH₃ ,SeF₄
Polar molecules occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms. Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out.Polar molecules have a uniform distribution of electron density. A nonpolar molecule results from an unequal distribution of electron density. Polar compounds are arranged asymmetrically. They have polar bonds that are symmetrical.In general, pyramid-shaped and V-shaped molecules are said to be polar. Whereas the Linear molecules are said to be non-polar in nature. Water is said to be a polar molecule due to the difference in the electronegativities between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen
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whats wrong with the following lewis structure
The diagram is erroneous if there is an imbalance between the number of electrons displayed in lewis structure and the number of valence electrons.
What causes the Lewis dot structure to fail?Fails to explain how a molecule is shaped. - It was unable to explain how energy was released when covalent connections were formed.
How do you tell which Lewis structure is correct?A genuine Lewis structure has been created if every atom from the second period and up has at least an octet, no element from the second period has more than an octet, and the total number of electrons in bonds and lone pairs equals the total number of valence electrons accessible.
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What is the correct chemical name for Se9Br7?
Answer:
"biseleninum heptabromide ."this gc analysis will not require a response factor run because the products are constitutional isomers
Given statement is True Regarding Gc analysis.
A GC analysis will not require a response factor run because the products are constitutional isomers.
Gas chromatography (GC), along with other chromatographic techniques, is vitally important in forensic science to separate substances of analytical interest. GC is the primary technique for the analysis of fire residues.
GC is used as one test to help identify components of a large liquid mixture and determine their relative concentration. It may also be used to separate and purify components of a mixture. Additionally, gas chromatography can be used to determine vapor pressure, heat of solution, and activity coefficients.
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make a model in which a tetrahedral carbon atom has four different color balls bonded to it. observe it carefully. does the model possess any planes of symmetry? this model can be used to represent any molecule that contains one chirality center. as an example, consider 3-methylhexane. draw the structure of 3-methylhexane in your notebook or in the box below and use an asterisk to label the chirality center and name the four different groups attached to it. note that the model with four different color balls can be used to represent 3-methylhexane by simply stipulating that each ball represents one of these four groups. does 3-methylhexane possess any planes of symmetry? draw the structure of 3-methylhexane. for further practice in finding chirality centers, mark any chirality centers present in each with an asterisk.
3-Methylhexane is a branched hydrocarbon with two enantiomers. It is one of the isomers of heptane. This molecule is chiral and is one of two heptane isomers with this property, the other being its structural isomer 2,3-dimethylpentane. The enantiomers are (R)-3-methylhexane and (S)-3-methylhexane.
For the diagram of conversion refer the attached image.
A chiral center, chiral atom, chiral center, or chiral center is a tetrahedral atom in a molecule with four different ligands, treated as ligands if they have a lone pair of electrons.
When the chiral center is a carbon atom, it is also called an asymmetric carbon atom. For example, one chiral center is an asymmetric carbon atom.
The term stereocenter, also called stereogenic center, is often used synonymously with the term chiral center. However, the term stereocenter has different definitions, all chiral centers are stereocenters, but not all stereocenters are chiral centres.
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one could postulate that a competing pathway for this reaction is the attack of ethanol (our solvent) on the bromonium ion intermediate. provide the structure of this ether-containing product and provide a complete mechanism for its formation.
One may hypothesize that the bromonium ion intermediate is attacked by our solvent, ethanol, as a competing avenue for this reaction. give the composition of this ether-containing substance.
A solvent (s) is a substance that dissolves a solute, producing a solution (from the Latin solve, "loosen, untie, solve"). A solvent is often a liquid, although it can also be solid, gas, or supercritical fluid. All of the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water, which is a solvent for polar molecules and the most frequent solvent employed by living things.
Temperature affects how much solute may dissolve in a certain amount of solvent. Solvents are extensively used in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. Organic solvents have specific applications in paint thinners, dry cleaning (e.g., tetrachloroethylene), and other industries (toluene, turpentine).
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there is a limit to the amount of fiber reinforcement that can be added to a fiber reinforced polymer because
The quantity of fiber reinforcement that can be added to a fiber reinforced polymer is limited since full strengthening requires that the fibers be thoroughly coated with the matrix.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has become one of the most popular methods in the repair and rehabilitation of concrete infrastructure due to its ease of application and the special physical characteristics.
Both destructive and nondestructive assessments have been used to test the durability of reinforced polymer in order to investigate the condition of the structure. Over the past 15 years, a relatively new class of non-corrosive, high-strength, lightweight materials have become useful materials for a variety of structural engineering applications.
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What are the substances that are present before a reaction takes place called the ones to the left of the arrow?; What is the reaction of a substance with oxygen called?; What are molecules called before and after a chemical reaction?
The reaction of a substance with oxygen called combustion.
What is a Chemical reaction?
A mechanism that significantly directs the chemical transformation of one group of chemical substances or molecules into another may be referred to as a chemical reaction. Numerous catalysts are used in this chemical transformation process to speed up the reaction.
Reactants are the elements to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation. Reactants are substances that are present at the beginning of a chemical reaction. Products are the substance(s) to the right of the arrow.When a chemical combines with oxygen gas, it produces a combustion reaction that releases energy in the form of heat and light. O2 must be one of the reactants in combustion processes. Hydrogen gas is burnt to produce water vapor.[tex]2H2(g)+O2(g)[/tex] → [tex]2H2O(g)[/tex]Therefore, the reaction of a substance with oxygen called combustion.
3. We refer to the molecules before and after a chemical reaction, respectively, as reactants and products.
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Which of the following compounds has only primary and secondary hydrogen atoms? O 2-Methylpentane O 2.2,3-Trimethylpentane О 3-Methylpentane O 2.2-Dimethylpentane
The chemical supplied in this option, 2,2-Dimethylpentane, includes both the main and secondary hydrogen atoms that are needed.
A hydrogen atom that is found on a secondary carbon in an organic species is known as secondary hydrogen. The six hydrogen atoms that are connected to the secondary carbon atoms (C2, C4, and C6) are secondary hydrogen atoms. Primary hydrogen is hydrogen that is joined to one carbon atom and then to one additional carbon atom. So, only primary hydrogens are present in isobutene in all of the examples given.
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Arrange these elements in order of decreasing electronegativity: Rank from largest to smallest. HelpReset Na,P,N,Al
N>P>Al>Na are the elements in decreasing order of electronegativity.
What is electronegativity ?
The propensity of an element's atom to draw a shared pair of electrons toward it in a covalent connection is known as its electronegativity.
What order do the components of electronegativity follow?
In the periodic table, electronegativity rises from left to right across a row, as in C, N, O, and F. (Nuclear charge rises from left to right, increasing the attraction of electrons.)In the periodic table, electronegativity decreases as you progress down a group, for example F > Cl > Br > I (As "new shells" of electrons are formed and the nuclear charge is further insulated by the core electrons, the atomic radii rise with each group down, which reduces the attraction of electrons.)The most electronegative element is F.Li and Mg are two metals that are less electronegative than carbon (i.e. Compared to C, metals are electropositive).To know more about Electronegativity, visit:
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NaCl Solution Possible Reactions: Possible Anode Reactions Possible Cathode Reactions NaCl Solution Observations: (be sure to include initial and final litmus tests) Anode Observations Cathode Observations Litmus before=neutral Litmus after=acidic Bubbles Litmus before=neutral Litmus after= basic Bubbles NaCl Solution Electrolysis Reactions: Based on your observations, select the half-reactions you think were actually occurring at the anode and cathode. Write the appropriate half-reactions and then determine the overall cell reaction. Anode Half Reaction: Cathode Half Reaction: Overall Cell Reaction: Potassium lodide Solution Electrolysis KI Solution Possible Reactions Possible Anode Reactions Possible Cathode Reactions Experiment 26. Investigation of Electrochemical Cells nov. 817) Page 13 KI Solution Observations: (be sure to include initial and final litmus tests) Anode Observations Cathode Observations Litmus before=neutral Litmus after=neutral Yellow solution Litmus before=neutral Litmus after-basic Bubbles KI Solution Electrolysis Reactions: Based on your observations, select the half-reactions you think were actually occurring at the anode and cathode. Write the appropriate half-reactions and then determine the overall cell reaction. Anode Half Reaction: Cathode Half Reaction: Overall Cell Reaction: Copper Sulfate Solution Electrolysis CuSO Solution Possible Reactions: Possible Anode Reactions Possible Cathode Reactions Cuso. Solution Observations: (be sure to include initial and final litmus tests) Anode Observations Cathode Observations Litmus before=neutral Litmus after acidic Bubbles Litmus before=neutral Litmus after=neutral Copper coated the electrode
NaCl Solution Electrolysis
At cathode: reduction => 2Na+(l) + e– → Na(l)
At anode: oxidation => 2Cl–(l) → Cl2(g) + 2e–
Net Reaction is written as: 2Na +(l) + 2Cl–(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)
Potassium lodide Solution Electrolysis
At the cathode potassium ions are discharged:
K+ + e → K
At the anode iodide ions are discharged:
I− →1/2 I₂+ e
Two competing reactions are possible at both cathode and anode. At Cathode: reduction reaction: at pH =7
Water can be reduced to hydrogen gas or Sodium ions reduced to sodium metal.
2H2O(l) + 2e– → H2(g) + 2OH
Na+(l) + e– → Na(l)
At anode: Oxidation reaction: at pH =7. Water can be oxidized to oxygen or chloride ion oxidized to chlorine molecule.
2H2O → O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e
2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e
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Plan a method to investigate the effect of changing the mass of sodium carbonate powder on the highest temperature reached.
Answer:
How do you measure the mass of a sodium carbonate reaction?
Place on a balance and record the mass. Put 20 drops of sodium carbonate solution into the middle well followed by 20 drops of calcium nitrate solution.
Put on a balance, then note the mass. 20 drops of a calcium nitrate solution should be added to the middle well after 20 droplets of sodium carbonate solution.
What is mass?A body's mass is an inherent quality. Prior to the discoveries of the atom or particle physics, it was widely considered to be tied to the amount of matter within a physical body. It was discovered that, despite having the same quantity of matter in theory, different atoms and elementary particles have varied masses.
There are various conceptions of mass in contemporary physics that are theoretically different but physically equivalent. The resistance of the body to accelerate (change of velocity) in the presence of a net force can be measured experimentally as mass. Put on a balance, then note the mass. 20 drops of a calcium nitrate solution should be added to the middle well after 20 droplets of sodium carbonate solution.
Therefore, put on a balance, then note the mass. 20 drops of a calcium nitrate solution should be added to the middle well after 20 droplets of sodium carbonate solution.
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how much would the temperature of 175 g of water increase if 56.5 kj of heat were added? specific heat of water is 4.184 j/g °c.
When. 56.5kJ of heat is added to water of 175g, the temperature will change by 77.2°C
What is specific heat capacity?The specific heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat (J) absorbed per unit mass (kg) of the material when its temperature increases 1 K (or 1 °C). Specific heat capacity is measured in J/(kg K) or J/(kg °C).
The quantity of heat required is given as H= mc∆T, where m is the mass of substance and ∆T is the change in temperature.
∆T= H/mc
H = 56.5kJ= 56500J
∆T = 56500/(175×4.184)
∆T= 77.2°C
Therefore the temperature change of the water is 77.2°C
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How many grams of Al are needed to
produce 0.450 L of 1.6 M solution
of AICI3?
2AI+ 6HCI 2AlCl3 + 3H₂
[?] g Al
when you combust 100.0 g 100.0 g of propane at 500. k 500. k and 1.00 atm 1.00 atm in a closed container, you expected to collect 279 l 279 l of carbon dioxide. instead, when you collect the gas, it measures 651 l 651 l in total. which of the following accounts for this difference?
for the following accounts Theoretical yield was calculated incorrectly
The random error that results from measuring the masses of the reactants and the product (+ or - 0.001 g?) could cause experimental error in a yield measurement. Or it can be a deliberate mistake brought on by impurities that are still in the final product (and artificially inflating its mass). Because the real yield is frequently lower than the theoretical value, percent yield is typically lower than 100%. This may be due to incomplete or conflicting reactions or sample loss during recovery.
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a chemist is studying the reaction between the gaseous chemical species x and y2, represented by the equation above. initial rates of reaction are measured at various concentrations of reactants. the results are recorded in the following table.
The experimental rate law of the equation is given as Rate = k[X][Y²].
The rate law which is also known as the rate equation for a chemical reaction is defined as an expression that provides a relationship between the rate of the reaction and the concentrations of the reactants participating in it.
More precisely we can say that rate law is defined as the expression in which reaction rate is given in terms of molar concentration of reactants with each term raised to some power, which may or may not be same as the stoichiometric coefficient of the reacting species in a balanced chemical equation.
Hence, from the above table we can see the reaction is given as,
2X +2Y → 2XY
So, the rate law is given as Rate = k[X][Y²].
The given question is incomplete and the complete question is given below:
2X+Y2→X2Y2
A chemist is studying the reaction between the gaseous chemical species X and Y2 , represented by the equation above. Initial rates of reaction are measured at various concentrations of reactants. The results are recorded in the following table
Given the information in the table above, which of the following is the experimental rate law?
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Consider a chemical species in which a carbon atom forms single bonds to three hydrogen atoms in which the carbon atom possesses no other valence electrons.
(a) What formal charge would the carbon atoms have?
(b) What shape would you expect this species to have?
(c) What is the hybridization of carbon atom?
The Formal charge is present on carbon which is +1. It has a triangular planer shape with sp2 hybridization- the concept of mixing two atomic orbitals to give rise to a new type of hybridized orbitals.
valence electron is an elementary particle in an atom's outer shell that really can take part in the development of a chemical bond if the outer layer is not shutdown. Both atoms inside a single covalent bond make a contribution each valence electron to create a shared pair. Valence electrons are ionic found in an organism's outermost shell. So because electrons in the outermost shells of two or more atoms are the first to come into contact with each other and decide how an atom might very well respond in a chemical process when two or more atoms interact. Numerous important molecules in your body, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars, and fats, are composed of carbon atoms.
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