The most likely charge on the ion when this atom forms an ion O⁻².
Actually any atom tries to reach its nearest noble gas electron distribution, which is 8 electrons in its last shell (2 in case of helium). To achieve the total of 8 electrons in its last shell an atom takes up or gives up electrons.
Like in case of oxygen, it has 6 electrons in its last shell, thus generally takes up 2 more electrons to achieve the electron distribution of noble gas neon(10) and it can be written as O⁻².
Now when an atom takes up electron it becomes electronegative(because of more negative charged entities in it i.e, electrons) and when one gives up electron it becomes electropositive(because of extra positive charged entities in it i.e, proton).
But there can be some extra valencies other than the most stable one(which has the noble gas configuration). For example, oxygen has valencies of +1, +2, -1 other than -2(most stable).
Your question is incomplete most probably your full question was
From your knowledge about the distribution of electrons in their shells and from the atomic number (in parentheses), indicate the most likely charge on the ion when this atom forms an ion. (Remember the 2-8-18 shell distribution.) Oxygen (8) +1 +2 -2 -1
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The molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 was experimentally determined to be 0.020 M. Based on this value, what is the Ksp of Ca(OH)2
The molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 was experimentally determined to be 0.020 M. Based on this value, the Ksp of Ca(OH)2 is 0.040.
The Ksp (solubility product) is a measure of the maximum solubility of a substance in a solution at equilibrium. The Ksp of a substance represents the product of the molar concentrations of the ions that make up the solute at equilibrium. In the case of Ca(OH)2, it is the product of the molar concentrations of Ca2+ and OH−, which is expressed as
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH−]
The molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 is the maximum molar concentration of Ca2+ and OH− ions that are present in an equilibrium solution. By substituting the molar solubility (0.020 M) into the Ksp equation, we can calculate the Ksp of Ca(OH)2.
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH−] = 0.020 M
Since the molar concentrations of Ca2+ and OH− ions are equal, we can simplify the equation to : Ksp = [Ca2+]2 = 0.020 M, Solving for [Ca2+], we get [Ca2+] = √0.020 M,The Ksp of Ca(OH)2 is then Ksp = [Ca2+]2 = (√0.020 M)2 = 0.040 M
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2. atoms are typically spaced about 0.2 nm apart. at that spacing, how many atoms would be found in a line 2.5 inches long?
The number of atoms would be found in a line 2.5 inches long is 3.17510^12 atoms
What three sorts of atoms are there?The three fundamental types of particles that comprise an atom are protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons generally have the same mass, however the mass of the electron is quite small. A negative has no charge, while a proton has a positive charge.
2.5 inches is equal to about 63.5 centimeters.
There are 10^10 nanometers in one centimeter.
=> (10^10)x(63.5) = 6.3510^11 nanometers
At an atom spacing of 0.2 nanometers:
=>6.3510^11 / 0.2 = 3.17510^12 atoms in a line
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Cellular isozymes of pyruvate kinase are allosterically inhibited by:A) high concentrations of AMP.B) high concentrations of ATP.C) high concentrations of citrate.D) low concentrations of acetyl-CoA.E) low concentrations of ATP.
High ATP concentrations allosterically block the cellular homologs of pyruvate kinase.
Why does ATP stop phosphofructokinase from working?Phosphofructokinase activity was hindered by low ATP concentrations through lowering the enzyme's affinity for fructose 6-phosphate, the other substrate. Phosphofructokinase was similarly inhibited by citrate and other tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.
During gluconeogenesis, which of the these enzymes requires ATP?The reactions of gluconeogenesis, starting with pyruvate, are as follows: Pyruvate carboxylase uses the mitochondrion to carboxylate pyruvate to create oxaloacetate. Pyruvate carboxylase needs biotin as a cofactor and ATP as such an activating molecule.
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Which two of the following are common methods to inhibit sugar crystallization in non-crystalline candy making
Two common methods to inhibit sugar crystallization in non-crystalline candy making are:
1. adding a small amount of an inverted sugar, such as glucose or corn syrup, to the recipe
2. adding a substance known as a "seed crystal," such as a small amount of already-formed sugar crystals, to the candy mixture during the cooking process.
Classify each of the following as either a Lewis acid or a Lewis base.?
1. B(OH)3
2. P(CH3)3
3. BeCl2
4. CN^-
What do l talk about on my timelines?
Timelines are intended to give a general perspective of a series of historical events. Although they don't go into great length, as necessary, connections to photographs, information, and events may be added.
What are Timelines?History textbooks and biographies frequently employ timelines to illustrate what occurred over a specific time period or to a specific person, beginning with the earliest event and going ahead in time. For instance, your own personal chronology can start with your birth.
Timelines are meant to provide a broad overview of a number of historical events.
There may be connections to images, facts, and events, albeit they don't go into great detail unless essential.
Thus, this way, one can have their timeline.
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write the common and systematic (IUPAC) names of the ether that has the following structure
CH3---O---CH2CH3
Common name:
Systematic name:
Ethyl methyl ether is the common name for the provided ether (CH3-O-CH2CH3), while methoxy ethane is its Systematic (IUPAC) name.
Write about ether.An oxygen atom is bonded to two aryl or alkyl groups in any organic molecule that belongs to the ether family. Water also has structural similarities to ethers and alcohols, as well as to both ethers and alcohols.
Uses of ether.Ethers are frequently used in the manufacturing industry as extractants & solvents for ester, gums, hydrocarbons, alkaloids, oils, resins, dyes, plastics, lacquers, and paints. They work as dewaxing extractants for lubricating oils. Hospitals use diethyl ether as an anaesthetic. During surgery, anaesthesia aids in putting patients to sleep or making them unconscious.
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what is required in order to have an effective collision? [select all that apply] group of answer choices a collision with transfer of sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy a collision simultaneously involving three or more reactants. a collision of the correct orientation between reactants. a slow and gentle collision so that the reactants can form a bond instead of bouncing off one another.
Reactant particles need to have a certain minimum amount of energy in order to make an effective collision. The activation energy is the energy that starts the reaction.
What three conditions must be met for a reaction to take place?A reaction can only happen if three things take place.The atoms must collide.In order for new bonds to form, molecules must collide with sufficient force to start breaking the existing connections. ( Remember activation energy).Molecules must collide with the correct orientation.What in collision theory is EA?E is the constant 2.7183, Ea is the activation energy expressed in joules per mole, and. The frequency factor, or A, is a constant that depends on the frequency of collisions and the orientation of the reacting molecules.
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A sample of iron fillings and sulphur were put in a boiling tube and heated for 5 minutes. State and explain the observations made.
Write a word equation for the reaction taking place
When a sample of iron fillings and sulfur were put in a boiling tube and heated for 5 minutes chemical change takes place and iron sulfide is formed which is black in color.
What is a chemical change?Chemical changes are defined as changes which occur when a substance combines with another substance to form a new substance.Alternatively, when a substance breaks down or decomposes to give new substances it is also considered to be a chemical change.
There are several characteristics of chemical changes like change in color, change in state , change in odor and change in composition . During chemical change there is also formation of precipitate an insoluble mass of substance or even evolution of gases.
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Violet has found a container of aluminum bromide that says it contains 3.09 moles of AlBr3. What is the mass of this sample of aluminum bromide? Please round your answer to two digits after the decimal point, and remember to include correct, complete units (including substance formula).
The mass of 3.09 moles of [tex]AlBr_3[/tex] would be 825.03 grams.
Calculating mass from molesThe number of moles present in the mass of a substance is the ratio of the mass of the substance and the molar mass of the substance.
In other words, mole = mass/molar mass. Making the mass the subject of the formula:
mass = mole x molar mass.
Molar mass of [tex]AlBr_3[/tex] = 267 g/mol
Mass of 3.09 moles [tex]AlBr_3[/tex] = 3.09 x 267
= 825.03 grams
In other words, the mass of the 3.09 sample of aluminum bromide would be 825.03 grams.
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predict: colligative properties are determined solely by the number of solute particles in the solution. based on this fact, which solute do you expect to have the greatest effect on the properties of water? the least effect?
They move at various speeds and bounce off one another. Being slower than air, though. Although they stop moving, the water molecules remain in motion. Slowing down, the Air. Water molecules—both those in the liquid and the vapor state—are travelling quickly.
What's a short way to describe molecules?a substance's tiniest particle possesses all of its physical and chemical characteristics. A single atom or more make up a molecule.
What are the different types of molecules?The tiniest particle in such a chemical compound or element that possesses the chemical characteristics of that compound or an element is known as a molecule. Atoms are the building blocks of molecules, and chemical bonds are what hold them together. Two different types of molecules exist: An element's molecules An element is composed up of molecules.
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Which of the following is true for the solubility of NaCl(s) and CH4(g) in water? A. Increasing the temperature will increase the solubility of CH4 B. Increasing the temperature will decrease the solubility of NaCl C. Both NaCl and CH4 are very soluble in water D. Neither NaCl nor CH4 are very soluble in water E. None of the above
That solubility of NaCl will decline as the temperature rises; this is also true of the solubility of CH4 and NaCl(s) in water.
What exactly is solubility?The biggest concentration of a solvent that may disintegrate in a liquid at a specific temperature is known as solubility. The water is deemed saturated when the solute concentration reaches its maximum. Mol/L or g/L quantities of immersion can be given.
What elements influence solubility?The maximum quantity of an ingredient that should dissolve in a solvent at a particular temperature is known as its solubility. Temperature and pressure are the two direct variables that impact solubility. Pressure solely influences the concentration of dissolved oxygen, but temperatures affects the dissolution both of solids and gases.
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if 0.16 mole of hco- is placed into 1.00 l of solution, what will be the equilibrium concentration of co3 2-
According to the question: At equilibrium, the concentration of CO3 2- will be 0.16 moles/L.
What is equilibrium?Equilibrium is a state of balance between two opposing forces. It is a state of rest or balance caused by the equal action of opposing forces. This can be found in many areas of daily life, from the economy to chemical reactions. In economics, equilibrium occurs when supply and demand are equal and in balance, resulting in a market price that does not change.
This is because the reaction of HCO- and CO2 can be described as a simple one-to-one reaction:
HCO- + CO2 <---> H2CO3 <---> H+ + CO3 2-
Since the amount of HCO- and CO2 are equal, the amount of CO3 2- produced will also be equal. Therefore, the equilibrium concentration of CO3 2- will be 0.16 moles/L.
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for the reaction below: a. estimate the gas phase enthalpy change using bond dissociation enthalpies from the owl chemistry tables/appendix (button on the left). include algebraic sign and units. b. is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? c. is the reaction likely to proceed spontaneously in the direction written? : mark this question for later review.
a) DH^ r x n=-1∅7 k/ m o l
b) As DH is negative so it is exothermic.
c) it proceeds spontaneous in forward direction.
A) ch3 ch3
| |
CH3-C-CH3 +Br^2 .CH3-C-CH3
| |
H Br
+H-BR.
DH^ r x n=Σ Bonds^ broken-Bonds^ formed
=DH(C-H)+DH(Br-Br)
=-DH(C-Br)+DH(H-Br)
=263+192-(366+276)
DH^ r x n= 455-642
DH^ r x n=-1∅7 k/ m o l
b) As DH is negative so it is exothermic.
c) it proceeds spontaneous in forward direction.
The liquid/gas phase change, like the solid/liquid phase change, requires energy. The enthalpy of vaporization (or heat of vaporization) is the amount of energy required to convert a liquid to a gas,
denoted as H v a p.
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“Write a disassociation equation for each of the following”
(Also please write an explanation on how you did it)
Answer:
The dissociation equation for MgCl2 in water is MgCl2 arrow Mg2+ + 2Cl-.
Looking at the formula Al(NO3)3, we notice that for one Al ion, there are three NO3 ions. Therefore when aluminum nitrate dissociates in water, it produces one aluminum ion and three nitrate ions per each formula unit.
Al(NO3)3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) → 3 HNO3 (aq) + Al(OH)3 (s)
2HNO3⇌NO2++NO3−+H2O.
question mode multiple choice question an unknown element has two isotopes: one whose mass is 68.926 amu (60.00% abundance) and the other whose mass is 70.925 amu (40.00% abundance). the average atomic mass of the element is equal to .
The average atomic mass of the element is calculated to be 69.7256 amu.
What is average atomic mass?The average atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of atoms in naturally occurring sample of the element.
Given, atomic mass of isotope-1 = 68.926 amu ; percent abundance of isotope-1 = 60.00% ; atomic mass of isotope-2 = 70.925 amu ; percent abundance of isotope-2 = 40.00%
Fractional abundance of isotope-1 = 0.6000
Fractional abundance of isotope-2 = 0.4000
Average atomic mass of an element = A
A = ∑ [Atomic mass of an isotope + fractional abundance of isotope]
A= 69.7256 amu
So, the average atomic mass of the element is equal to 69.7256 amu.
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what is pkb of the conjugate base of x-281? (assume 25 ∘c.)
The pkb of the conjugate base of x⁻281 is 9.69.
Conjugate base is termed as the base member x⁻ of a pair of compounds which transform into each other by gaining or losing a proton. The conjugate base is able to gain or absorb a proton in the chemical reaction. It is formed when a proton is removed from an acid. It depends upon which substance is involved. conjugate base is the solvated electron whose conjugate acid is the atomic hydrogen.
Its calculation is based on the relation between pKa and pKb with pKw
pKa + pKb = pKw = pKa + pKb = 14.00
pKb = 14.00 - pKa = 14.00 - 4.31 = 9.69
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Some unicellular organisms are sealed in a bottle with water, CO2, and some inorganic nutrients. Which of these is not a valid conclusion?A. If they grow only in sunlight, they could be eukaryotes or prokaryotesB. If they don?t grow in sunlight or in darkness, they could be eukaryotesC. If they grow in the dark or light after you add organic compounds, they could be eukaryotesD. If you add organic compounds and they grow only in sunlight, they must be eukaryotesE. If they grow in the dark after you add organic compounds, they could be prokaryotes
Some unicellular organisms are sealed in a water bottle with CO2 and some inorganic nutrients. B) If they don't grow in sunlight or in darkness, they could be eukaryotes is not a valid statement.
In unicellular organisms, oxygen diffuses through the cell membrane into the cell. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell as soon as the carbon dioxide concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell. Some microorganisms, including some bacteria and fungi, can survive without oxygen. Single-celled organisms rely on diffusion to obtain some of the resources necessary for life and to remove waste products. It is no coincidence that almost all single-celled organisms live in water-based environments where dissolved nutrients are readily available just outside the cell membrane.
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each gas is measured. the researcher claims that chlorine gas is in one of the containers. what must the mass, in grams, of the gas in that container be in order to justify this claim? give your answer to the nea
It is not possible to answer this question without additional information. The amount of chlorine gas in the container depends on the size of the container, the pressure of the air inside it, and the temperature of the gas.
What is chlorine gas?Chlorine gas is a toxic, yellowish-green gas that has a strong, pungent odor. It is extremely reactive and is used in a wide range of industrial applications, from water purification to bleaching and disinfecting. Chlorine gas is a hazardous material and can cause serious health effects if inhaled or ingested. At low levels, it can cause irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. At higher levels, it can cause lung damage, difficulty breathing and even death. Chlorine gas can be produced by burning organic materials such as wood or coal, as well as by chemical reactions such as the reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium hypochlorite. It is also produced naturally through the breakdown of saltwater in the ocean.
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which phrase describes an atom?
(1) a negatively charged nucleus surrounded by positively charged protons
(2) a negatively charged nucleus surrounded by positively charged electrons
(3) a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged protons
(4) a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons
The correct phrase that describes an atom is option 4. a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
What is an atom ?Atoms are the basic units of every substance in the universe. Atoms are composed of subatomic particles electrons, protons and neutrons. The core of an atom is called the nucleus.
The positively charged protons and neutral particles neutrons are located inside the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons are revolving around the nucleus.
The electrons experience an electrostatic attraction from the protons and the nuclear pull from the center which keeps it surrounding the atom. hence option 4 is correct.
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A basketball is left outside in winter when the temperature is -2.00°C, has a volume of 6.88L and the pressure inside the basketball is 0.795atm.
a) How many moles of gas are in the basketball?
b) What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the basketball?
A basketball is left outside in winter when the temperature is -2.00°C, has a volume of 6.88L and the pressure inside the basketball is 0.795atm. 182 moles of gas are in the basketball The partial pressure of oxygen in the basketball is 0.998 atm.
What is partial pressure ?The term partial pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture.
By an ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
Where,
P = pressure
V = volume
R = gas constant its value is 8.314
T = temperature
n = number of moles
By putting this value in given equation, we get
0.795 × 6.88 = n × 8.314 × 271.15
n = 5.46 / 0.03
= 182
Thus,182 moles of gas are in the basketball The partial pressure of oxygen in the basketball is 0.998 atm.
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calculate the distance in metes covered by lining up 57.01 grams of hydrogen atoms side by side (show work for dimensional analysis pleaseee)
The distance in meters that would be covered by lining up 57.01 grams of hydrogen atoms side by side will be 4.1197 x [tex]10^{17[/tex] m.
Number of atoms in a mass sampleAccording to Avogadro, 1 mole of a substance will contain 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms. Thus, the first step would be to find the total number of hydrogen atoms that is present in the 57.01 grams sample.
Mole = mass/molar mass
Mole of 57.01 grams of hydrogen = 57.01/1
= 57.01 moles
1 mole = 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms
57.01 moles = 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] x 57.01
= 3.4331 x [tex]10^{25[/tex] atoms
Now, each atom of hydrogen has a diameter of 1.2 x [tex]10^{-10[/tex] m.
The total distance that would be covered, in meters, when 3.4331 x [tex]10^{25[/tex] atoms of hydrogen are lined side by side would be:
1.2 x [tex]10^{-10[/tex] x 3.4331 x [tex]10^{25[/tex] = 4.1197 x [tex]10^{17[/tex] m
In other words, the distance in meters that would be covered by lining up 57.01 grams of hydrogen atoms side by side will be 4.1197 x [tex]10^{17[/tex] m.
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Which of the following is correct order from smallest to biggest
Sorry this question is incomplete.
A bond energy tells us both how much energy is required to break 1 mole of that bond AND the energy that will be released when 1 mole of that type of bond is formed.
The bond energy is the energy required to break the one mole of the such chemical bond and the energy released when the mole of the bond is formed.
The Bond energy is also called as the average bond enthalpy or we can say that bond enthalpy. The bond energy is the amount of the energy required to break the one such of the chemical bond. The bond energy is the energy released when chemical bond formed.
The example is :
Cl - Cl ----> 2Cl
The bond energy is , ΔH = +59 kcal/mol
The bond energy is the measurement of the bond strength.
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Complete this table relating the values of Ecell and ΔG to the Q/K ratio
Q/K Ecell ΔG
<1
=1
>1
Drag these labels into table as appropriate:
>0, =0, <0
The finished table is provided below: Q/K Ecell delta G, 1 >0 0, =1 =0 =0, and >1 0 >0.
What in chemistry is an E cell?Hint: In electrochemistry, the potential difference between the two half cells is measured by the term "E cell." Electrons go from one half cell to the other due to this potential difference. By applying the Nernst equation, it may be determined.
Ecell in the Nernst equation: what is it?Ecell is the cell's potential. E0 is the potential of a cell under ideal circumstances. R is the constant of all gases. T is the temperature. n is the total number of electrons moved during the redox reaction.
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Consider the following tetra-substituted cyclohexane: a. Draw both chair conformations of this compound. b. Determine which conformation is more stable. c. At equilibrium, would you expect the compound to spend more than 95% of its time in the more stable chair conformation? Show any necessary calculations.
The conformation with the axial methyl and chlorine substituents is more stable.
What is chlorine substituents?Chlorine substituents are chemical groups or molecules that are attached to other molecules or substances, typically through a covalent bond.
Since the axial methyl and chlorine substituents are more stable, the compound would spend more than 95% of its time in this conformation. To calculate this, we can use the Boltzmann equation.
ΔG = -RTlnK
Where K is the equilibrium constant.
K = e-ΔG/RT
For a temperature of 25°C, R=8.314 J/K⋅mol.
ΔG = -8.314⋅25⋅lnK
If we assume that K is greater than 95%, then lnK must be a positive number.
lnK = ΔG/8.314⋅25
ΔG = 8.314⋅25⋅ln95
ΔG = 44.2 kJ/mol
Therefore, the compound will spend more than 95% of its time in the more stable conformation if the energy difference between the two conformations is greater than 44.2 kJ/mol.
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Which of the following phase changes involves the transfer of heat from the surroundings to the system?answer choicesCH4(g)→CH4(l), because CH4 molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in order to move closer together, thereby increasing the intermolecular attractions in the solid state.CO2(g)→CO2(s), because CO2 molecules in the gas phase must absorb energy in order to move closer together, thereby increasing the intermolecular attractions in the liquid state.H2O(l)→H2O(s), because H2Omolecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy in order to create a crystalline structure with strong intermolecular attractions in the solid state.NH3(l)→NH3(g), because NH3molecules in the liquid phase must absorb energy in order to overcome their intermolecular attractions and become free gas molecules.
When heat is added to a system, the process becomes endothermic, and endothermic processes related to phase change occur when going from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas, so heat is eventually transferred from the environment to the environment increase.
System - He considered all four options of moving from gas to liquid requiring the release of energy, as this is the source of heat. The change from gas to solid also requires the release of energy, and the change from liquid to solid requires the release of energy. But as we climb the ladder of physical states, we progress from solids to liquids to gases. Next, we need to add energy to the only one we ascend.The ladder is the last 1 d where the ammonia liquid moves to the ammonia gas, overcoming the intermolecular attraction and pushing the ammonia molecules into the liquid It must be absorbed to keep it together inside.
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How to write chemical formulas of ionic compounds and how are they named?
Ionic compounds are composed of positively charged ions (called cations) and negatively charged ions (called anions). The chemical formula of an ionic compound is written by combining the chemical symbol for the cation and the chemical symbol for the anion.
For example, the ionic compound formed by the cation sodium (Na+) and the anion chloride (Cl-), would be written as NaCl.
When writing the chemical formula for an ionic compound, the cation is written first followed by the anion. This is because the cation and anion are attracted to each other and they combine to form a neutral compound.
Naming ionic compounds follows specific rules:
The cation name is the same as the element name.In summary, to write the chemical formula of ionic compounds, one must know the ionic charges of the elements and to name them, one must know the element names and the suffix -ide, if the cation has variable charge use roman numeral to indicate its charge.
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Please reply ASAP!!!!! Do you expect a liter of water from this lake to have more or less thermal energy than a liter of water from the lake on the previous page? Why?
A liter of water from this lake will have more thermal energy than a liter of water from the lake on the previous page.
This is because the water in the second lake is at a higher temperature than the water in the first lake.
How does temperature affect the thermal energy of a substance?The thermal energy and hence, the average kinetic energy of an object's particles increases with increasing temperature. The object's thermal energy grows as the average kinetic energy of its particles rises. As a result, an object's thermal energy rises as its temperature does.
Thus, a substance at a higher temperature has more thermal energy than particles at a lower temperature
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a 10.0 ml sample of 0.145 m sulfuric acid is titrated to its endpoint with 15.76 ml of naoh. calculate the naoh concentration.
After solving the equation the concentration of the NaOH is 1.576 mol/L.
What is concentration?Concentration is the ability to focus on one particular thing at a given time. It requires intense focus, mental discipline and effort, as well as the ability to ignore distractions and any other thoughts that may arise. It is an important skill to have in order to accomplish goals and tasks, both in school and in life. It involves being able to focus on the task at hand for an extended period of time, without getting sidetracked or losing focus.
The concentration of the NaOH can be found by using the following equation:
Molarity = (Volume of Titrant (mL) * Molarity of Titrant (mol/L)) / Volume of Sample (mL)
In this case, Molarity = (15.76 mL * 1 mol/L) / 10.0 mL = 1.576 mol/L
Therefore, the concentration of the NaOH is 1.576 mol/L.
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