The following alcohols would be most soluble in water Ethanol would be the most soluble in water.
Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from corn and different plant materials. Ethanol use is sizable, and more than ninety eight% of gas in the U.S. consists of a few ethanol. The maximum not unusual mixture of ethanol is E10 (10% ethanol, 90% fuel).
Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) is the sort of alcohol that over billion humans drink each day. This sort of alcohol is produced with the aid of the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches.
Ethanol intoxication is commonplace in older teenagers thru adulthood. The poisonous dose for an grownup is 5 mg/dL, while the poisonous dose in a toddler is 3 mg/dL. Youngsters are at better dangers of developing hypoglycemia following a single ingestion than are adults.
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which one of the following elements is most likely to form a 2– ion?
The element that is able to form a divalent negative ion in the list is selenium. Option A
What element forms the ion?We know that an ion can be formed when there is the loss or gain of electrons from an atom. When electrons are lost from atom what we have is a positive ion and when electrons are gained in an atom what we have is a negative ion.
The magnitude of the charge on the ion would have to do with the number of the electrons that have been lost or gained by the atom that we are looking at.
We know that a divalent negative ion can be formed by the atoms that belong to group sixteen of the periodic table hence we look out for the members of that group and a typical example of that is selenium. This element is one of the elements found in group sixteen.
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Explain why the standard enthalpy of formation () for Cl2 (g) is zero, but its standard entropy is larger than zero.
The standard enthalpy of formation for chlorine is zero but the standard entropy is larger than 0 because it is the elemental state of chlorine.
The standard enthalpy of formation for chlorine is zero because cl2 is the elemental state of chlorine and it does not require any energy for the formation of the standard state of chlorine.
The entropy of any system cannot be negative. It can only be positive or zero.
The entropy of a system will become zero only at a absolute zero temperature.
That's why the entropy of chlorine in elemental state is more than zero because absolutely zero temperature can't be obtained.
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Applying carburetor heat will
The air density will be reduced by the application of carburetor heat, resulting in a further fall in RPM. The RPM will then steadily increase as the carburetor ice melts.
What is carburetor?
It is commonly believed that fuel injection systems, which do not use a carburetor, are less prone to ice than carburetor systems. As a result, less air flows into the carburetor throat when carburetor heat is applied. The mixture becomes considerably richer while the fuel flow stays constant, which may cause the engine to run rough.
RPM first drops when carburetor heat is applied, but it progressively rises as the ice melts. This circumstance favors the growth of carburetor icing the greatest. After the engine has started, the carburetor should be heated.
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what is the atomic number of this atom???
The atomic number of this atom is 3.
Atomic Number =Number of Protons .
Here protons=3, Neutrons=4 and Electrons=3. So, The atomic number of this atom is 3.
What is Atomic Number?The charge number of an atomic nucleus is the chemical element's atomic number, also known as nuclear charge number (symbol Z). This is equivalent to the proton number (np), or the number of protons present in the nucleus of each atom of that element, for conventional nuclei.
Ordinary chemical elements can be uniquely identified by their atomic number. The atomic number and the number of electrons are both equal in a regular, uncharged atom.
The atomic mass number A of a regular atom is calculated by adding its neutron number N and neutron number Z. Since the mass of electrons is negligible for many uses, protons and neutrons have roughly equal masses, thus the mass defect of a nucleon.
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What is the formula for the compound lead (IV) nitrate? PbzNO3 PbNO3 Pb(NO3)2 PbINO314 PDANO3
Lead nitrate is a white crystalline solid. The material is soluble in water. It is noncombustible but it will accelerate the burning of combustible materials.
If large quantities of the lead nitrate material are involved in the fire an explosion may result. Prolonged exposure of the material to fire or heat may result in an explosion. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires involving this material. Because there is a Roman number IV in the name of the compound next to the word "lead nitrate," we can infer from the name of the compound that lead (Pb) in this case has a 4+ charge. This ionic compound's formula is Pb(NO 3 _3 3 ) 4 _4 4 because there must be four nitrate anions because they always have one charge. White or colorless lead nitrate is a material that resembles sand. It is employed in the production of specific explosives, photography, the dye industry, and process engraving.
N2O6Pb or Pb(NO3)2
Thus, we obtain the formula as Pb(NO3)4 P b ( N O 3 ) 4 . Hence, formula of compound formed by the combination of Pb4+ P b 4 + and NO−3 N O 3 − is Pb(NO3)4 P b ( N O 3 ) 4
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g which products are formed during the electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride?
The products of electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride are sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas and chlorine gas.
What is electrolysis?
By passing a direct electric current through an ionic compound in fluid form, electrolysis is the process of breaking down the substance into its constituent elements. Anions are oxidized at the anode while cations are reduced at the cathode. An electrolyte, electrodes, and some sort of external power source are the essential components needed to perform electrolysis.
Several large compounds with industrial use, such as sodium hydroxide and chlorine, are produced by an important process called sodium chloride electrolysis. It is possible to electrolyze sodium chloride in aqueous solutions or in a molten state. In order to speed up the redox processes, extra salts are also present when electrolysis is performed.
The electrolysis of a concentrated solution of NaCl gives (I) Cl2, (II) NaOH (aq) and (III)H 2 (g).
[tex]2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O[/tex] → [tex]2NaOH (aq) + H2(g) + Cl2 (g)[/tex]
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Draw the structure(s) of the major organic product(s) of the following reaction. 1. LiAlH4 / dry Et O -H 2. aqueous HCI • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • If no reaction occurs, draw the organic starting material. • Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu
Structure and the reaction is in the attached photo.
Amides, RCONR'2, can be reduced to the amine, RCH2NR'2 by conversion of the C=O to -CH2-. Amides can be reduced by LiAlH4 but not the with the less reactive NaBH4. Some of the reagents are LiAlH4 / ether solvent, followed by water.
This reduction reaction is different from the different to that of other C=O compounds which reduce to alcohols like in esters.
Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride are the two most frequent sources of the hydride nucleophile (NaBH4).
The presence of a polar metal-hydrogen bond in these reagents acts as a source of hydride rather than the hydride anion, which is absent during this reaction. Since the Al-H bond in LiAlH4 is more polar and aluminium is less electronegative than boron, LiAlH4 is a more potent reducer.
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how would you know if a grignard reagent has reacted with water? (select all that apply) how would you know if a grignard reagent has reacted with water? (select all that apply) a bright yellow precipitate will form a white precipitate will form the reaction mixture will turn purple the reaction mixture will solidify
A proton replaces the halogen in the Grignard reagent's reaction with water, producing an alkane as the end result.
What happens if the Grignard comes into contact with oxygen or water?In a straightforward acid-base reaction, your Grignard will react with any traces of water in your solvent to produce the conjugate acid of your Grignard (an alkane or alkene/arene) and a (much less basic) hydroxide ion.
What circumstances must exist for a Grignard reaction?Alkyl or alkenyl halides and magnesium metal react to produce Grignard reagents. They react with electrophiles like epoxides and carbonyl molecules (aldehydes, ketones, esters, carbon dioxide, etc.) and are excellent nucleophiles.
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Please explain nomenclature
Answer: Nomenclature is a system for giving names to things within a particular profession or field. For instance, you may have heard of binomial nomenclature in biology class. It refers to the way of referring to living things by two names, like calling humans Homo sapiens.
Explanation:
Nomenclature means choosing names for different science-related objects. Chemical compounds usually have a specific name, and a systematic name.
The nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). In this nomenclature system, organic compounds are named with the use of functional groups as the prefix or suffix to the parent compounds name.
IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule's longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring. A primary suffix is always added to the word root to indicate whether the carbon chain is saturated or unsaturated. A secondary suffix is always added to the primary suffix to indicate the nature and the functional group in the organic compound.
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Construct the MO diagram of He2+ molecule. Label the bonding and antibonding molecular orbital. Show how bond order is calculated.
He2+ molecule's MO diagram's computed bond order is 0.5.
What is the magnetic makeup and bond order of the He2 molecule?The bond order of $ H 2 + $ is therefore $ 0.5 $. One unpaired electron can be seen in the antibonding orbital when looking at the electrical arrangement. Therefore, $He 2+$ is paramagnetic.
Which of the following best represents the h2 He2 stability order?Thus, the proper sequence of stability is: "H 2gtH 2" and "He 2" are capitalized. Additionally, because the hydrogen molecule ion has only one electron and no electron-electron repulsion, "H 2" (plus) is a little bit more stable than "He 2" (plus). Due to its higher bond order (bond order = 1) than He2+ (bond order = 1/2), the He22+ ion is more stable.
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What are two qualities of nonmetals? Describe each
Answer:
In the elemental form, non-metals can be gas, liquid or solid. They aren't shiny (lustrous) and they don't conduct heat or electricity well. Usually their melting points are lower than for metals, although there are exceptions. The solids usually break easily, and can't bend like metals
Explanation:
Rank the crystal lattice structures in order of decreasing efficiency of space in the structure. Rank from most to least efficient use of space. To rank Items as equivalent, overlap them. View Available Hint(s) Reset Help body-centered cubic hexagonal close packing face-centered cubic simple cubic Most efficient use of space Least officient use of space The correct ranking cannot be determined
Crystal lattice structures in order of decreasing efficiency of space in the structure are hexagonal close packing, face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and simple cubic.
The crystal lattice refers to the symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules within a crystalline solid as points. It is the geometrical arrangement of the atoms, ions, or molecules of the crystalline solid as points in space. In crystallography, the packing efficiency of crystals is calculated by atomic packing factor which is the fraction of volume or space occupied by atom in a unit cell and is given by:
APF = Volume of atoms in unit cell/Volume of unit cell
The known values of the atomic packing factor are:
The atomic packing factor for simple cubic (SC) is 52%.The atomic packing factor for body-centered cubic (BCC) is 68%.The atomic packing factor for face-centered cubic (FCC) is 74%.The atomic packing factor for hexagonal close packing (HCP) is74%.Hence,
The fraction of free space or volume = 100% - Atomic packing factor
For simple cubic (SC) = 100% - 52% = 48%.For body-centered cubic (BCC) = 100% - 68% = 32%.For face-centered cubic (FCC) = 100% - 74% = 26%.For hexagonal close packing (HCP) = 100% - 74% = 26%.Hence in the decreasing order of efficiency of space is HCP, FCC, BCC, and SC.
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determine the theoretical yield of hcl if 60.0 g of bcl3 and 37.5 g of h2o are reacted according to the following balanced reaction. a possibly useful molar mass is bcl3 117.16 g/mol and h2o is 18.02 g/mol.
A chemical reaction's theoretical yield is the amount of product obtained from the direct conversion of limiting reactant. The amount of HCl produced has a theoretical yield of 56.06 grammes of HCl.
what is Justification for theoretical yield calculations?Determine what portion of the product should be created using stoichiometry before you can compute the percent yield. The product quantity that may be produced at optimum efficiency with the specified reactant amounts is known as the theoretical yield.
What does yield formula mean?By placing income in the numerator or cost (or market value) in the denominator of the percent yield equation, one can determine the yearly income return on an investment. Equation for percentage yield: Dividend payout Ratio / Share Price multiplied by 100. Coupon / Bond Price multiplied by 100.
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what is the fastest horse in the universe
Answer:
Thoroughbred
Horse breed
Explanation:
thoroughbred is the fastest horse. 43.97 mph as fastest horse in the worldwhat is energy coupling a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an
When one reaction or system drives another with the energy it produces, this is known as energy coupling. Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a membrane that is semi-permeable.
Chemiosmosis is the passage of ions down their electrochemical gradient over a structure bound to a semipermeable membrane. The production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the passage of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during photosynthesis or cellular respiration is a significant illustration.
When ions move through a channel, an ion gradient with potential energy can be employed to drive chemical reactions (red).
A gradient of protons' electrochemical concentrations across a membrane can be used to produce ATP. Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from a location of high proton concentration to a region of low proton concentration. The term "chemiosmosis" refers to a process that is similar to osmosis and involves the passage of water across a selective membrane.
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If 17.5 moles of ethanol were produced, how many moles of glucose were there in the beginning?
12 moles of glucose are needed to make 1 mole of ethanol. Therefore, 17.5 moles of ethanol are equivalent to 12 x 17.5 moles, or 8.5 moles of glucose. Thus, there were 8.5 moles of glucose at the start.
The molecular weight of ethanol is 46.069 amu. The molar mass of ethanol is 46.069 g/mol because it has 2 mol of carbon atoms (2 12.011 g), 6 mol of hydrogen atoms (6 1.0079 g), and 1 mol of oxygen atoms (1 15.9994 g) in each mole. Hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid are produced when the enzyme glucose oxidase interacts with glucose, water, and oxygen. The chromogen can then be oxidized with hydrogen peroxide, and the amount of oxygen used can be calculated to determine how much hydrogen peroxide is needed.
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for each of the following molecules, would you expect greater solubility in water or in hexane?
For the given molecules, toluene and isobutene would have greater solubility in hexane and sucrose and glycol would have greater solubility in water.
Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a specific solute–solvent combination, and different substances have greatly differed solubilities. In other words, it is the ability of a substance - the solute, to combine and form a solution with another substance - the solvent. Polar solutes such as sucrose and glycol are more soluble in polar solvents (i.e., water), and nonpolar solutes such as toluene and isobutene are more soluble in nonpolar solvents (i.e., hexane).
Note: The question is incomplete as it is missing options which are A) toluene B) sucrose C) glycol D) isobutene.
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which evidence was most informative for evaluating whether normal vesicle movement occurred in vale's reconstituted system?
To power the molecular motors that move vesicles, fast axonal transport (FAT) needs constant energy across vast distances.
How does the vesicle migration look?Vesicle motions have been seen to have a clear direction of movement and to copurify with kinesin motor activity. The current body of research supports the theory that kinesin and retrograde motors attach to the correct vesicle to power vesicle movements in vivo.
How are vesicles propelled by motor proteins?Organelles and vesicles are transported by myosin and kinesin motor proteins as they move through the cytoskeleton using the energy produced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown.
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which intermolecular force do you think is primarily responsible for the difference in boiling point between cyclohexane and decalin
Induced dipole intermolecular force is mainly responsible for the boiling point difference between cyclohexane and decalin. Correct answer: letter D.
The difference in boiling point between cyclohexane and decalin is due to the fact that decalin has a longer chain of carbon atoms and therefore has a larger surface area. This larger surface area allows for more intermolecular forces to be formed, specifically induced dipole forces.
How are these induced dipole forces created?These dipole forces are created when the electrons of one molecule are attracted to the nucleus of another molecule, giving rise to a temporary dipole. This attraction between molecules is much stronger than the London dispersion forces that exist in cyclohexane, thus creating a higher boiling point in decalin.
Which intermolecular force do you think is primarily responsible for the difference in boiling point between cyclohexane and decalin?
A) Dipole-Dipole
B) Hydrogen bonding
C) Covalent
D) Induced Dipole
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3. which of the following is not true?
A. In Polar Reaction a, nucleophile reacts an elctrophile
B. Carboactions are elcrophiles
C. Carboanions are nucleophile
D. A Half-headed curver arrow shows the movemant of an electron pair 4. Which of the following statements is true? A. The size of the activiation energy tells us about the reaction mecanism
B. The size of the activiation energy tells us about the reaction rate
C. A show reaction has low reaction energy
D. A fast reaction has large reaction energy
Which of the following statements regarding electrophiles is untrue? According to ideas about acid-base reactions, electrophiles are Lewis acids rather than Lewis bases because they receive electrons.
Because their partial positive charge is masked by polar bonding and/or resonance, electrophiles can be hard to spot. We thus come to the conclusion that the proper understanding of an electrophile is that it may exist as a positively charged or neutral species and that it can establish a bond by receiving a pair of electrons from a nucleophile. So, the appropriate choice is BF3 is an electron-poor substance. It lacks a spare pair of electrons that it could provide. It is therefore not nucleophilic.
When two bound atoms separate, one takes more of the shared electrons than the other, and this causes a polar reaction.
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a sample of an unknown gas effuses in 10.6 min. an equal volume of h2 in the same apparatus under the same conditions effuses in 2.42 min. what is the molar mass of the unknown gas?
Therefore, the molar mass of the unknown gas is 50 g/mol
What is Molar Mass?
Molar mass can be characterized as 'mass per mole.' all in all, molar mass is the amount of the mass of the relative multitude of iotas tracked down in one mole of a substance. It is communicated in units of grams per mole.
Molar mass is portrayed for components or atoms. On account of single components or individual molecules, the molar mass would simply be the component's mass communicated in nuclear mass units. As such, the nuclear mass and the molar mass of a singular iota are precisely equivalent. As molar mass and nuclear mass are equivalent for individual molecules, molar mass can be utilized to gauge the molecule's character. For instance, the nuclear mass of He is 4. Helium is found as monoatomic in nature, implying that it has just a single particle, so its molar mass is likewise 4.
MW H2 = 2
MW 2 = ?
rate 1 = 1/12.1
rate 2 = 2.42
Apply graham law
Rate1/rate2 = sqrt(MW2/MW1)
(12.1/2.42)^2 = MW2/2
MW = 2(12.1/2.42)^2 = 50 g/mol
Therefore, the molar mass of the unknown gas is 50 g/mol
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if i need to consume 20.0 grams of fructose (c6h12o6) each day, how many milliliters of juice, a solution with a fructose concentration of 0.500 m, should i drink?
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for Glucose. If you need to consume 20.0 grams of (C6H12O6) each day, then you should drink 693.8 milliliters of juice.
What is Molarity ?The concentration of a solution is modeled using molarity. The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of a solution is its molarity. As a carbohydrate,
(C6H12O6) has a molar mass of 180.16 g/mol.
As a result, moles of (C6H12O6) are calculated as follows: 25g/180.16g/mol = 0.138765mol.
Thus, volume of (C6H12O6) equals moles of glucose/molarity equals 0.138765mol/0.20M = 0.6938 L = 693.8 ml, where 1000 ml equals 1 liter.
Thus, 693.8 ml of a (C6H12O6) solution containing 0.20 M are required.
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Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the electron domain geometry. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the number of lone pair(s) on the central atom. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the name of the molecular geometry. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and predict the polarity. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and predict the predominant intermolecular force. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the hybridization on Te.
The Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the electron domain geometry
TeO3 - Tellurium oxide
Te:
Atomic number: 52
Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d105s25p4
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Another series of lines is the Lyman series whose energy transitions end in the n=1 state. List the
wavelengths and the energy levels involved in these transitions. In what region of the spectrum are
these lines found?
These lines are located in the spectrum's =1. 64106 region.
What are the wavelengths and hues of the hydrogen visible spectrum emission lines?Due to this, the emission spectra of hydrogen has emission lines at 410 nm (violet), 434 nm (blue), 486 nm (blue-green), and 656 nm (blue-green) (red). The electrons that fall the farthest emit light with the highest energy and shortest wavelength.
Which electron transition has the highest energy content?The highest energetic transition, which results in violet light with a wavelength of 410 nm, is from n=6 to n=2. Page 35 21. Take Model 3's electron transitions into consideration. b) Based on your comprehension of the forces that attract each other, describe why this transition requires the most energy.
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which color in the rainbow has the longest wavelength? 1. orange 2. blue3. yellow4.green 5. red
In rainbow, the color that has the longest wavelength is red which means option 5 is the correct choice.
Dispersion is described to be the spreading of white mild into its complete spectrum of colors, in truth we also can say a complete spectrum of wavelengths. The white mild turns into from solar and includes seven colors. On one end of the spectrum is red with the longest wavelength. Blue or violet mild has the shortest wavelength. White mild is a aggregate of all hues withinside the color spectrum. The colors of the rainbow are: Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
Therefore, option 5 is the correct choice.
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How many moles of PbCl2 are
produced when 16 moles AlCl3 are
consumed?
3Pb(NO3)2 + 2AICI3 → 3PbCl2 + 2Al(NO3)3
?] mol PbCl₂
24 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] are created when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are used up.
According to the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are required to produce 3 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]. Therefore, if 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed, the amount of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] produced would be:
(16 mol [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) x (3 mol [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] / 2 mol [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) = 24 mol [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]
Therefore, 24 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] are produced when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed.
Using the balanced chemical equation, we can determine the amount of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] produced when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed:
3Pb(NO3)2 + 2 [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] → 3PbCl2 + 2Al(NO3)3
From the equation, we see that 2 moles of AlCl3 produce 3 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]. To find the amount of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] produced by 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex], set up a proportion:
(3 moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]) / (2 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) = (x moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]) / (16 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex])
Cross-multiply and solve for x:
(3 moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex])(16 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) = (2 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex])(x moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex])
48 moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] = 32 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] = 24 moles PbCl2
So, when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed, 24 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] are produced.
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what is the name for elements located in group 2 of the periodic table? responses alkali metals alkali metals halogens halogens alkali earth metals alkali earth metals carbon family
The periodic table's group 2A (or IIA) is made up of the alkaline earth metals beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). They are more resistant and less reactive than the Group 1A alkali metals.
What is The periodic table's group 2A?The name was given to them because, at the temperatures that the early alchemists could work with, the oxides of these metals did not dissolve in water to form basic solutions; instead, they remained solids. The alkaline earth metals are too reactive to exist in their elemental form in nature, just like the Group 1A elements.Two of the valence electrons in the highest-energy orbitals of the alkaline earth metals are in this state (ns2). They possess higher ionization energies than alkali metals from the same era due to their lower size. Most of the time, ionization of alkaline earth metals results in a 2+ charge.The melting values of the alkaline earth metals are significantly higher than those of the alkali metals. For example, beryllium melts at 1287 oC, magnesium at 649 oC, calcium at 839 oC, strontium at 768 oC, barium at 727 oC, and radium at 700 oC. They are soft and light in comparison to many transition metals, yet they are tougher metals than the Group 1A elements.Because the 2+ cations have larger charge densities than the Group 1A cations, the salts of Group 2A metals are less soluble in water than those of Group 1A, but many Group 2A salts are at least moderately soluble. Some Group 2A salts, such as Epsom salt (MgSO47H2O) and gypsum (CaSO42H2O), form hydrates when they form a strong connection with water molecules.To Learn more About periodic table's group 2A refer to:
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If the frequency factor is 1.2*10^13/s , what is the activation barrier?
The rate constant of a reaction at 33 Degrees Celsius was measured to be 5.8×10^-2 /s.
Therefore the activation barrier of this reaction is EA=84lkJ⋅mol−1, If the frequency factor is 1.2*10^13/s, The rate constant of a reaction at 33 Degrees Celsius was measured to be 5.8×10^-2 /s.
The Arrhenius equation states that
k=A⋅e−EA/R⋅T
Taking logarithm of both sides gives
lnk = lnA−EA/R⋅T
Where, the rate constant of this particular reaction
k=0.055ls−1;
The frequency factor (a temperature-dependent constant A=1.2×1013ls−1as given in the question;
The ideal gas constant R=8.314lJ⋅mol−1⋅K−1;
Absolute temperature (T=32+273.15=305.15lK) at which the reaction take place;
EA the activation barrier (a.k.a. activation energy ) the question is asking for
Solve the second equation for EA:
EA/R⋅T=lnA−lnk
EA=(R⋅T)⋅(lnA−lnk)
=(R⋅T)⋅lnA/k
=8.314lJ⋅mol−1⋅K−1⋅305.15lK⋅ln(1.2×1013s−10/055s−1)
EA=8.4⋅104lJ⋅mo−1
Therefore the activation barrier of this reaction is 84lkJ⋅mol−1
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lewis structure of isopropanol
The isopropanol molecule comprises a total of 11 bond three non-H bonds, one hydroxyl group, and one secondary alcohol are present in the lewis structure of isopropanol.
The most popular and commonly used disinfectant in pharmaceutics, hospitals, cleanrooms, and electronics or medical device manufacture is isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol), sometimes known as isopropanol or IPA. The arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold them together make up a molecule's chemical structure. Isopropyl alcohol quickly kills bacteria, fungi, and viruses, especially in concentrations between 60% and 90% alcohol and 10–40% filtered water. Alcohol concentrations below 50% are no longer very useful for disinfection. An empty or full bonding, antibonding, or lone pair orbital can function as a donor, as can a filled bonding or lone pair orbital.
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calculate the ph of a solution that contains 5 % (w/w) ammonia solution and has a density of 0.977 g/ml. (pka
The pH of a solution that contains 5 % (w/w) ammonia solution and has a density of 0.977 g/ml is 11.13.
NH3 + H2O ⇄ NH4 + OH-
Kb = [NH4+][OH-] ÷ [NH3]
1.8 x 10 to the power -5 = x2/0.1
[OH-][H+] = 1.34 x 10 the power -3 [H+] 0.977 = 11.13
pH stands for potential of hydrogen - To trace the pH scale, a group of standard solutions whose pH has been established by international agreement can be employed. The potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode, such as the silver chloride electrode, is measured using a concentration cell with transference to obtain the primary pH standard values. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured using a glass electrode, a pH meter, or a color-changing indicator. pH measurements are important in many fields, including chemistry, agronomy, medicine, water treatment, and many more. Indicators can be used to monitor pH since their colors alter as the pH varies. The hue of a test solution can be visually compared with a reference color chart to determine pH precisely to the closest whole integer. More precise readings are possible if the color is measured spectrophotometrically using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. A universal indicator, which displays a continuous color change from roughly pH 2 to pH 10, is composed of several indicators.
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