The enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction CaC(s) + H2O(I) → Ca(OH)(ag) + CH4(g) is -3617.6 kJ.
To calculate ΔH for the reaction CaC(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(ag) + CH4(g), we can use Hess's law, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway taken and depends only on the initial and final states.
We can manipulate the given reactions to obtain the desired reaction:
(i) Ca(s) + 2C(graphite) → CaC2(s) ΔH = X (unknown value)
(ii) Ca(s) + 1/2O2(g) → CaO(s) ΔH = -635.5 kJ
(iii) CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(ag) ΔH = -653.1 kJ
(iv) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -1300.0 kJ
(v) C(graphite) + 1/2O2(g) → CO(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
Now, let's manipulate these equations to cancel out the common reactants and products and obtain the desired reaction:
(i) Ca(s) + 2C(graphite) → CaC2(s) ΔH = X
(ii) Ca(s) + 1/2O2(g) → CaO(s) ΔH = -635.5 kJ
(iii) CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(ag) ΔH = -653.1 kJ
(iv) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -1300.0 kJ
(v) C(graphite) + 1/2O2(g) → CO(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
Now, let's sum up the equations to obtain the desired reaction:(i) Ca(s) + 2C(graphite) → CaC2(s) ΔH = X
(ii) 2Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2CaO(s) ΔH = -1271 kJ
(iii) CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(ag) ΔH = -653.1 kJ
(iv) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -1300.0 kJ
(v) C(graphite) + 1/2O2(g) → CO(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
By adding equations (ii), (iii), (iv), and (v), we can cancel out CaO(s), H2O(l), and O2(g):
2Ca(s) + 2C(graphite) + CH4(g) → 2Ca(OH)2(ag) + CO(g) ΔH = X -1271 -653.1 -1300.0 -393.5
2Ca(s) + 2C(graphite) + CH4(g) → 2Ca(OH)2(ag) + CO(g) ΔH = X -3617.6 kJ
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What is the coefficient for sodium chloride when this equation is balanced?
Answer:
To resolve this, we need to place the coefficient “2” in front of the sodium in the reactant, to give the equation shown below. 2 Na (s) + Cl 2 (g) → 2 NaCl (s) In this equation, there are two sodiums in the reactants, two sodiums in the products, two chlorines in the reactants and two chlorines in the products; the equation is now balanced.
Explanation:
Which of the following items are made from renewable resources? Select the two correct answers. (1 point)
Responses
plastic fork
plastic fork
metal can
metal can
leather jacket
leather jacket
electronics
electronics
printer paper
A leather jacket and printer paper are examples of items that can be made from renewable resources, while plastic forks, metal cans, and electronics are not considered renewable due to their reliance on non-renewable materials and processes. Option C, E
The two correct answers that are made from renewable resources are:
C) Leather jacket: Leather is derived from animal hides, which are a byproduct of the meat industry. As long as there is a sustainable and responsible approach to animal farming, the production of leather can be considered renewable. The hides are obtained from animals that are raised for meat consumption, and their use in leather production helps reduce waste.
E) Printer paper: Printer paper can be made from various sources, including trees, bamboo, and recycled paper fibers. If the paper is sourced from sustainably managed forests or from fast-growing plants like bamboo, it can be considered renewable. Additionally, the use of recycled paper fibers reduces the demand for materials and promotes a more circular economy.
The other options, A) plastic fork, B) metal can, and D) electronics, are not made from renewable resources:
A) Plastic fork: Plastics are typically derived from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable resources. The production of plastic involves the extraction and processing of petroleum or natural gas, both of which are finite resources.
B) Metal can: Metal cans are predominantly made from aluminum or steel. While these metals can be recycled, their initial production requires the extraction of raw materials from the Earth, which is not a renewable process.
D) Electronics: Electronics are made from a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, and various chemical compounds. The production of electronics involves the extraction of raw materials, many of which are non-renewable resources.
Option C and E.
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Two samples of carbon come into contact. A heat transfer will occur between sample A and sample B. What must be
true for heat to transfer from sample A to sample B?
O The average kinetic energy of A is greater than that of B.
O The average kinetic energy of B is greater than that of A.
O The average kinetic energy of both samples is equal.
O The average kinetic energy does not determine the direction of heat transfer.
The direction of heat transfer between two samples of carbon depends on their temperature difference, and not solely on their average kinetic energy. While the average kinetic energy of a substance is related to its temperature, it is not the determining factor for the direction of heat transfer.
When two samples of carbon come into contact, a heat transfer will occur between sample A and sample B. The direction of heat transfer is dependent on the temperature difference between the samples. Heat transfer always flows from a hotter object to a cooler object, so if sample A is hotter than sample B, heat will flow from A to B. If sample B is hotter than sample A, heat will flow from B to A.
The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance is related to its temperature. The higher the average kinetic energy, the higher the temperature of the substance. However, the average kinetic energy does not determine the direction of heat transfer.
It is possible for a substance with a lower average kinetic energy (and therefore a lower temperature) to transfer heat to a substance with a higher average kinetic energy (and therefore a higher temperature). This can occur if the substance with the lower temperature has a greater heat capacity, which means it can absorb more heat without a significant increase in temperature.
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The table describes a gas stored in four different containers. Properties of Stored Gas Container Properties 1 · Low number of collisions with container walls · Medium average kinetic energy · Large number of particles 2 · Large number of collisions with container walls · Medium average kinetic energy · Small number of particles with little spaces between them 3 · Large number of collisions with container walls · High average kinetic energy · Large number of particles with large spaces between them 4 · Few collisions with container walls · Low average kinetic energy · Small number of particles Which container has gas stored at the highest temperature? 1 2 3 4
Container 3 has the gas stored at the highest temperature.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. In the given table, it is stated that container 3 has a large number of collisions with container walls, high average kinetic energy, and large number of particles with large spaces between them.
These properties indicate that the gas in container 3 has higher kinetic energy and more vigorous movement compared to the other containers.
Container 1 has a low number of collisions with container walls and a medium average kinetic energy. This suggests that the gas in container 1 has lower energy and less movement than the gas in container 3.
Container 2 has a large number of collisions with container walls, but it also has a small number of particles with little spaces between them. While the collisions may be frequent, the limited number of particles and the lack of space between them may result in lower overall kinetic energy compared to container 3.
Container 4 has few collisions with container walls, low average kinetic energy, and a small number of particles. These properties indicate that the gas in container 4 has the lowest energy and least movement among all the containers.
Container 3
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which of the following choices fits in the blank to complete the equation
The equation that can be able to complete the reaction as it has been shown is option C
What is the free energy?Free energy takes into account both the enthalpy (heat content) and entropy (degree of disorder) of a system. It provides a measure of the system's ability to do useful work or drive chemical reactions.
The formula for calculating free energy is:
G = H - TS
where:
G is the Gibbs free energy
H is the enthalpy (heat content) of the system
T is the temperature in Kelvin
S is the entropy (degree of disorder) of the system
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how do you balance this equation
2h2s+3o2+so2
The balanced equation is: 4 [tex]H_2S[/tex]+ 3 [tex]O_2[/tex]→ 4 [tex]SO_2[/tex]+ 8 [tex]H_2O[/tex]
The given chemical equation is unbalanced. To balance it, we need to adjust the coefficients in front of each chemical species until the number of atoms on both sides of the equation is equal.
The unbalanced equation is:
2 [tex]H_2S[/tex]+ 3 [tex]O_2[/tex]→ [tex]SO_2[/tex]
Let's start by balancing the sulfur (S) atoms. We have two sulfur atoms on the left side and one sulfur atom on the right side. To balance the sulfur, we can place a coefficient of 2 in front of the [tex]SO_2[/tex]:
2 [tex]H_2S[/tex]+ 3 [tex]O_2[/tex]→ 2 [tex]SO_2[/tex]
Now, let's balance the hydrogen (H) atoms. We have four hydrogen atoms on the left side (2 from each [tex]H_2S[/tex]) and none on the right side. To balance the hydrogen, we can place a coefficient of 4 in front of the water (H2O) on the right side:
2 [tex]H_2S[/tex]+ 3 [tex]O_2[/tex]→ 2 [tex]SO_2[/tex]+ 4 [tex]H_2O[/tex]
Finally, let's balance the oxygen (O) atoms. We have six oxygen atoms on the right side (3 from [tex]O_2[/tex] and 3 from 2 [tex]SO_2[/tex]) and three on the left side (2 from [tex]H_2S[/tex]). To balance the oxygen, we can place a coefficient of 3/2 in front of the O2:
2 [tex]H_2S[/tex]+ (3/2) [tex]O_2[/tex]→ 2 [tex]SO_2[/tex]+ 4 [tex]H_2O[/tex]
To remove the fractional coefficient, we can multiply all coefficients by 2:
4 [tex]H_2S[/tex] + 3 [tex]O_2[/tex]→ 4 [tex]SO_2[/tex]+ 8 [tex]H_2O[/tex]
Now the equation is balanced, with an equal number of atoms on both sides. The balanced equation is:
4 [tex]H_2S[/tex]+ 3 [tex]O_2[/tex]→ 4 [tex]SO_2[/tex]+ 8 [tex]H_2O[/tex]
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which of the following choice fits in the blank to complete the equation
To complete the equation, the blank should be filled with "ΔH°- ".
Option B is correct.
How do we explain?The equation represents the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) in a chemical reaction in terms of the enthalpy change (ΔH°) and the entropy change (ΔS°). The equation is:
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°
ΔG° represents the change in Gibbs free energy,
ΔH° represents the change in enthalpy,
T represents the temperature in Kelvin, and ΔS° represents the change in entropy.
The minus sign indicates that the change in Gibbs free energy is determined by the difference between the enthalpy and the product of temperature and entropy.
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How many atoms are in 12 g of Carbon-12 (12C)?
There are approximately 6.022 × 10^23 atoms in 12 grams of Carbon-12 (12C).
The number of atoms in a given amount of a substance can be calculated using Avogadro's number, which represents the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.022 × 10^23.
Carbon-12 is a specific isotope of carbon, with an atomic mass of 12 atomic mass units (amu). One mole of Carbon-12 has a mass of 12 grams. Since one mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles, in the case of Carbon-12, it contains 6.022 × 10^23 atoms.
Therefore, if we have 12 grams of Carbon-12, which is equal to one mole, we can conclude that there are approximately 6.022 × 10^23 atoms in this amount of Carbon-12.
In summary, 12 grams of Carbon-12 contains approximately 6.022 × 10^23 atoms. Avogadro's number allows us to relate the mass of a substance to the number of atoms or molecules it contains, providing a fundamental concept in chemistry and enabling us to quantify and understand the microscopic world of atoms and molecules.
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3. A hydrogen atom with velocity 1.8 X
10³ ms collides with a chlorine atom
with velocity 2,1 x 10 ms. Both are
moving in the same direction. They
then form a hydrogen chloride mole-
cule. The masses of the hydrogen and
chlorine atoms are in the ratio 1 to
35.5. What is the velocity of the newly
formed molecule?
The velocity of the the newly formed molecule, given that the atoms of the newly formed molecules moved in the same direction is 2.149×10³ m/s
How do I determine the velocity of the the newly formed molecule?The velocity of the the newly formed molecule can be obtained as illustrated below:
Initial velocity of hydrogen atom (u₁) = 1.8×10³ m/sMass of hydrogen atom (m₁) = 1 gInitial velocity of chlorine atom (u₂) = 2.1×10³ m/sMass of chlorine atom (m₂) = 35.5 gVelocity of newly formed molecule (v) = ?m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = v(m₁ + m₂)
(1 × 1.8×10³) + (35.5 × 2.1×10³) = v(1 + 35.5)
1.8×10³ + 76650 = 36.5v
78450 = 36.5v
Divide both sides by 36.5
v = 78450 / 36.5
= 2.149×10³ m/s
Thus, the velocity of the newly formed molecule is 2.149×10³ m/s
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How does a straight-chain alkane that has five carbon atoms differ from a cycloalkane that has five carbon atoms?
Answer:
A straight-chain alkane that has five carbon atoms, also known as pentane, differs from a cycloalkane that has five carbon atoms, also known as cyclopentane, in terms of their molecular structure and properties. Pentane has a linear, straight-chain structure, while cyclopentane has a ring-shaped structure. This difference in structure affects their physical and chemical properties. For example, pentane has a higher boiling point and lower melting point than cyclopentane due to the differences in the strength of the intermolecular forces between their molecules
Explanation:
Use your data, the equation to the right, and the specific heat of water (4.184 J/g C) to compute the specific heat values of each metal. Use a calculator and round to the nearest hundredth place.
The heat capacity for the metals are;
Aluminum - 0.89
Copper - 0.11
Iron - 0.44
Lead - 0.12
What is the specific heat?The specific heat of a substance is denoted by the symbol "C" and is typically measured in units of J/g·°C (joules per gram per degree Celsius) or cal/g·°C (calories per gram per degree Celsius).
The specific h
We have that;
For Aluminum;
c = 4.184 * 39.85 * 4.7/11.98 * 72.9
= 783.6/873.3
= 0.89
For Copper;
c = 4.184 * 12.14 * 1.9/12.14 * 75.4
= 96.5/915.3
= 0.11
For Iron
c = 4.184 * 40.24 * 2.4/12.31 * 75.1
= 404.1/924.5
= 0.44
For Lead
c = 4.184 * 39.65 * 0.7/12.46 * 76.7
c = 116.1/955.68
= 0.12
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the human population grew form 1 billion in the year 1800to blank billion in the year 200
The human population grew from 1 billion in the year 1800 to approximately 7.8 billion in the year 2021.
In the year 1800, the estimated global human population was around 1 billion. Over the next two centuries, significant advancements in technology, medicine, agriculture, and improved living conditions contributed to a rapid increase in population.
The growth rate of the human population began to accelerate in the 20th century. By the year 1927, the global population reached 2 billion. It took just 33 years for the population to double, reaching 4 billion in 1960. The population continued to grow at an unprecedented rate, with 6 billion people on Earth by the year 1999. As of 2021, the estimated global population stands at approximately 7.8 billion.
This remarkable growth in population can be attributed to several factors, including advancements in healthcare leading to reduced infant mortality rates, improved access to education and contraception, increased agricultural productivity, and overall socio-economic development.
It's important to note that population growth has not been uniform across all regions. Different countries and regions have experienced varying rates of population growth due to factors such as fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and government policies.
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