Yes, the Electoral college support the principle of representative democracy.---It's not just a referendum, it's useful because it shows what the majority of the country really wants.
Also, through the Electoral College, local people have the opportunity to hear the candidates' campaigns. This also helps minority votes.
What is the purpose of the Electoral College?
He has two reasons for the creation of the Electoral College. The primary purpose was to create a buffer between the public and the presidential election. Second, as part of a government structure that gives additional power to small states.
What are the benefits of the Electoral College?1) The electoral college empowers states in the federal system.
2) Electoral colleges encourage more personal campaigns because candidates spend time in both the big cities and small towns of battleground states.
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for the judges to actually hear a case, called , 4 of the 9 justices have to agree to hear it. this is called the .
Answer:
Explanation:
Where the executive and legislative branches are elected by the people, members of the Judicial Branch are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.Article III of the Constitution, which establishes the Judicial Branch, leaves Congress significant discretion to determine the shape and structure of the federal judiciary. Even the number of Supreme Court Justices is left to Congress — at times there have been as few as six, while the current number (nine, with one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices) has only been in place since 1869. The Constitution also grants Congress the power to establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and to that end Congress has established the United States district courts, which try most federal cases, and 13 United States courts of appeals, which review appealed district court cases.Federal judges can only be removed through impeachment by the House of Representatives and conviction in the Senate. Judges and Justices serve no fixed term — they serve until their death, retirement, or conviction by the Senate. By design, this insulates them from the temporary passions of the public, and allows them to apply the law with only justice in mind, and not electoral or political concerns.Generally, Congress determines the jurisdiction of the federal courts. In some cases, however — such as in the example of a dispute between two or more U.S. states — the Constitution grants the Supreme Court original jurisdiction, an authority that cannot be stripped by Congress.The courts only try actual cases and controversies — a party must show that it has been harmed in order to bring suit in court. This means that the courts do not issue advisory opinions on the constitutionality of laws or the legality of actions if the ruling would have no practical effect. Cases brought before the judiciary typically proceed from district court to appellate court and may even end at the Supreme Court, although the Supreme Court hears comparatively few cases each year.Federal courts enjoy the sole power to interpret the law, determine the constitutionality of the law, and apply it to individual cases. The courts, like Congress, can compel the production of evidence and testimony through the use of a subpoena. The inferior courts are constrained by the decisions of the Supreme Court — once the Supreme Court interprets a law, inferior courts must apply the Supreme Court’s interpretation to the facts of a particular case.
Can someone help with this? I need a three-paragraph judicial opinion on a hypothetical case, please?
Explanation:
1st paragraph =
All grants of permission are subject to the overarching principles of the Code. A judge shall act at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the independence, integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary, and shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety. **
There will not be time for review all of these hypotheticals. Presenters should select those that he or she believes will be of most interest/assistance to judges in attendance
2nd paragraph =
Recommendations and References
A judge shall not abuse the prestige of judicial office to advance the personal or economic interests of the judge or others, or allow others to do so.
Judge Milton Mentor has excellent relations with past and present law clerks and interns. A current law intern is applying for jobs at law firms. The intern asks for a letter of recommendation.
May he write a letter of recommendation for the intern? On court letterhead,or The intern asks Judge Mentor if he will also make phone calls to lawyers at the firms. May Judge Mentor call the lawyers to advocate for the intern's application?
3rd paragraph =
According to President Firefly:
For much too long now both Congress and my predecessors in the Oval Office have allowed the process by which administrative rules and regulations are made to remain outside the limits imposed upon the constitutionally created branches of government by our system of constitutional checks and balances. And while I cannot speak for Congress, I am of the strong opinion that today we can no longer tolerate this failure to oversee effectively the enormous law-making powers exercised by the various institutions making up the federal bureaucracy. It is not an exaggerated claim that today most new laws enacted each year by the federal government are done so by the bureaucracy rather than Congress. Yet none of these regulations are subject to formal presentment to the president for his approval or veto. Today that constitutional imbalance ends. With the issuance of Executive Order 4621, all regulations promulgated by any component of the federal bureaucracy will be brought under the same kind of presentment requirement applied to all congressional law-makin
after a week of deliberations in a capital murder case, the jury reports to the judge that they are deadlocked. what happens in this situation?
The correct answer is the 'judge may give the jury what is known as the Allen charge.'
The United States Supreme Court ruled in Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896), that a jury instruction meant to persuade minority jurors to change their minds might be used to avoid a hung verdict.
The Court overturned Alexander Allen's two prior convictions for the same act, but upheld his murder conviction.
When a jury reports that it is deadlocked and unable to reach a judgment during deliberation, the court may issue what is known as an Allen charge.
The Allen charge, sometimes known as the "dynamite charge" or the "hammer charge," is utilized to remove jurors from their predetermined seats.
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2) innkeepers are generally held responsible for an even higher degree of care than ordinary bailees. why do you think this came to be under common law?
Courts have compared an innkeeper's obligation to that of a common carrier, holding that guests are entitled to a high standard of care and protection. Innkeepers are typically held to a higher standard of care than other commercial businesses.
If a guest's possessions are taken, damaged, or lost while they are at the hotel, these clauses cap the hotel operator's responsibility at either $1,000 or $500.
The only responsibility an innkeeper has when a guest's property is lost or destroyed is that of a bailee for the guest's property. An innkeeper is only accountable as a bailee for extreme carelessness.
Normally, all items a guest brings and receives inside the inn are covered by the innkeeper's liability.
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QUEST
The school district's responsibility to provide safety
and protection for their students extends to:
1
2
3
4
the student's home
religious functions
local businesses
gyms and off-site facilities
The school district's responsibility to provide safety and protection for their students extends to local businesses. Thus, option third is correct.
What is school district's responsibility?School districts are responsible for ensuring that all pupils residing within their district boundaries attend school. School districts are government entities that provide public elementary and/or secondary education to children in a defined geographic area.
School safety necessitates a community-wide effort from educators, students, parents, law enforcement agencies, companies, and faith-based groups. Local businesses share the school district's obligation to provide safety and protection for its pupils. As a result, option three is correct.
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What is the exclusionary rule and how did it come to be applied to the states?.
The majority of the evidence amassed in violation of the US Constitution cannot be used by the government due to the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule is applicable to evidence obtained through an arbitrary search or seizure that violated the Fourth Amendment, as decided in the case of Mapp v. Ohio.
The Supreme Court effectively established the exclusionary rule by overturning the conviction. The exclusionary rule was then made applicable to the states by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1961 with its ruling in Mapp v. Ohio.
In response to the warrant system's inability to handle fourth amendment violations that occurred after the fact, the courts created the exclusionary rule as a rule of evidence.
The exclusionary rule is used by American courts to prevent police officers and other government employees from violating citizens' constitutional rights. The general norm is that courts will reject evidence that the government obtains by improper means, frequently an illegal search or seizure.
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Beth is driving her car down the street when Tom, who was behind a bush, tries to run across the street. Beth’s car strikes Tom. Beth knew that her car’s brakes were bad, she applied the brakes but could not stop in time because of the defective brakes.
1. Beth had a breach of duty but no actual cause.
2. Beth had proximate cause.
3. Tom is the only negligent party to this happening.
4. None of the above.
5. Res Ipsa Loquitur applies in this case because the actual cause and comparative negligence make both parties responsible.
Option 5 is correct. Res Ipsa Loquitur can be applied in this case as the actual cause & comparative negligence make both the parties responsible.
About Res Ipsa Loquitur
Res ipsa loquitur is a principle under which a court may deduce negligence from the exact nature of an accident or harm in the lack of direct evidence that any defendant acted in the scope of tort litigation. It is used in common law & Roman-Dutch law jurisdictions. An action normally needs to satisfy the essential factors that constitute negligence: the presence of a duty of care, violation of the proper standard of care, causation, & injury, however particular requirements vary by jurisdiction. In the case of res ipsa loquitur, the very first three criteria are presumed to exist based on the presence of an injury that would not often happen in the absence of carelessness.
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What was the name given to the legislation passed under the articles of confederation that set up the process for states to join the union?.
The Articles of Confederation were submitted to the states for ratification in late November 1777.
The first kingdom to ratify changed into Virginia on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by way of February 1779, 14 months into the method.
Under the Articles, the countrywide government consisted of a unicameral (one-residence) legislature (often referred to as the Confederation Congress); there has been no national government or judiciary. Delegates to Congress had been appointed through the manner of the united states' legislatures, and every nation had one vote.
The Dickinson Draft of the Articles of Confederation named the confederation "the US of the united states." After extensive debate and revision, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777.
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What kinds of information are essential to know before you participate in an election? (select all correct answers. ).
The positions or platform of each candidate and local issues that might appear on the ballot are the kinds of information essential to know before participating in an election.
An election is a proper institution selection-making technique via which a population chooses an individual or a couple of individuals to maintain public workplace. Elections had been the usual mechanism by which present day representative democracy has operated since the seventeenth century.
Vote casting is a technique for a collection, inclusive of a meeting or an citizens, on the way to make a collective selection or explicit an opinion normally following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies go with holders of excessive workplace with the aid of balloting.
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What are the main types of jurisdiction?.
Personal, territorial, and subject matter jurisdiction are the three primary categories of judicial power: No matter where they are, a person is subject to personal jurisdiction.
What is an example of jurisdiction?sentence examples The majority of criminal offenses are under the court's purview. The court, according to his lawyers, lacked jurisdiction in this case. This court lacks jurisdiction over the issue. lands that fall under the federal government's purview He was detained in a different country.
Do you mean by jurisdiction "area"?A jurisdiction is a geographical area with a unique set of laws that are governed by a court system or other government body. A separate jurisdiction is formed by each state in a federation like Australia, Germany, or the United States.
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This map represents a portion of the the united states that existed following the passage of which of these laws?.
The map shows that part of the US that existed following the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act 1871.
The Enforcement Act of 1871 (17 Stat. 13), also referred to as the Ku Klux Klan Act, Third Enforcement Act, Third Ku Klux Klan Act, Civil Rights Act of 1871, or Force Act of 1871, is a law passed by the US Congress that gave the President the authority to suspend the right to a habeas corpus in order to combat the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and other terrorist groups. The legislation was approved by the 42nd US Congress and made official on April 20, 1871, by US President Ulysses S. Grant. The act was the final of three Enforcement Acts that the US Congress passed between 1870 and 1871 as part of the Reconstruction Era to defend African Americans' right to vote against attacks.
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What is an election campaign what is its purpose?.
An coordinated effort to sway the course of decision-making within a particular organization is known as a political campaign.
What is a campaign for office?An organized campaign for office aims to sway the course of decision-making within a particular group. Political campaigns are frequently electoral campaigns in democracies when legislators are chosen or referendums are resolved.
The electoral process doesn't start when a candidate declares their candidacy. Both convincing people that they deserve their individual votes and obtaining the crucial Electoral College votes are requirements for winning candidates. A political campaign's primary goal is to persuade voters.
What part does the campaign play in the election?Election campaigns provide as an opportunity to have a free and open conversation regarding which candidates would make the best representatives and, consequently, which party would create the best government. Between the announcement of the final candidate list and election day, there is a two-week campaign period in India.
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What does commission mean in government?.
Commission means a figure paid to an agent or hand for transacting a piece of business or performing a service.
What does commission mean in government?Commission is a sum of plutocrat paid to a salesman for every trade that he or shemakes.However, the quantum they admit depends on the quantum they vend, If a salesman is paid on commission. The salesmen work on commission only.
Commissions are a form of variable- pay remuneration for services rendered or products vended. Commissions are a common way to motivate and award salesmen. Commissions can also be designed to encourage specific deals actions. For illustration, commissions may be reduced when granting large abatements.
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based on a 1992 supreme court ruling, an internet-based merchant needed to collect sales taxes only when
Based on a 1992 supreme court ruling, an internet-based merchant needed to collect sales taxes only when buyers live in a state where the merchant has a physical presence.
The U.S. Supreme Court declared in the 1992 Quill decision that states can only require internet retailers to collect and remit sales and use taxes if their operations have a physical presence, or "nexus," in the state. This typically required the organization to keep a physical presence in the state, such a warehouse or delivery facility. Otherwise, the online merchants were not legally obligated to fulfil this need.
By building on the fundamental idea of nexus, several states—including California and New York—stepped up their efforts to collect sales tax from online vendors, further complicating the situation. This has resulted in a confusing patchwork of state laws on this subject.
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The principle of FILL IN THE BLANK is found in the Constitution and refers to the fact that the power of the government comes from the people. Limited Government.
The principle of popular sovereignty is found in the Constitution and refers to the fact that the power of the government comes from the people. Limited Government.
About popular sovereignty
The idea of popular sovereignty holds that a state's authority and its administration are established and upheld with the permission of its citizens, who have been the source of all political power. Being a principle, popular sovereignty does not require any specific political implementation. [a] In free regimes, the people are the rulers' superiors and sovereigns, as stated by Benjamin Franklin in his famous quote.
The social contract school, which was embodied by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is where the concept of popular sovereignty first appeared in its contemporary form (1712–1778). The Social Contract, written by Rousseau, was a well-known political tome that emphasised the concept of the "public will."
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The supreme court may be on the verge of eliminating _______________ as a consideration for college and university admissions.
The supreme court may be on the verge of eliminating race as a consideration for college and university admissions.
In two cases, one concerning Harvard University and another involving the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the U.S. Supreme Court will start debating whether racial admissions procedures are constitutional on Monday. Affirmative action was last addressed by the court in 2016, when it declared that institutions might take race into account when admitting students.
The extension of a university's intellectual freedom to gather a diverse student body is a comprehensive, race-conscious admissions process. Removing racial criteria from admissions would interfere with a university's capacity to choose its student body.
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This table shows the differences in the houses of congress. This arrangement was created because of the.
The intent of the framers to make the federal government responsive to the will of the people is embodied in the fact that the U.S. House of Representatives is granted a unique set of powers in the Constitution.
When the new Constitution was written, what was the Great Compromise?
Also known as the Connecticut Compromise, this major compromise at the Constitutional Convention established a two-house legislature with equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation for states in the House of Representatives.
Who brought about the Great Compromise?
The Records of The Government Show of 1787 at 196.The Great Compromise is often credited by historians to Sherman and the Connecticut delegates.
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At the start of his term, the president nominated neil gorsuch to be a supreme court justice. Which constitutionally authorized power was he exercising in this case?.
Neil Gorsuch was chosen by the president to be a justice of the supreme court at the start of his tenure. Making this nomination, the president was acting within the scope of his constitutionally granted authority to nominate and appoint various political officers.
The Appointments Clause in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the authority to nominate and appoint public officials, including justices of the United States Supreme Court, with the confirmation (advice and consent) of the United States Senate. This provision, also referred to as the Appointments Clause, is an illustration of the Constitution's inherent system of checks and balances. The Senate has the full authority to reject or confirm a presidential nomination, whereas the president does have the full authority to nominate and appoint.
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Offenders who commit their first offense later in life are known as
O habitual first-time offenders
O elderly first-time offenders
habitual elderly offenders
offender-turned-elderly-in-prison
Offenders who commit their first offense later in life are known as : b. elderly first-time offenders.
What is elderly first-time offenders ?
Elderly first-time offenders can be defined as the person that is above the age of 50 years old who committed and offence for the first time and is classified as a first time offender by the court of law.
An habitual offender on the other hand can be defined as the person who always commit an offence or a person that has been previously convicted due to the offence they have committed.
Based on this elderly first-time offenders is a person who has never be convicted in which the first offence they committed happens when they were getting old.
Therefore the correct option is B.
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What is spectral evidence Salem witch trials?.
One of the reasons that the witch trials stand out inside the records of early American regulation is that the court admitted spectral evidence to the proceedings. Spectral evidence changed into testimony in which witnesses claimed that the accused seemed to them and did them harm in a dream or a vision.
If every day by way of a court docket, this testimony becomes actually not possible to refute. however, spectral evidence became not often used to cozy a conviction, as theologians were not able to agree that the devil could not take the form of an innocent person.
The thesis of this paper is that spectral proof changed into being used inside the slim evidential standards to be had in 1692, but there was additionally an acknowledgment at the time that the effect of using this evidence led to unjust convictions.
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greg discovered that his yard contained a vein of silver running through it. greg managed to mine some of the ore and sell it to a silversmith. is the contract for the ore governed by the ucc or the common law?
The the contract for the ore governed by the UCC.
What do you mean by UCC?
UCC stands for Uniform Commercial Code .It is a model act which helps in solving the issues of business people who were trapped in interstate commerce and different norms. It monitors various criteria , parties during an agreement and helps in creating a universal standard.
Article 2 of the act states that for the sale of goods especially of higher value a proper contract is needed. The whole process guarantees this concept. Therefore in case of Greg he had to follow the rule laid down in UCC.
Hence,The the contract for the ore governed by the UCC.
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What does the red sign mean
Answer:
error, mistake, or a symbolic reprisentation for two different angles and lines
Answer:
a law allowing courts to prevent people who show signs of being a danger to themselves or to others from having access to firearms (as by ordering the seizure of weapons)
Which of the following describes an incident in which a mutation can be helpful?
OIt changes someone's genetic code in multiple locations.
It causes a change in the DNA but not in someone's traits.
OIt changes a person's behavior and makes them commit a crime.
A mutated chromosome can pinpoint a specific suspect in a crime.
The statement that describes an incident in which a mutation can be helpful is it causes a change in the DNA but not in someone's traits.
What is the use of mutation in Biology?Basically, a mutation refers to the change or the process of changing, such as in nature, form, or quality. In biology, its refers to any change in the nucleotide sequence as a result of a failure of the system to revert the change, hence, the altered sequence is permanent and heritable.
We can also see mutation as a permanent or heritable change in the nucleotide sequence or the process by which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome. The small-scale mutations are genetic mutations in the form of substitutions, deletions, and insertions of one or more nucleotides while the mutations occurring in certain areas of chromosomes are large-scale mutations.
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The word crime refers to an act that breaks the law or violates ethical principles. In which sentence does the underlined word most clearly have the same denotation as crime? base your answer on context.
The sentence in the underlined word most clearly has the same denotation as a crime can be seen in the following examples:
Context:
1. Jack's offense was minor so he thought it better not to report it.
Context- In this case, the synonym or the closest word that comes close to crime is "offense", without losing any original meaning, even though it might not have the same connotation.
2. Rose apologized for spilling the juice, even though it was a minor misdeed.
Context- In this case, the synonym or the closest word that comes close to crime is "minor misdeed", without losing any original meaning even though it might not have the same connotation.
3. Bob made a mistake and apologized for it.
Context- In this case, the synonym or the closest word that comes close to crime is "apologized", without losing any original meaning even though it might not have the same connotation.
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1. Explain how the terrorists financed the 9/11 attacks.
2. Explain the difference between money laundering and terrorist financing.
3. Discuss how the United States is attempting to reduce terrorist financing.
4. Describe how terrorist organizations raise money.
5. Describe how terrorist groups move money.
6. Discuss identity fraud and identity theft.
7. Explain how breeder documents work.
The terrorists financed the 9/11 attacks through received some of funds received by Osama Bn Laden from patrons in the United Arab Emirates.
What was the 9/11 attacks?Also known as the September 11 attacks, referred to the 4 coordinated sui-cide terrorist attacks carried out by the Al-Qaeda" against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
2. The difference between money laundering and terrorist financing is that money laundering is a process used by a criminal to make his illicit funds appear legal while financing terrorism consists of collecting capital to carry out terrorist activities.
3. Currently, the United States is attempting to reduce terrorist financing through the Bureau of Counterterrorism's, whose mission is to promote national security by taking a leading role in developing coordinated strategies and approaches to defeat terrorism home and abroad.
4. These terrorist organizations raised their money through an Illegal methods such as robbery, counterfeiting, fraud, cigarette smuggling, extortion, kidnapping etc.
5. The terrorist groups move their money through an illegal source known as black channel or black market.
6. An identity theft means the act of stealing personal, private or financial information while an identity fraud is the use of this stolen information.
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What are the grounds for an appeal?.
Not only the fact that the losing party disagreed with the verdict will typically suffice as a legal basis for an appeal; there must be an alleged significant error in the trial. Either side may appeal to a higher court in a civil lawsuit. In most states, the defendant is the only party with the right to appeal in a criminal case.
Define court.A court is any individual or body, frequently a government agency, that has the power to decide legal disputes between parties and administer justice in civil, criminal, and administrative cases by the law. In both common law and civil law legal systems, it is widely acknowledged that everyone has the right to present their claims before a court.Courts are the primary forum for conflict resolution in both of these systems. Similarly to this, those who are accused of a crime have the right to defend themselves in court.Describe criminal law.The corpus of law that deals with crimes are known as criminal law. It forbids behavior that is deemed to pose a threat to, be detrimental to, or otherwise pose a risk to the possessions, health, safety, and moral well-being of others, including oneself. Most criminal laws are established by statute, which means that they are passed by an elected legislature.People who break these laws are punished and rehabilitated under criminal law.Criminal law differs from civil law, which places more of an emphasis on conflict resolution and victim compensation than on punishment or rehabilitation and varies depending on the jurisdiction.To learn more about court here:
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You worked this past summer at a furniture manufacturing plant. Among the products used in making chairs and couches are glues, paint thinners, varnishes, and stains. Residuals of these products were discharged by the company through a pipe into a nearby pond. The pond is a tributary of a lake popular with boaters and people who like to fish. Now that you are back at school, you read in the paper that the company has pled guilty to the crime of knowingly discharging industrial pollutants into the waters of the united states, a violation of the clean water act. You wonder what consequences will result. What are the various penalties that can be imposed by the judge on the furniture company for its violation of the clean water act? include all that apply.
Answer:
- A fine of $2,500 for each day the Act was violated up to a maximum of $1 million.
- A fine of up to $2,500 for each day the Act was violated up to $1 million, an injunction mandating the company stop polluting, and a requirement that the company clean up the pollution it caused or pay for the cost of doing so.
- A maximum fine of $500,000.
- A fine of up to $2,500 for each day the Act was violated up to $1 million, plus an injunction.
which do you think is more useful: the law of cosines or the law of sines? which is easier for you to use? is it possible to always use the law of sines and never bother with the law of cosines?
In general, the law of the sign rule is probably more helpful and easier than the cosign rule.
The length of one side and the measurement of the angle opposing that particular side are necessary to solve a triangle using the law of sines. Then, you must have one more piece of data, such as an additional side length or angle measurement. However, there are times when you are provided information with two consecutive sides but the angle is not between the two consecutive sides, in which case there may be two alternative triangles that can both satisfy the given information. In order to locate the third side according to the sign rule, we would need to know the angle of the other two sides and the angle that is opposite to one of them, without which we would be unable to do so. In this approach, the law of cosigns is helpful for determining the third side of a triangle when the other two sides and their enclosed angle are known and competing with each other.
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Why is voting for leaders significant for citizens of the United States?.
Elections present a significant chance to promote political liberalization and democratization. Certain civic liberties, such as the freedoms of speech, association, and assembly, are necessary for a free and fair election.
The freedom to vote is the most significant privilege that citizens enjoy. The people can influence the government through voting. Who will represent the people in government is chosen by the populace. Every voter should be well-informed about the topics and candidates before casting their ballot.
It prohibited the discriminatory voting practices implemented in several southern states following the Civil War, such as the requirement of passing literacy tests in order to cast a ballot. It took 95 years to enact this "act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution" after it was ratified.
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Which clause did state governments become bound by the Bill of Rights?.
Through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, certain provisions of the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution, also known as the Bill of Rights, are made applicable to the states under the incorporation concept.
The Supreme Court determined that the Bill of Rights only applied to the Federal government and to actions brought in federal courts before the doctrine (and the Fourteenth Amendment) were in place. The preamble to the Bill of Rights emphasizes the significance of the Bill of Rights in minimizing overreach by the newly constituted government. Every state involved in the negotiations for the Constitution had varying degrees of worries about a too-powerful Federal government.
The Bill of Rights was obviously meant to place restrictions primarily on the federal authority, the Supreme Court ruled (see Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833)). States and state courts were free to enact such legislation at their discretion.
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