Answers
Between the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, followed by African clerics, started to spread the faith along Africa's eastern coast as well as to western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black People"), promoting the growth of urban areas.
How did the Arabian civilization influence Africa?Within a few decades of the prophet Muhammad's migration with his adherents from Mecca to Medina on the nearby Arabian Peninsula (622 AD/1 A.H.), Islam had already expanded into northern Africa. A few 100 years after the Prophet's death, the Arab conquest of Spain and the Arab army's advance as far as the Indus River culminated in an empire that spanned three continents. Between the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, followed by African clerics, started to spread the faith along Africa's eastern coast as well as to western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black People"), promoting the growth of urban areas.Given its negotiated, pragmatic response to many cultural contexts, it may be more accurate to think about Islam in Africa in terms of its varied histories rather than as a single movement.First to convert were Sudanese traders, then a few kings and courtiers (Ghana in the eleventh century and Mali in the thirteenth century). However, the vast majority of rural farmers were scarcely affected. The conversion process was given a new impetus in the Ghana empire and beyond in the eleventh century by the Almoravid incursion, which was led by a band of Berber nomads who were zealous adherents of Islamic law. Islam did not spread uniformly or simultaneously across the entire African continent; rather, it did so gradually as it evolved.But for the time period under discussion, the only written records we have are from Arab sources (see, for instance, accounts by geographers al-Bakri and Ibn Battuta).To Learn more About Arab traders Refer To:
https://brainly.com/question/28571725
#SPJ1
Related Questions
subject science
make a story about sexual reproductive of flowering plants like the gumamela flower with title
Answers
Answer:
Title: The Reproductive Journey of the Gumamela Flower
Deep in the heart of a lush tropical forest, a beautiful gumamela flower bloomed. As the sun beat down on the delicate petals, the flower began its journey of reproduction. First, the male reproductive parts, called stamens, released pollen grains into the air. These grains were carried by the wind to the female reproductive parts, called the pistil, of another gumamela flower.
As the pollen grains landed on the pistil, they began to grow a tube down to the ovules, the female reproductive cells. The tube carried the male reproductive cells, called the sperm, to the ovules, where fertilization occurred. As a result, a seed was formed, which would eventually grow into a new gumamela plant.
Thus, the gumamela flower, like all flowering plants, relies on the wind to carry its pollen to other flowers for fertilization and the continuation of its species.
Think of an example where a forester would be required to help determine public policy. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?
If a source of information has bias, should professionals use the information? Explain your answer.
Should all stakeholders’ opinions be valued equally? Explain your answer.
Should nonprofit organizations have a role in determining policy in the forestry industry? Why or why not?
Explain why it is important to understand human behavior as part of forestry. Describe a situation where understanding human behavior would be important in solving a potential forestry issue.
Answers
1)
One example of a situation where a forester may be required to help determine public policy is in the management of a national forest. A forester would have the knowledge and expertise to help determine sustainable logging levels, develop plans for managing wildlife populations and recreational use, and evaluate the ecological impact of different land use decisions.
Advantages of having a forester involved in public policy decisions include the ability to make informed decisions based on scientific data and long-term ecological knowledge, as well as a dedication to preserving and protecting natural resources.
One disadvantage could be that foresters may have a bias towards preserving natural resources, and this can lead to a lack of development, resources and job opportunities in certain areas. Additionally, it can be difficult for foresters to account for the different perspectives and needs of different stakeholders, including recreational users, logging companies, and indigenous communities that may have different priorities for land use.
2)
If the bias is significant and is likely to skew or mislead the information, then it may not be appropriate to use.
3)
No. The opinions of local communities living in the area, ecologists, and other experts may carry more weight than the opinions of outside groups who have little direct stake in the outcome.
4)
Including non-profits can be beneficial as they represent a diverse range of perspectives, but it's important to also consider potential biases, ensure transparency and inclusivity, and weigh the overall impact of the decision on all areas of society.
5)
Understanding human behavior is an important aspect of forestry because many of the issues related to forestry, such as deforestation, illegal logging, overuse of natural resources, and pollution, are caused or exacerbated by human actions. The behavior and actions of individuals, groups, and communities can have a direct impact on the health and sustainability of forests.
For example, a situation where understanding human behavior would be important in solving a potential forestry issue could be in the management of a protected area. If park rangers and local authorities are not able to properly enforce laws and regulations, illegal logging and poaching may occur, leading to habitat destruction and declines in wildlife populations. In order to address this problem, it would be important to understand why people are engaging in these activities, what their needs and motivations are, and how their behavior can be changed.
By understanding human behavior, conservationists, foresters and other stakeholders can develop more effective strategies to promote sustainable resource use and conservation. For example, they can find ways to provide alternative livelihood options to people who rely on illegal logging or hunting to survive, or engage local communities in conservation efforts to increase their sense of ownership and accountability for the protected area.
the researcher calucated a map distance of 17 map units. which of the information is correct about the testcoss porgeny
Answers
Gray-bodied, normal-winged flies plus black-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of t he total is the correct statement about the testcross progeny. Thus, the correct option is option A.
What is testcross?A test cross is a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and another individual with a homozygous recessive genotype. A test cross identifies or reveals the original person's genotype. A test cross can help determine whether a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for a trait.
A test cross is a genetic technique developed by Gregor Mendel that involves mating an individual with all phenotypically recessive individuals in order to determine the zygosity of the former by analysing the proportions of offspring phenotypes. There are two types of zygosity: homozygous and heterozygous. Individuals who are heterozygous have one dominant allele and one recessive allele.
Individuals who are homozygous for both dominant and recessive alleles have two dominant alleles, whereas individuals who are homozygous for both recessive alleles have two recessive alleles.
Learn more about testcross
https://brainly.com/question/29602636
#SPJ4
Complete question:
In Drosophila melanogaster, vestigial wings are determined by a recessive allele of a gene that is linked to a gene with a recessive allele that determines black body color. T. H. Morgan crossed black-bodied, normal-winged females and gray-bodied, vestigial-winged males. The F1 were all gray bodied, normal winged. The F1 females were crossed to homozygous recessive males to produce testcross progeny. Morgan calculated the map distance to be 17 map units. Which of the following information is correct about the testcross progeny?
A) gray-bodied, normal-winged flies plus black-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of the total
B) black-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of the total
C) black-bodied, normal-winged flies plus gray-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of the total
D) black-bodied, normal-winged flies = 17% of the total
species endemicity and richness increase or decrease with increasing of altitude?
Answers
Answer:
Research suggests that species endemism and richness generally increase with increasing altitude. This is because of the greater range of different habitats and niches available in higher altitudes, which provides more opportunities for species to specialize and develop local adaptations. Additionally, the climate in higher altitudes tends to be more extreme, creating more opportunities for species to evolve and diversify in response to the changing conditions.
give me brainiest
The principal P is borrowed and the loan's future value A at time t is given. Determine the loan's simple interest rate r. P = $5000.00, A = $500.00, t = 2 years
Answers
The rate R will be 450% per year, hence the value of R = 450%
Simple interest calculationsGiven Data
Principal = $500.00
Final Amount = $5000.00
Time = 2 years
Equation:
r = (1/t)(A/P - 1)
Calculation:
Solving our equation:
r = (1/2)((5000/500) - 1) = 4.5
r = 4.5
Converting r decimal to R a percentage
R = 4.5 * 100 = 450%/year
The interest rate required to get a total amount, principal plus interest, of $5,000.00 from simple interest on a principal of $500.00 over 2 years is 450% per year.
Learn more about simple interest here:
https://brainly.com/question/25793394
#SPJ1
6. a solution containing both starch and glucose was placed inside the model cell represented below. the model cell was then placed in a beaker containing distilled water. identify one specific substance that should have been added to the distilled water so that observations regarding movement of starch could be made.
Answers
A specific substance that should have been added to the distilled water so that observations regarding the movement of starch could be made is Iodine solution to test glucose .
Iodine solution is commonly used as a test for the presence of starch in a sample. Iodine is a chemical reagent that reacts distilled water with the complex carbohydrates found in glucose , resulting in a blue-black color. When iodine solution is added to a sample containing glucose , the iodine molecules react with the glucose molecules, resulting in a visible color change. This color change is a reliable indicator of the presence of starch in the glucose . By adding iodine solution to the distilled water, it will be possible to observe the movement of starch from the inside of the model cell to the distilled water
Learn more about glucose here:
https://brainly.com/question/15826153
#SPJ4
define pk (aka pka) and illustrate the structure of a carboxyl group and an amino group above and below their respective pks
Answers
Amino acids can be titrated because they include amino (pKa 9.0-10.5) and carboxyl groups (pKa 2.0-2.4).
define carboxyl group ?
The carboxyl group is an organic, functional group in chemistry that consists of a carbon atom that is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly attached to a hydroxyl group. Another way to look at it is as a carbonyl group (C=O) with an attached hydroxyl group (O-H).
The carboxyl group is also known as the carboxy group, the carboxyl functional group, or the carboxyl radical. It's also known as -C(=O)OH or -COOH.
Carboxyl groups ionise when the hydrogen atom in the -OH group is released. The H+, a free proton, is liberated. As a result, carboxyl groups produce excellent acids. When hydrogen exits, the oxygen atom acquires a negative charge, which it shares with the second oxygen atom in the group, allowing the oxygen atom to function.
Amino acids can be titrated because they include amino (pKa 9.0-10.5) and carboxyl groups (pKa 2.0-2.4). The amino group is protonated and the carboxyl group is deprotonated at neutral pH.
To learn more about Amino acids follow the given link: https://brainly.com/question/14351754
#SPJ4
Five groups of geranium plants will be potted in the same type of soil in the same size pot. They will receive the same amount of water daily, but receive different amounts of sunlight. They plan to measure the height of each plant after two weeks of growth. What is the best reason for using the same soil, pots, and amount of water for all of the plants? (A. Using different soil, pot sizes, and water levels could affect the plant's growth. B. It was less expensive to purchase five of one type of pot than five different pots. - C. Using the same amount of water for each plant helps conserve water resources. D. It is easier to purchase one large batch of soil instead of several smaller batches.
Answers
The best reason for using the same soil, pots, and amount of water for all of the plants is option A. Using different soil, pot sizes, and water levels could affect the plant's growth.
What is the amount of water about?The issue that warrant using the same soil, pots, and amount of water for all of the plants is to control for variables that could affect the plant's growth. By keeping these factors constant, the researchers can be sure that any differences observed in the plants' growth are due to the variable being tested, which in this case is the amount of sunlight.
Therefore, If the plants were grown in different soils, pots, or received different amounts of water, it would be difficult to determine if any differences in growth were due to the variable being tested or to the differences in soil, pot size, or water level. By controlling for these variables, the researchers can more accurately determine the effect of sunlight on plant growth.
Learn more about water from
https://brainly.com/question/1313076
#SPJ1
Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified? Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.
Answers
Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop is the disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified.
What are three drawbacks to eating foods that have been genetically modified?The transmission of antibiotic resistance, toxicity, and allergenicity are recognized as the main worries about the harmful effects of GM foods on health.
Unintended consequences raise concerns, including the development of foods that might trigger an allergic reaction, GMOs that might have negative genetic effects, and the transmission of genes from one species to another that are not genetically engineered.
Allergies, cancer, and environmental concerns are the three main GMO-related worries, and they could all have an impact on consumers. Despite the fact that recent research suggests few risks, longer-term research is still required.
To know more about genetically engineered plants visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14685647
#SPJ4
La torre popular construida en 1992 para albergar la casa matriz del banco popular dominicana tiene 53 metros de altura si deja caer resolucion de problema
Answers
Una pelota desde la cima de la torre con una altura de 53 metros. La pelota recorre una distancia de 79.902 metros en caer desde la cima de la torre.
¿Cómo calcular?El tiempo que tarda la pelota en caer desde la cima de la torre hasta el suelo se puede calcular usando la fórmula:
t = √(2h / g)
donde h es la altura de la torre (53 metros), g es la aceleración debido a la gravedad (9.8 m/s^2) y t es el tiempo en caer.
t = √(2 * 53 m / 9.8 m/s^2) = √(106 / 9.8) = √(10.81633) = 3.294 segundos.
La distancia recorrida por la pelota durante ese tiempo se puede calcular usando la fórmula:
d = v_0 * t + 0.5 * a * t^2
donde v_0 es la velocidad inicial (0 m/s), a es la aceleración debido a la gravedad (-9.8 m/s^2) y t es el tiempo en caer (3.294 segundos).
d = 0 * 3.294 seg + 0.5 * (-9.8 m/s^2) * (3.294 s)^2 = -79.902 m
La pelota recorre una distancia de 79.902 metros en caer desde la cima de la torre.
Obtenga más información sobre la distancia en:
https://brainly.com/question/26046491
#SPJ1
eye pigment in a particular strain of fly is determined by two genes. an autosomal gene that controls the color of the pigments in the eye has two alleles: a dominant allele (r) that results in red eyes and a recessive allele (r) that results in sepia eyes. a sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the colored pigments also has two alleles: a dominant allele (t) that allows for expression of the colored pigments and a recessive allele (t) that does not allow for expression of the colored pigments. individuals without a t allele have white eyes regardless of the alleles of other eye-color genes. which of the following represents a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male?
Answers
Two genes control eye pigment in a particular variety of flies. RrXtXt × RrXTY stands for the hybrid of a red-eyed male and a white-eyed female.
What does eye pigment mean?The quantity of pigmentation your body produces determines the color of your eyes. Your skin, hair, and eyes are all colored by a pigment called melanin. Your eye color is determined by genes. The iris comes in a complete spectrum of colors, from very light brown to extremely dark gray.
Can eye color effect how well you see?Although eye color doesn't greatly alter eyesight clarity, it can have an impact on visual comfort under specific conditions. What hues of light you see depends entirely on the quantity of the melanocytes in your iris.
To know more about eye pigment visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1699739
#SPJ4
According to the Michaelis-Menton kinetics theory, when a reaction is performed in zero-order kinetics:
a)The substrate concentration is very low and the reaction rate is dependent on the substrate concentration
b)The substrate concentration is in excess and the reaction rate is dependent on the enzyme concentration
c)The enzyme concentration is in excess and the reaction rate is dependent on the substrate concentration
d)The substrate concentration is equal to Km and the reaction rate is dependent on the enzyme concentration
Answers
According to the Michaelis-Menton kinetics theory, when a reaction is performed in zero-order kinetics, option b) The substrate concentration is in excess, and the reaction rate is dependent on the enzyme concentration.
The Michaelis-Menten hypothesis is mostly used to determine how quickly reactions proceed when enzymes are present. The reaction has two regions: first order and zero order. The reaction's speed will linearly rise with respect to substrate concentration in the zero-order region. First-order reaction kinetics refers to this linear increase in velocity. The graph curve then reveals that there has been a very slight increase in velocity, despite the substrate growing. We can now state that velocity has reached its maximum level. Therefore, it is known as Vmax. It is known as zero-order kinetics. Here, the reaction's speed is unaffected by the amount of substrate present. We refer to this as zero-order kinetics. Thus, option B is the relevant answer.
As the concentration of the substrate gets lowered, the reaction rate varies linearly with the substrate concentration. This is generally first-order kinetics. On the other hand, zero-order kinetics is independent of the substrate concentration. The reaction between an enzyme and substate can be given as:
E + S ⇄ ES ,
where E is the enzyme, S is the substrate and ES is the enzyme-susbtrate complex.
To know more about enzyme kinetics, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/28827728
#SPJ4
Which of the following is an example of human impact on the carbon cycle?
a. The increased production of methane gases from cattle farms
b. The burning of fossil fuels
c. The cutting down of trees for lumber
d. Driving automobiles
e. All of the above
Answers
All of the above examples of human impact on the carbon cycle, The increased production of methane gases from cattle farms, burning of fossil fuels cutting down of trees, and driving automobiles.
How do humans impact the carbon cycle?Significant amounts of carbon are released into the atmosphere as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, changing land use, and the production of concrete with limestone.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is released into the atmosphere in massive quantities when fossil fuels are burned.
Therefore, global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat in our atmosphere. Already, there has been a 1C rise in the average world temperature.
Learn more about carbon, here:
https://brainly.com/question/1627609
#SPJ1
phylogenetic analyses with systematic taxon sampling show that mitochondria branch within alphaproteobacteria
Answers
The evolutionary relationship of the mitochondrial endosymbiont to modern Alphaproteobacteria is still unclear, despite the fact that it is widely recognised that mitochondria evolved from an ancestor that resembled alphaproteobacteria.
The subject of significant discussion is whether the affinity between mitochondria and rapidly growing alphaproteobacterial lineages represents actual homology or artefacts. The effectiveness of strategies like site exclusion, which claim to reduce compositional variation between taxa at the expense of information loss, has not yet been established. Here, we show that inconsistent phylogenetic estimations of mitochondrial origin are produced by site-exclusion approaches. As a result, it is important to reevaluate earlier evolutionary ideas about mitochondria origin based on pretreatment datasets. We used various methods to reduce phylogenetic noise by systematic taxon sampling while maintaining the accuracy of site substitution data. Mitochondria were firmly positioned into the Alphaproteobacteria by cross-validation based on a number of trees, sharing a distant ancestor with Rickettsiales and currently unclassified marine lineages.
Complete question:
phylogenetic analyses with systematic taxon sampling show that mitochondria branch within alphaproteobacteria --explain
Learn more about taxa from:
https://brainly.com/question/13049459
#SPJ4
TRUE/FALSE. studying the natural sciences can be valuable for everyone, not just scientists, for a number of reasons. first, the natural sciences can help us understand the world around us and how it works. this understanding can allow us to make informed decisions about issues that affect our lives and the lives of others, such as the impact of climate change or the use of certain drugs or technologies. second, the natural sciences can also help us develop critical thinking skills, such as the ability to ask questions, gather and evaluate evidence, and draw logical conclusions. these skills are important for making decisions in all aspects of life, not just in the scientific field. finally, studying the natural sciences can be personally enriching and can inspire a sense of wonder and curiosity about the world. it can also lead to the development of new technologies and innovations that can improve our quality of life.
Answers
TRUE. For a variety of reasons, learning about the sciences can be beneficial for everyone—not just scientists.
Firstly, the natural sciences can aid in our comprehension of the world and its functioning. When it comes to decisions that impact our lives or the lives of others, like the impacts of climate change or use of particular treatments or technology, this awareness can help. Secondly, the natural sciences can aid in the development of critical thinking abilities like the capacity to ponder issues, compile and assess evidence, and come to logical conclusions. These abilities are crucial for decision-making in all spheres of life, not just science.
Learn more about science
https://brainly.com/question/29786444
#SPJ4
Using the results from all treatments, describe the effect of BaP alone and UVA alone compared with the effect of the combined treatment of BaP and UVA on DNA.
Answers
The answers include the following:
The effect of the effect of BaP alone on DNA is that it leads to bulky DNA adducts which can cause strand breaks.The effect of the combined treatment of UVA on DNA is that it impairs the removal of UV photoproducts from genomic DNA through damage to DNA repair proteins.The combined treatment of BaP and UVA on DNA is that it induces abundant nuclear accumulation of 8-OHdG causing genomic damage.What is DNA?This is known as deoxyribonucleic acid and it is the genetic material of most living organisms.
The effect of the effect of BaP which is known as Benzo(a)pyrene alone on DNA is that it leads to bulky DNA adducts which can cause strand breaks.
Read more about DNA here https://brainly.com/question/2131506
#SPJ1
In cats, yellow color is due to allele B and black color is due to allele B'. The heterozygous condition results in a color known as tortoise shell in females. These alleles are known to be sex-linked. What coat color types would be expected from a cross between a black male and a tortoise shell female?
Answers
The genetic code for a male cat with a black coat is XtY, which is the appropriate representation.
Having said that, The color of a cat's coat is an X-linked characteristic, meaning that only the X allele may affect it. When comparable alleles are present together in cats, the coat color exhibits partial dominance, resulting in an intermediate coat color. the yellow coat allele, the black allele Xt coat. The Heterozygous for the tortoise coat is XTXt (incomplete dominance). Males cannot be heterozygous for X-linked traits since they only have one X allele and one Y allele. So, A genotype for female cats would be: XTXT - a yellow-coated female cat, XTXt is a black-coated female cat. XXL is a tortoise-coated female cat. genotype of male cats: Black-coated male cat XtY. XTY is a male cat with a yellow coat.
Learn more about The genetic code here:
https://brainly.com/question/23160775
#SPJ4
in a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus d. plants with at least one allele d have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive did genotype have light green leaves. a true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the f1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. the predicted outcome of the f2 is diagrammed in the punnett square shown, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. which of the boxes correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype?
Answers
The plants in boxes 1, 2, and 3 have a heterozygous genotype.
What exactly does genotype mean?
The combination of alleles, or variations in the genetic code, which determine an organism's physical characteristics and traits, is known as its genotype.
An organism's inherited traits are determined by its genotype, which is the genetic information passed from parent to child. The organism's genetic code, which consists of two alleles for each gene, one inherited from each parent, determines the genotype.
When an organism possesses two different alleles of the same gene, it has a heterozygous genotype. For instance, a plant may possess a flower color gene with two distinct alleles: one for blue flowers and
To know more about genotype,
brainly.com/question/29636263
#SPJ4
i need help filling in the blank pls it is for the sciences class
Answers
The wind blows the mechanical energy that drives the shaft of the turbine to rotate pump, which is a kinetic energy.
What is Wind?Wind defines the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface, occurring on a variety of scales, from thunderstorms lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating.
Hydroelectric power is created from moving water which has been in use for thousands of years. The ancient Romans built turbines, which are wheels driven by flowing water. The mechanical potential energy of water in a tank which is situated 5 feet above the ground.
Thus, the wind blows the mechanical energy that drives the shaft of the turbine to rotate pump, which is a kinetic energy.
Learn more about Wind, here:
https://brainly.com/question/23369600
#SPJ1
Which experimental procedure would provide the best evidence for the effect of light on plant growth?(1 point)
Responses
Measure plants receiving different amounts of light in their natural environments.
Plant seeds in different soils and expose them to different amounts of light, then measure plant growth.
Plant seeds of the same variety in the same conditions and vary only the amount of light, then measure plant growth.
Measure plants of the same variety grown in environments that receive different amounts of light.
Answers
Answer:
Plant seeds of the same variety in the same conditions and vary only the amount of light, then measure plant growth.
Explanation:
Hope it helps:)
Every 100 barrels of oil that are made available for use requires 20 barrels for extraction and refinement. What is the net energy from this process
Answers
80 barrels of oil is the net energy from this process.
What is net energy and how is it calculated?
Net energy refers to the amount of energy that is available for use after the energy required for extraction and refinement has been subtracted. In other words, it is the difference between the total energy available and the energy required to produce it.
Net energy can be calculated by subtracting the energy used in extracting, refining and/or transporting the energy source from the total energy produced. It is an important concept because it gives an indication of the overall efficiency of an energy source.
The net energy from this process is the amount of energy that is available for use after the energy required for extraction and refinement has been subtracted. To calculate this, we can use the following formula:
Net energy = Total energy available - Energy required for extraction and refinement
In this case, the total energy available is 100 barrels of oil. The energy required for extraction and refinement is 20 barrels of oil. So, the net energy from this process is:
Net energy = 100 - 20 = 80 barrels of oil
So, 80 barrels of oil is the net energy from this process.
To learn more about net energy:
https://brainly.com/question/14471298
#SPJ1
Which of the following intermediates is the substrate for the enzyme catalyzing the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis?
Answers
Answer: HMG-CoA
Explanation: 3-Hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, is an intermediate in the mevalonate and ketogenesis pathways. It is formed from acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA by HMG-CoA synthase. The research of Minor J. Coon and Bimal Kumar Bachhawat in the 1950s at University of Illinois led to its discovery.
HMG-CoA is a metabolic intermediate in the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acids, which include leucine, isoleucine, and valine.Its immediate precursors are β-methylglutaconyl-CoA (MG-CoA) and 3-hydroxy 3-methylbutyryl-CoA (HMB-CoA).
HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, a necessary step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Mevalonate synthesis begins with the beta-ketothiolase-catalyzed Claisen condensation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA to produce acetoacetyl CoA. The following reaction involves the joining of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, a process catalyzed by HMG-CoA synthase.
In the final step of mevalonate biosynthesis, HMG-CoA reductase, an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase, catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA into mevalonate, which is the primary regulatory point in this pathway. Mevalonate serves as the precursor to isoprenoid groups that are incorporated into a wide variety of end-products, including cholesterol in humans.
Once the food is swallowed, it passes through the ____, which is like a gate that sends food into the ____ and air into the lungs.The food travels down the esophagus and into the ____.Once in the stomach the food is mixed with ____ and crushed some more.
Answers
Esophagus. Peristalsis forces the food into your stomach after you have swallowed it. Your oesophagus is a muscular, hollow tube that travels from your neck to the stomach to carry food and liquids.
You're oesophagus is where?
The muscular, hollow tube known as the oesophagus joins the throat to a stomach. It is situated in front of the spine and behind the trachea (windpipe). The oesophagus in adults typically measures from 10 & 13 inch (25 to centimetres [cm]) in length and is only about 1/4 inch (2 cm) wide at its narrowest point.
Exactly what can harm your oesophagus?
GERD is the most typical condition affecting the oesophagus (gastroesophageal reflux disease). A muscle just at end of your oesophagus does not seal properly if you have GERD. This enables the reflux of stomach contents into the oesophagus, irritating it. The oesophagus may get damaged by GERD over time.
To know more about oesophagus visit:
https://brainly.com/question/22906056
#SPJ4
In developing countries, widespread __________, resulting from unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to growth stunting and an estimated one million childhood deaths each year.
A) diarrhea
B) scurvy
C) rubella
D) tuberculosis
Answers
Widespread diarrhea, brought on by tainted food and tainted water, stunts growth and is thought to be the cause of one million child fatalities annually in underdeveloped nations.
Describe diarrhea.Diarrhea is the medical term for loose, watery, and most likely more frequent bowel movements. It could coincide with other symptoms like weight loss, nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain or it might be the sole complaint present. Fortunately, diarrhea usually only lasts a couple of days.
What is the main cause of diarrhea?The most typical cause of diarrhea is most likely a gastrointestinal virus. In most cases, the disease, which sporadically goes by the label "gastrointestinal flu," seems to last a few days. There are numerous possible reasons of diarrhea, including the presence of bacteria.
To know more about diarrhea visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12971637
#SPJ4
Compared to plasma frozen within 8 hours of collection, plasma frozen within 24 hours of collection will likely have reduced levels of factor:
a. II
b. VIII
c. X
d. XI
Answers
Compared to plasma frozen within 8 hours of collection, plasma frozen within 24 hours of collection will likely have reduced levels of factor VIII.
A blood product called fresh frozen plasma is created from the liquid fraction of whole blood. Low levels of other blood proteins or blood clotting factors are utilised to treat certain diseases. In plasma exchange, it might also serve as the replacement fluid.
All of the clotting factors are present in FFP, along with fibrinogen (400 to 900 mg/unit), plasma proteins (especially albumin), electrolytes, physiological anticoagulants (protein C, protein S, antithrombin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor), and other anticoagulants.
Patients with coagulopathies who are bleeding or at risk of bleeding are treated with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) when a particular medication or factor concentrate is either inappropriate or not accessible.
Learn more about fibrinogen from:
https://brainly.com/question/15687478
#SPJ4
a student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. dish a was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. dish b was not wrapped. the dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. all other conditions were the same for both dishes. the dishes were examined after 7 days, and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish a. both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. the following data were obtained. for dish a, the germinated seeds after 7 days are 12 and at day 14 are 20. the green-leaved seedlings after 7 days are 0 and at day 14 are 14. the yellow-leaved seedlings after 7 days are 12 and at day 14 are 6. the mean stem length below first set of leaves after 7 days is 8 millimeters and at day 14 is 9 millimeters. for dish b, the germinated seeds after 7 days are 20 and at day 14 are 20. the green-leaved seedlings after 7 days are 15 and at day 14 are 15. the yellow-leaved seedlings after 7 days are 5 and at day 14 are 5. the mean stem length below first set of leaves after 7 days is 3 millimeters and at day 14 is 3 millimeters. which of the following best supports the hypothesis that the difference in leaf color is genetically controlled?
Answers
Seedlings with yellow leaves were unable to transform light energy into chemical energy.
Green light reflects back to us because chlorophyll cannot absorb it; it can only capture red and blue light. Anthocyanins are red since they reflect red light, carotenoids are yellow-orange because they refract (cannot absorb) yellow-orange light, etc. A nutritional shortage is thought to be the cause of the yellow-green tint. When flower & vegetable seedling are started inside, phosphate and nitrogen deficiency can occasionally occur. Yellow-green leaves and reduced plant development are signs of a nitrogen deficit. The light waves' energy is captured by the chlorophyll and transformed into convert the chemical energy of the chemicals ATP and NADPH.
Learn more about energy
https://brainly.com/question/29311551
#SPJ4
In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. When two roan cattle are crossed, the phenotypes of the progeny are found to be in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white. Which of the following crosses could produce the highest percentage of roan cattle?
A) roan x roan
B) white x roan
C) red x roan
D) red x white
E) All of the above crosses would give the same percentage of roan
Answers
Red x white is the correct answer.
Roan is a coat color that can be found on a variety of animals, including horses, cattle, antelope, cats, and dogs. It is generally defined as an even mix of white and pigmented hairs that do not "gray out" or fade as the animal ages. The colors described as "roan" in various species are produced by a variety of genetic conditions.
The Belgian Blue and Shorthorn cattle breeds are well-known for their roans. The former can have a solid black, solid white, or blue roan coat, while the latter can have a solid red, solid white, or red roan coat. Belgian Blues typically have spotting patterns that are genetically distinct from roan. As a result, the majority of roan cows have blotches of clearly colored and clearly white hair, as well as roan patches. Some "cryptic" roan cattle appear solid but reveal a small roan patch upon closer inspection.
Learn more about " roan cattle " to visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/16243744
#SPJ4
a sixth-grade girl tests below average on her cardiovascular endurance level. assuming the girl is generally healthy and has no mitigating conditions, describe how you would design a program to help her improve this facet of her physical fitness. make sure your program is age-appropriate and utilizes the principles of fitt (frequency, intensity, time, type
Answers
By putting together activities with the girl's participation and adhering to the principles of activity, one can create a program for her.
One of the most important aspects of health is cardiovascular fitness. This requires the efficient movement of oxygen and other molecules throughout the body by the circulatory system, which includes the heart and blood vessels.
She might want to skip rope, for instance. This would necessitate regular activity at a certain intensity and frequency. For instance, she might be required to work extremely hard for half an hour each day for this or similar tasks five days per week, either after school or during it, five days per week.
Know more about cardiovascular fitness here: https://brainly.com/question/28044292
#SPJ4
What is Metamerism in prosthodontics?
Answers
The matching of the apparent colours of objects with various spectral power distributions is known as "metamerism."
Why does metamerism exist?When two colours seem to match in one lighting scenario but not in another, this phenomenon is known as metamerism. Metameric matching are fairly frequent, especially in colours that are close to being neutral, such as grey, white, and dark hues.The matching of the apparent colours of objects with various spectral power distributions is known as "metamerism." Or, to put it another way, when items of varying materials or composition appear to be different under one light source but the same under another. This is the difficulty with shade matching, as it is sometimes referred as.Variations in pigments, dyes, or materials are the major culprits behind this phenomena.To learn more about Metamerism refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/12122720
#SPJ4
The majority of working teens are employed by restaurants, grocery stores, and department stores.
What is the subject in this sentence?
Select one:
a.
majority
b.
teens
c.
employed
d.
stores
Answers
The majority of working teens are employed by restaurants, grocery stores, and department stores, the subject in this case is the teen in Option B, as the teens do all of these jobs to cover their daily expenses.
What is the significance of employing teens?Generally, grocery stores, restaurants, etc. hire the teens to do the work, and they do so because the economically weak teens take that chance to work even if they get paid low, and this helps the store owner save more money.
Hence, the majority of working teens are employed by restaurants, grocery stores, and department stores, the subject in this case is the teen in Option B, as the teens do all of these jobs to cover their daily expenses.
Learn more about the teen here.
https://brainly.com/question/27702355
#SPJ1
