Enzymatic catalysts increase the rates of reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed, which allows the reaction to occur more easily and quickly. Enzymatic catalysts increase the rates of reactions by:
1. Lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
2. Providing a specific site for the reactants to bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
3. Changing the orientation or conformation of the reactants to favor the formation of the products.
4. Stabilizing the transition state of the reaction, allowing it to proceed more quickly.
5. Increasing the concentration of the reactants near the active site, promoting more frequent collisions between them.
6. Enhancing the selectivity of the reaction, allowing only the desired products to be formed.
They achieve this by stabilizing the transition state and aligning the substrates in a favorable orientation. Enzymatic catalysts are highly specific, ensuring that only the desired reaction occurs efficiently.
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In the stretch reflex arc, the synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron occurs where? a. in the nerve leading to spinal cord b. in the brain c. in the muscle d. in the spinal cord
In the stretch reflex arc, the synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron occurs in the: d) spinal cord.
The stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that helps maintain muscle tone and regulate muscle length. When a muscle is stretched, sensory receptors called muscle spindles detect the change in muscle length and send signals to the spinal cord via sensory neurons. These sensory neurons directly synapse with motor neurons in the spinal cord, specifically in the region called the spinal cord gray matter. The synapse between the sensory neuron and motor neuron allows for a rapid and automatic response. The motor neuron, upon receiving the sensory input, stimulates the muscle fibers of the same muscle to contract, which helps restore the muscle to its original length. This reflex arc occurs entirely within the spinal cord, allowing for quick and involuntary muscle responses without involving higher brain centers.
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What should the best hit on BLAST have?
a. a high score
b. a high score and a high E value
c. a low score and a low E value
d. a low score and a high E value
e. a high score and a low E value
The best hit on BLAST should have both a high score and a low E value.
The score indicates the level of similarity between the query sequence and the subject sequence, with a higher score indicating a higher degree of similarity. However, the E value takes into account the length of the sequences being compared and the number of random matches expected to occur by chance.
A low E value indicates that the observed match is unlikely to have occurred by chance, providing greater confidence in the significance of the match. Therefore, a high score and a low E value together provide strong evidence that the hit is a biologically meaningful match between the query and subject sequences. It is important to note that the specific cutoffs for a "good" hit will depend on the specific analysis being performed and should be carefully chosen based on the experimental design and goals of the study.
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in freudian theory, different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as A. fixations.
B. archetypes.
C. psychosexual.
D. defense mechanisms.
E. erogenous zones.
In freudian theory, different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as erogenous zones.
The correct answer is E. erogenous zones.
According to Freudian theory, the human body is divided into erogenous zones that are associated with sexual pleasure and development. These zones include the mouth, anus, and genitalia, and stimulation of these areas at different stages of development can lead to fixation or a preoccupation with that area.
This concept is part of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which posits that individuals progress through a series of stages of sexual development, each with its own associated conflicts and fixations. Understanding these erogenous zones and their associated fixations is a key component of Freudian psychoanalysis and the treatment of psychological disorders.
Therefore, the correct option is E. erogenous zones.
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what is a work breakdown structure? what are the inputs and tools used for creating one?
A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of a project into smaller, more manageable parts. It breaks down the project into deliverables, sub-deliverables, and work packages that can be easily assigned to teams or individuals.
Inputs used for creating a WBS include the project scope statement, requirements documents, and project management plan. Other inputs can include templates, organizational process assets, and historical information from similar projects.
Tools used for creating a WBS include brainstorming sessions with stakeholders, decomposition, and expert judgment. Decomposition involves breaking down the project into smaller components or deliverables, while expert judgment involves using the knowledge and experience of subject matter experts to identify and define the work required for the project.
Other tools used for creating a WBS include mind mapping, affinity diagrams, and hierarchical charts. These tools help to visually represent the WBS and organize the work required for the project. The WBS can then be used to create a project schedule, assign resources, and track progress.
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What is one main, relevant problem in primer design for the PCR procedure?
One main, relevant problem in primer design for the PCR procedure is ensuring specificity.
Primers must be designed to specifically bind to the target DNA sequence and not bind to non-target DNA sequences. This requires careful selection of primer length, melting temperature, and avoiding regions with repetitive sequences or secondary structures. Additionally, designing primers that can amplify the target DNA sequence efficiently and consistently over multiple PCR cycles can also be a challenge.
Overall, primer design for PCR requires attention to detail and thorough optimization to ensure reliable and accurate results. To minimize the formation of primer-dimers, it is crucial to design primers with unique sequences and balanced GC content. Additionally, optimizing the PCR conditions, such as adjusting the annealing temperature and primer concentrations, can help improve primer specificity and reduce the likelihood of primer-dimer formation.
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if four lizards are found in a 200 cm2 plot, the density of the lizards in that plot is ________:
If four lizards are found in a 200 cm² plot, the density of the lizards in that plot is 0.02 lizards/cm².
Density is calculated by dividing the number of individuals by the area in which they are found. In this case, there are four lizards in a 200 cm² plot. To find the density, we divide the number of lizards (4) by the area (200 cm²):
Density = Number of lizards / Area
Density = 4 lizards / 200 cm²
Simplifying the equation:
Density = 0.02 lizards/cm²
Therefore, the density of lizards in the plot is 0.02 lizards per square centimeter (lizards/cm²). This means that, on average, there are 0.02 lizards occupying each square centimeter of the plot.
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during muscular contractions associated with inhalation, what would happen if intrapleural pressure were to be less than intrapulmonary pressure?
if intrapleural pressure were less than intrapulmonary pressure during muscular contractions associated with inhalation, lung collapse may occur.
During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, causing the thoracic cavity to expand and intrapleural pressure to decrease. This decrease in pressure creates a pressure gradient between the pleural cavity and the lungs, causing the lungs to expand and intrapulmonary pressure to decrease as well. However, if intrapleural pressure were to become less than intrapulmonary pressure, the pressure gradient would reverse, causing the alveoli in the lungs to collapse. This condition is known as atelectasis and can cause hypoxia and respiratory distress. Therefore, it is important to maintain a proper balance between intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures during respiratory movements.
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Each of the following is an example of microfilament-based motility and contractility except A) ciliary motility. B) pseudopodia formation. C) cytoplasmic streaming. D) cytokinesis. E) trailing edge retraction in a moving cell.
Answer:
The term "microfilament-based motility" refers to the movement and changes in shape of a cell, driven by the actin filaments (microfilaments) within the cell's cytoskeleton. Contractility is the ability of a cell to contract and generate force.
Out of the options provided, A) ciliary motility is the exception to microfilament-based motility and contractility. Ciliary motility is driven by microtubules and the motor protein dynein, not microfilaments.
To briefly touch upon the other options:
B) Pseudopodia formation: Microfilaments drive the extension and retraction of pseudopodia for cell movement and engulfing particles.
C) Cytoplasmic streaming: Microfilaments facilitate the movement of cytoplasm within a cell, allowing for distribution of nutrients and organelles.
D) Cytokinesis: Microfilaments play a critical role in cell division by constricting and separating the two daughter cells.
E) Trailing edge retraction: Microfilaments help a moving cell retract its rear edge, enabling forward movement.
I hope this helps! If you have any other questions, feel free to ask.
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Explanation:
Which of the following bony projections is smooth to articulate with another bone?
A. tubercle
B. tuberosity
C. condyle
D. trochanter
The bony projection that is smooth to articulate with another bone is the condyle.
A condyle is a rounded projection at the end of a bone, which is typically smooth and covered in articular cartilage, allowing it to fit smoothly into another bone's articulating surface. This type of joint is known as a condylar joint and is found in areas such as the knee, temporomandibular joint, and the fingers.
Tubercles and tuberosities, on the other hand, are rough projections on a bone where muscles and ligaments can attach. These types of projections are often found on the humerus, femur, and tibia. Trochanters are large and rough projections found on the femur, which serve as points of attachment for the muscles that move the hip joint. In summary, the bony projection that is smooth to articulate with another bone is the condyle, which is important for allowing movement and flexibility in joints throughout the body.
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what organism uses the tides, specifically high spring tides, to time their breeding behaviors?
If the rate of photosynthesis in a tomato plant increases, formulate a hypothesis that describes what you think will happen to the rate of cellular respiration. (2)
Answer:
It was hypothesized that if the concentration of carbon dioxide was increased, then the rate at which photosynthesis occurs will also increase. The null hypothesis was that the concentration of carbon dioxide will have no effect on the rate of photosynthesis. The results of the experiment supported the hypothesis.
at what rate does basal metabolic rate decrease for each decade after the age of 20?
Basal metabolic rate decreases by approximately 1-2% per decade after the age of 20.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy that the body requires to maintain basic functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production. It is influenced by various factors such as age, sex, body size, and activity level. As a person ages, their BMR tends to decrease, primarily due to the loss of lean body mass (muscle) and an increase in fat mass.
Studies have shown that BMR decreases by approximately 1-2% per decade after the age of 20. This decline can contribute to age-related weight gain and can make it more challenging to maintain a healthy weight. However, regular exercise and a balanced diet can help to offset the decline in BMR and promote healthy aging.
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Which of the following would result from a reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood?
a. increased hemoglobin in the blood
b. decreased hematocrit
c. increased risk of hemostasis
d. decreased osmotic pressure of the blood
The reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood would result in - decreased hematocrit. The correct option to this question is B.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. A reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood, also known as anemia, results in a decrease in the total number of cells present in the blood.
This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the hematocrit, which is the proportion of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
Therefore, option b - decreased hematocrit is the most likely result of a reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood. Options a, c, and d are not directly related to the number of erythrocytes in the blood and are not the expected outcomes of anemia.
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Is the cross extensor reflex a monosynaptic or polysynaptic reflex?
Choose the best answer.
monosynaptic
polysynaptic
both
neither
Polysynaptic . This complex reflex arc coordinates the withdrawal of one limb and the extension of the opposite limb in response to a noxious stimulus
The cross extensor reflex is a complex reflex arc involving multiple synapses. It is characterized by the simultaneous withdrawal of one limb and the extension of the opposite limb in response to a noxious stimulus.
The reflex arc begins with the activation of sensory receptors in the stimulated limb. Sensory neurons carry the information from the receptors to the spinal cord, where they synapse with interneurons. These interneurons receive input from the sensory neurons and transmit signals to motor neurons that control the muscles involved in the reflex.
In the case of the cross extensor reflex, the motor neurons in the stimulated limb are inhibited, leading to its withdrawal. Simultaneously, the interneurons activate motor neurons in the opposite limb, causing its extension. This coordinated response helps maintain balance and stability during the reflexive withdrawal.
The involvement of interneurons and multiple synapses in the neural pathway of the cross extensor reflex classifies it as a polysynaptic reflex. These additional synaptic connections allow for integration and modulation of sensory information, enabling more sophisticated reflex responses.
The cross extensor reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that involves interneurons and multiple synapses in its neural pathway. This complex reflex arc coordinates the withdrawal of one limb and the extension of the opposite limb in response to a noxious stimulus .
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in an inverted aquatic biomass pyramid, which organism is likely found at the bottom?
Answer: Phytoplankton
Explanation: In an inverted aquatic biomass pyramid, the organism that is found at the bottom is called a phytoplankton.
if a cell has a large quantity of rough er, what does this suggest about the activity of that cell?
The rough endoplasmic eticulum (ER) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is responsible for protein synthesis and transport.
The rough ER is characterized by its studded appearance, which is due to the presence of ribosomes on its surface. The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, and the rough ER helps to package and transport these proteins to their final destination within the cell.
If a cell has a large quantity of rough ER, this suggests that the cell is highly active in protein synthesis and secretion. This could be the case in cells that produce and secrete hormones, enzymes, or other types of proteins. Cells that are involved in the production of these types of proteins require a large quantity of rough ER to meet the demand for protein synthesis.
In addition, cells that are involved in the detoxification of drugs or other foreign substances also require a large quantity of rough ER. This is because the rough ER is the site of many of the enzymes responsible for detoxification reactions. These enzymes modify and break down toxins so that they can be eliminated from the body.
Overall, a large quantity of rough ER in a cell suggests that the cell is highly active in protein synthesis and/or detoxification reactions.
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A(n) _______ is a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily.
A. sediment
B. evaporite
C. caprock
D. aquifer
E. aquiclud
Answer: D
Explanation: An aquifer is a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move.
why are human testes located in an external sac rather than in the abdominal cavity?
The human testes are located in an external sac called the scrotum rather than in the abdominal cavity because sperm production requires a temperature slightly lower than body temperature. T
he scrotum provides the testes with an environment that is about 2 to 3 degrees Celsius cooler than the rest of the body, which is necessary for the production and maturation of sperm. The scrotum also protects the testes from external trauma and provides them with easier access for self-examination. Additionally, during embryonic development, the testes migrate from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum, which may have evolved as a protective mechanism against damage or injury to the reproductive organs during physical activity.
Human testes are located in an external sac called the scrotum rather than in the abdominal cavity to maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production. Spermatogenesis, the process of sperm formation, requires a temperature around 2-4 degrees Celsius lower than the body's core temperature. The scrotum allows for better heat regulation, as it can contract or relax depending on the surrounding temperature, bringing the testes closer to or further from the body to maintain the ideal environment for sperm development. This temperature regulation is crucial for maintaining male fertility and ensuring proper sperm function.
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The structure of organs and the tissues they are made up of is intimately related to their physiological function.
Select one:
True
False
True. The structure of organs and the tissues they are made up of is intimately related to their physiological function. This is because the specific arrangement and types of tissues within an organ enable it to carry out its particular functions effectively.
The tissues that make up an organ's structure and its physiological function are tightly related. Each organ has a distinct structure and cellular make-up that are tailored to perform a certain set of tasks that are necessary for it to function normally. How an organ interacts with other organs and tissues in the body, as well as how it reacts to various environmental cues and physiological signals, are all influenced by its structural makeup. For the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses and disorders that affect the organs, an understanding of their structure and function is necessary.
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All of the following vegetables are classified as 50% of the calcium absorbed EXCEPT:
a swiss chard
b spinach
c cauliflower
d brussels sprouts
e kale
All of the following vegetables are classified as 50% of the calcium absorbed EXCEPT spinach.
While spinach is a nutritious vegetable, it is not classified as having a high calcium absorption rate. Certain leafy green vegetables like kale, bok choy, and collard greens are considered excellent sources of calcium with a relatively high absorption rate. These vegetables are known for their calcium bioavailability, meaning that a significant portion of the calcium present in these foods can be effectively absorbed by the body. However, spinach contains oxalates, compounds that can bind to calcium and reduce its absorption. As a result, the calcium absorption from spinach is relatively lower compared to other leafy greens. It is worth noting that while spinach may not be a top calcium source, it still offers other essential nutrients and health benefits.
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Which of the following is the technically correct way to refer to womans frontal genitalia? A. vagina. B. vulva. C. perineum. D. enchanted castle.
Answer:
The technically correct way to refer to a woman's is B. vulva. The term vagina specifically refers to the internal canal, while the vulva includes the external genitalia such as the , and vaginal opening. The perineum is the area of skin between the vulva and anus. The term "enchanted castle" is not a medically or scientifically recognized term for the female genitalia.
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Explanation:
region of the hypophysis that releases hormones stored in neurosecretory bodies in axon terminals is
The region of the hypophysis (also known as the pituitary gland) that releases hormones stored in neurosecretory bodies in axon terminals is the posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis.
The posterior pituitary does not directly synthesize hormones but stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. These hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported through specialized nerve fibers called hypothalami-hypophyseal tract to the axon terminals located in the posterior pituitary. Within the axon terminals, they are stored in neurosecretory bodies known as Herring bodies. Upon appropriate stimulation, oxytocin and ADH are released from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream, where they exert their respective hormonal effects on target tissues and organs throughout the body.
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true or false large veins, medium veins, and venules have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
The statement is true. Large veins, medium veins, and venules have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood due to low pressure, gravity, and the absence of a pumping mechanism.
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart from the body tissues. They have thinner walls and larger lumens than arteries, and they are equipped with valves to prevent the backflow of blood. The valves are formed by folds of the inner lining of the vein, and they open and close passively in response to changes in blood pressure.
The largest veins in the body, such as the superior and inferior vena cava, do not have valves because their size and location prevent backflow. However, veins in the extremities, such as the legs, have valves to help the blood flow against gravity and prevent pooling of blood in the lower limbs.
Failure of these valves can lead to conditions such as varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis. In summary, the statement that large veins, medium veins, and venules have valves to prevent the backflow of blood is true, and the presence of valves in veins is an important adaptation to help maintain venous blood flow and prevent complications.
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what is the most important role that nucleic acids play in living organisms on earth?
They contain a cell's genetic blueprint as well as instructions for the cell's operation.
What are nucleic acids?Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or macromolecules, that are necessary for all known forms of life. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides, which include a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are the two main types of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids perform a wide range of operations, including cell formation, genetic information storage and processing, protein synthesis, and energy cell generation.
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.The removal and examination, usually microscopic, of skin lesions to establish diagnosis is called:
A skin biopsy
A patch test
Cryosurgery
Bacterial analysis
The removal and examination, usually microscopic, of skin lesions to establish a diagnosis is called a skin biopsy. A skin biopsy involves taking a small sample of skin tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope to identify any abnormalities or diseases.
This procedure is essential in diagnosing various skin conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, and skin cancers. A patch test, on the other hand, is used to identify possible allergens causing contact dermatitis by applying small amounts of potential allergens to the skin and monitoring the response.
Cryosurgery is a technique that uses extreme cold to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue, commonly used to remove warts or treat some skin cancers. The bacterial analysis involves culturing and identifying bacteria to diagnose and treat bacterial infections.
In summary, a skin biopsy is a method used to remove and examine skin lesions for diagnostic purposes, while patch tests, cryosurgery, and bacterial analysis serve different purposes in the field of dermatology.
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Causes of fatigue from anaerobic glucose breakdown include
1) Fat depletion
2) Loss of potassium from muscle cells
3) Fluid loss
4) Decrease in muscle pH
Causes of fatigue from anaerobic glucose breakdown include the depletion of fat, loss of potassium from muscle cells, fluid loss, and a decrease in muscle pH. When glucose is broken down anaerobically, it produces lactic acid which can build up in the muscles and lead to fatigue.
Additionally, the process of anaerobic metabolism can deplete the body's stores of fat and cause a loss of potassium from muscle cells, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. Fluid loss can also contribute to fatigue, as dehydration can lead to decreased energy levels and muscle performance. Finally, the decrease in muscle pH that occurs during anaerobic glucose breakdown can also contribute to fatigue, as it can impair the function of enzymes involved in energy production.
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what is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle?
The lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle is known as the threshold voltage and varies depending on the muscle fiber type.
The lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in skeletal muscle is referred to as the threshold voltage. This voltage is the minimum electrical signal required to trigger a muscle fiber contraction. The exact threshold voltage varies between different types of muscle fibers, with fast-twitch fibers having a lower threshold than slow-twitch fibers. The threshold voltage is determined by the excitability of the muscle membrane and the level of depolarization needed to activate voltage-gated ion channels. Once the threshold voltage is reached, the action potential spreads across the muscle fiber, leading to the release of calcium ions and subsequent muscle contraction.
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According to the lab safety sheet, the agarose gels used in this lab are cast with GelRed, a less toxic alternative to ethidium bromide.
True or False
True. GelRed is indeed a less toxic alternative to ethidium bromide commonly used for staining agarose gels.
GelRed is a fluorescent nucleic acid stain that intercalates with DNA and can be visualized under UV light. It is considered safer because it is non-mutagenic, non-toxic, and does not require hazardous waste disposal. GelRed has become a popular choice in molecular biology labs due to its comparable sensitivity and ease of use. Its use in casting agarose gels reduces the potential risks associated with ethidium bromide, making it a safer option for researchers while maintaining reliable results in nucleic acid analysis.
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nactivation of the genetic activity of one of the x chromosomes in each cell of a female embryo during the early period of embryonic development is referred to asa.nucleotide.b.the lyon hypothesis.c.barr body.d.karyotype.
The process of inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in each cell of a female embryo during early embryonic development is known as the Lyon hypothesis.
This theory proposes that the inactivation of one X chromosome in females is a random event that occurs early in development. The inactivated X chromosome forms a compact structure known as a Barr body, which is visible under a microscope. The process of X chromosome inactivation is an important mechanism to ensure that females do not express twice as many X-linked genes as males, who only have one X chromosome.
In summary, the long answer to your question is that the term for the inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in each cell of a female embryo during early embryonic development is the Lyon hypothesis, which proposes that this process is random and results in the formation of a Barr body.
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beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
T
F
False. Beta oxidation occurs in the mitochondria, not the cytoplasm.
An organelle called a mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) is present in the cells of the majority of eukaryotes, including mammals, plants, and fungi. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is produced by aerobic respiration in mitochondria and used as a source of chemical energy throughout the cell, is produced by mitochondria using their double membrane structure. They were found in the voluntary muscles of insects by Albert von Kölliker in 1857. Carl Benda first used the term "mitochondrion" in 1898. The phrase "powerhouse of the cell" was popularised by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 essay of the same name and is often used to refer to the mitochondrion.
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