How many types of atom are contained in an element

In the given reaction Chromium is getting oxidation and Chlorine is getting reduced

Oxidation occurs when there is loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

Similarly Reduction occurs when there is gain of electrons, loss of oxygen and gain of hydrogen. This is the general way of understanding oxidation and reduction reaction.

Above given is a complete reaction in which we can see that chromium which was as [tex]Cr^{2+}[/tex] in the reactant side then converted into [tex]Cr^{3+}[/tex] in the product,  there is a loss of electrons and hence it is a oxidation reaction

[tex]Cr^{2+}[/tex]⇄ [tex]Cr^{3+}[/tex]           [Oxidation half cell reaction]

The Reduction half cell reaction is of chlorine because in the reactant side it is [tex]Cl^{0}[/tex] but in product it is [tex]Cl^{-1}[/tex], which shows gain of electrons and hence it is a reduction reaction.

[tex]Cl^{0}[/tex]⇄[tex]Cl^{-}[/tex]                [Reduction half cell reaction]

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Take 0. 4h NaOH in a beaker. Dissolve it Hilly by adding a touch amount of water. Then, once more add water to make it 100ml.0.1 mole of NaOH is present in the 1. 0 L.

Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive white crystalline stable and when diluted in a 50% solution can neutralize acids in diverse commercial strategies. it may additionally be used to fabricate many ordinary merchandises, including paper, aluminum, business drain, oven cleaners, and soap and detergents.

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the system NaOH. it's miles a white solid ionic compound such as sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.

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The hybridization of the central atom in each  specie are

a) sp

b) [tex]sp^3d^2[/tex]

c) [tex]sp^{3}[/tex]

d) [tex]sp^{3} d[/tex]

When we talk about hybridization we are talking about the way that there could be a mixing of two or more orbitals in such a way that an orbital that has sufficient energy can be used in the process of bonding.

Now we know that the orbitals that are used in the process of the bonding are those that can be able to be combined in such a way that the energy requirement of the bond is least.

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The hybridization states of each of the central atoms are;

a) BeH2- sp

b) SF6 - sp³d²

c) PO43 - sp³

d) PC15" - sp³d

The notion of hybridization is what is said about the mixing of the orbitals in order that one could attain the orbitals that have the kind of energy that is demanded so as to have s reaction.

For this reason, the hybridization of the central atom would amount to the shape of the molecule and this is crucial to know.

To determine the hybridization of the atoms of the compound above, count the number of atoms connected to it. Only the number of pairs attached to it. Add these two numbers together.

Then apply these numbers:

If it's 4, your atom is sp3.

If it's 3, your atom is sp2.

If it's 2, your atom is sp

Therefore, the correct answer is as given above

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The total heat that is involved in this change is  23632.5 J.

We know that energy is involved as matter is changing from one state to another and in this case what we have is a 75g sample of liquid water at 10°C ends up as ice at -10°C.

There are are about three steps of the change in the energy;

1) Heat required until the water would change to ice

2) Latent heat of fusion of ice

3) Heat required until the temperature drops to -10°C

Thus;

1) H = mcdT

m = mass of the water

c = specific heat capacity of water

dT = temperature change

H = 75 * 4.18 * (0 - 10)

H = -3135 J

2) Heat of fusion =

H = mL

m = mass of ice

L = latent heat of fusion of ice

336 J g^-1 *  75g

= 25200 J

3) Heat required to decrease the temperature futher

H = 75 * 2.09 * (0 - (-10))

H = 1567.5J

Total heat required = 25200 J + 1567.5J  -3135 J

= 23632.5 J

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In order to determine a chiral molecule, it is checked if the molecule has one or more stereocenters.

Chiral molecules are molecules whose mirror images cannot be superimposed on each other.

Chiral molecules have a chiral center or a stereocenter.

The chiral center of the stereocenter in a chiral molecule is the central atom to which four different chemical species are bonded.

The general rule to determine a chiral molecule is to check for at least one chiral center or stereocenter in the molecule.

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The reflected light is responsible for the white cast often seen with mineral sunscreens, he says. The absorbed light gets radiated as heat.

They sit on the exterior of the skin and reflect UV rays away from your skin, “a lot like aegis or mirror would,” George says. Chemical absorbers: Chemical (or organic, meaning carbon-carry) sunscreen ingredients form a thin protective film that sucks up UV radiation before it penetrates the skin. Sunscreen works by blocking and mopping up UV rays through a combination of physical and chemical particles. Physical particles, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, are used to mirror UV radiation from the skin sunscreen can either absorb UV rays or scatter them off your skin. Sunscreens that scatter UV light often contain titanium.

So we can conclude that  If you've been following sunscreen discourse (evidently this is a thing now) you'll know that mineral sunscreens mostly work by absorbing UV.

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Through a stronger attraction of electrons, a greater nuclear charge reduces energy.

The outside of the nucleus is surrounded by electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Scientists may have trouble observing them since they rotate so quickly. The tiniest particles in an atom, with 2000 of them fitting into a proton, they are drawn to the protons' positive charge.

The negatively charged atom's electrons are responsible for this. An atom's total negative charge, which is produced by all of its electrons, counteracts the positive charge of the protons inside the atomic nucleus. In comparison to all the other atom's constituents, electrons are quite tiny.

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Answer:

The above equation follows law of conservation of mass.

Explanation:

Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can only be transformed from one form to another form.

This also means that total mass on the reactant side must be equal to the total mass on the product side.

The chemical equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate follows:

CaCO_3\rightarrow CaO+CO_2CaCO3→CaO+CO2

We are given:

Mass of calcium carbonate = 100 grams

Mass of calcium oxide = 56 grams

Mass of carbon dioxide = 44 grams

Total mass on reactant side = 100

Total mass on product side = 56 + 44 = 100 g

Hence, the above equation follows law of conservation of mass.

Explanation:

Hydrogen sulfide H2 S has the sulfur atom in the center with two individual hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a central sulfur atom. The bonded and lone pairs of electrons will orient as far as possible giving a tetrahedral electron geometry.

Answer:

OB. Genetically-engineered crops sometimes require less water and fewer pesticides to grow.

Explanation:

Alkali metals are more reactive metal . Potassium is more reactive than other elements, so option D is correct.

The alkali metals in group 1 are so-called because when their oxides and hydroxides are treated with water, the resulting solutions are alkaline. As a result of the creation of the hyroxide ion, the solution becomes basic or alkaline.

Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Ru), Cesium (Cs), and Francium are alkali elements.

Potassium is more electropositive element and its enthalpy is increases, so potassium is more reactive than other elements.

Thus, option D is correct.

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The amount of potassium nitrate that can be dissolved in 200 g of water at  60°C is 101 gm/ml.

The solubility graph is a completely beneficial tool as it tells you the amount of potassium nitrate that may be dissolved consistent with

one hundred mL, of water on the way to have a saturated answer of potassium nitrate at a given temperature.

In an effort to discover the solubility of the salt at

60∘C, begin from the

60∘C

Mark on the graph and move up till you intersect the curve. on the factor of intersection, move left till you intersect the

the y-axis and study the cost that you land on.

In this situation, you could estimate that the solubility of potassium nitrate in water at

60∘C is the same as about

solubility ≈ a hundred and ten g / 100 mL water.

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The pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 5.00 g of ammonium perchlorate in 200.0 mL of water is less than pH 1.

calculation:-

Weight of NH4Cl 4 = 5g

Volume of water = 200ml

NH4clo4 Molecules Height = 117.499/ mok

First, we have to find Concentrations like Molarity

M = N/V(ml)x1000

M = wt/m.wt x 1000/v(m)

5/117-49 ×1900/200

= M = 0.212 ≅ 0.2

PH = -log [H+]

= -log [0.2]

= -log [2x[tex]10^{-1}[/tex]]

= 4  -10g2

= 1 - 0.3010

PH = 6990

pH < 1

Ammonium perchlorate is an odorless white sandy powder. Used in analytical chemistry and as an etching and engraving agent. It is also used in animal fats and explosives. Ammonium perchlorate is on the Dangerous Goods List as cited by the DOT and NFPA. This substance is a strong oxidizing agent. Reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials and metals.

This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including ammonia and hydrogen chloride. Risk of fire or explosion. Ammonium perchlorate is produced by the reaction of ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. Salts can also be prepared by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate.

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The  IUPAC names of the given organic compounds are as follows:

Organic compounds are compounds that are derived from living organisms or from the remains of living organisms.

The main elements present in organic compounds are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

One class of organic is hydrocarbons which are compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon.

The given organic compounds are hydrocarbons. An example is octane.

The names of organic compounds follow the IUPAC naming convention.

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1. The reactant is a white chalky solid salt while the one the product is an acidic gas while the other is a white crystalline basic solid.

2. Yes, the equation shows the conservation of matter.

3. The equation shows the conservation of matter because the mass of the reactant is equal to the mass of the products. Also, the number of moles of the elements involved in the reaction is conserved.

The law of the conservation of matter states that matter is neither created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another.

The law of conservation of matter is applied in chemical reactions.

For example, consider the reaction of the decomposition of calcium carbonate:

CaCO₃ (s) ----> CaO (s)  + CO₂ (g)

From the equation of the reaction;

1 mole of Ca atoms are present on the reactant and product side of the reaction.

1 mole of C atoms are present on the reactant and product side of the reaction.

3 moles of O atoms are present on the reactant and product side of the reaction.

Hence, the sum of the moles of reactants is equal to the sum of moles of products.

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The number of SO2 molecules in 2.32 mol of SO2  is 1.39 × 10²³ molecules.

given that :

number of moles of SO₂ = 2.32 mol

Avogadro's number = 6.022 × 10²

number moles can be calculated by the following formula :

number of moles = mass / molar mass

number of molecules of SO² in 2.32 moles is given as :

number of molecules of SO₂ = 2.32 mole × 6.022 × 10²³ molecules / mole

number of molecules of SO₂ =  1.39 × 10²⁴ molecules.

Thus, The number of SO2 molecules in 2.32 mol of SO2  is 1.39 × 10²⁴ molecules.

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Answer: Cl O3 F

Explanation:

The formula of the hydrated compound based on the mole ratio is MoS.H₂O.

Hydrated salts are salts that contain water molecules in a molecule of the compound.

In hydrated compounds, a molecule of the compound combines with a given number of moles of water.

The formula of the hydrate is calculated as follows:

Mass percentage of the anhydrous compound, MoS = 86.7%

Moles of MoS = 86.7% / 128

moles of MoS = 0.68

Mass percentage of water is 13.3%

Moles of water = 13.3 / 18

moles of water = 0.74

Mole ratio is 1 : 1

Formula of compound is MoS.H₂O

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Ions can be made by single element or covalently bonded group of elements. The covalently bonded group of elements is called polyatomic ions or polyatomic atoms. Therefore, by loosing 2 electron calcium become Ca²⁺ ion.

Any species that contain charge whether it is positive charge or negative charge is called ions. The example of polyatomic ions are sulfate, phosphate, nitrate etc. Therefore, by loosing 2 electron calcium become Ca²⁺ ion.

Cation is the species that loose electron and attain positive charge while anion is a species which gain electron and attains negative charge so when anion and cation combine in fixed ration the the overall charge of the molecule is zero that is molecule is neutral, the charge over cation and anion is also called oxidation state.

Electronic configuration of calcium is [Ar] 4s². So to make it Ca²⁺ ion, we need to remove two electron from 4s² by providing suitable ionization energy.

Therefore, by loosing 2 electron calcium become Ca²⁺ ion.

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From the equation, MgSO₄ is the limiting reagent and the mass of Magnesium Hydroxide produced is 48.3g.

It is given that the mass of MgSO₄ is 100g and the mass of Sodium Hydroxide is 70g. Then the number of moles of Magnesium Sulfate and Sodium Hydroxide is given by,

Moles of MgSO₄ = 100/120

Moles of MgSO₄ = 0.833 mol

Moles of NaOH = 70/40

Moles of NaOH = 1.75 mol

It is given that 1 mol MgSO₄ needs 2 mol of NaOH, then 0.833mol of MgSO₄ needs 2x0.833 mol of NaOH which is given by 1.67mol. This is less than 1.75 mol of NaOH.

Thus, MgSO₄ is the limiting reagent. To find the mass of Magnesium Hydroxide the following steps are to be taken,

1mol of MgSO₄ forms 1mol of Magnesium Hydroxide

Then 0.833mol of MgSO₄ forms 0.833mol of Magnesium Hydroxide

Therefore, the mass of Magnesium Hydroxide is the product of moles and molar mass which is given by,

Mass of Magnesium Hydroxide = 0.833x58

Mass of Magnesium Hydroxide = 48.3g

Therefore the mass of Magnesium Hydroxide is 48.3g

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The effective nuclear charge of the electron in the least tightly bound orbital is  3.97.

The term photoelectron spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopic technique that is useful when we want to determine the different positions of an electron in an atom. This is why we have to look at the ionization energy of the electron when we are looking at the valence shell.

We know that;

IE = 13.6 Zeff/n^2

IE = ionization energy

n = Shell where the valence electron is found

Zeff = effective nuclear charge

Substituting values;

Zeff = IE * n^2/13.6

Zeff = 6 * (3)^2/13.6

Zeff = 3.97

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3-bromo-2-chlorobenzaldehyde

on the 3 carbon you have bromine, 2 carbon you have chlorine, and on the 1 carbon you have an aldehyde

3-bromopropanal

on the 3 carbon you have a bromine,since there are 3 carbons it's propane but one carbon is an aldehyde so the suffix has to be -propanal

The Lewis structure shows the ways that electrons are bonded in a compound.

We define the Lewis structure as the diagram that shows the number of electrons and the bonds that are found in a compound. We know that electron pairs of the bond are shared between the bonding atoms and this is shown as a single dash.

The procedure for writing the Lewis structure are;

Draw the skeletal structure of the compound.

Draw a single bond between the central atom and each of the surrounding atoms.

Count the total number of valence electrons

Complete the octets of the atoms bonded to the central atom.

If the central atom has fewer than 8 electrons add double/triple bonds to the central atom, using lone pairs on outer atoms to complete the octet.

If negative charges are present, add them to the total. If positive charges are present, subtract them.

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Someone who is suffocating will have a higher concentration of volatile class of acids.

These are essentially the saprophytes waste materials. Short-chain fatty acids like acetic, propionic, and butyric acids are some of these waste products. Because they can be distilled at atmospheric pressure, these substances are known as volatile acids.

Chemical substances that quickly vaporize are called volatile acids. The high vapor pressure at standard room temperature causes this quick evaporation. As a result, volatile acids can vaporize without the use of heat or any other external force.

HCl has the lowest boiling point and is the most volatile.

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[tex]2Li_3PO_4+3Co(OH)_2 = Ca_3(PO_4)_2_(5)+6LOH[/tex]  is a  double displacement  balanced equation reaction

To balance chemical equations, stoichiometric coefficients for the reactants and products are required. This is important because a chemical equation must follow the rules of conservation of mass and constant proportions, which dictate that the same number of atoms of each element must be avail on two of the reactant and product sides of the equation.

Chemical equations use the relevant chemical formulae to symbolically express the reactants and products of a chemical process. To the left of the sign "," and to the right of the arrow symbol, respectively, is the part of the chemical equation that is on the reactant side.

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Based on the moles of substances present and the mole ratio of the substances, the mass of manganese oxide produced is 496.58 g.

The balanced chemical equation of the reaction when manganese reacts with oxygen to form a manganese oxide is written below.

Equation of the reaction: 2 Mn (s) + O₂ (g) ---> 2 MnO (s)

The mole ratio of the reaction shows that 2 moles of manganese metal react with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of manganese oxide.

The mole ratio of Manganese to Manganese oxide is 1 : 1

The mole ratio of oxygen to Manganese oxide is 1 : 2

Hence, according to the given question:

7 moles of manganese can form 7 moles of manganese oxide and 5 moles of manganese can form 10 moles of manganese oxide.

Based on the moles of substances present, the limiting reactant is manganese.

The moles of manganese oxide produced = 7 moles

The mass of manganese oxide produced = 7 * 70.94 g/mol

The mass of manganese oxide produced = 496.58 g

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Magnesium is oxidized in a crucible with airborne oxygen, and the masses prior to and following the oxidation are recorded.

Its primary application is as a bleaching in the production of paper and fabric, but is also used to create rubber, pesticides (insecticides), and solvents. To destroy hazardous bacteria, chlorine is added to drinking water & swimming pool water.

Low levels moderate chlorine exposure can irritate the eyes, throat, and nose. Breathing air chlorine gas at higher concentrations can damage the lung by changing breathing, producing coughing, & changing breathing rate. Severe additional effects can result from chlorine exposure. Chlorine exposure may be harmful to workers.

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