Rosalind Franklin found that DNA had a density and, more significantly, proved that the molecule had a helical structure. James Watson and Francis Crick's theory that DNA is a double-helix polymer was made possible by her work to make the X-ray patterns of DNA molecules more distinct.
What was the DNA discovery made by Francis Crick?James Watson and Francis Crick's discovery of the double helix, or twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in 1953 was a turning point in science history. It also sparked the development of modern molecular biology, which is primarily concerned with understanding how genes regulate the chemical processes.
How has the DNA research done by Watson and Crick impacted the study of evolution?Since DNA was discovered, scientists have been able to distinguish not only between genes and individual nucleotides. Prior to the discovery of DNA, researchers could only piece together the evolutionary history of life by contrasting the tissues and cells of various species.
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Help stuck on this one question
to be honest I think it's the answer A
an organism that must hijack host cells to reproduce is called
the genetic code specifies the correlation between_____
an RNA-nucleotide sequence and an amino-acid sequence.
What is a quiz on genetic code correlation?The relationship between is specified by the genetic code.an amino acid sequence and an RNA nucleotide sequence.One end of the a tRNA molecule connects with a complementary during translation.An amino acid sequence and an mRNA nucleotide sequence.RNA is copied form DNA in eukaryotic cells.
What does the term "genetic correlation" mean?An expected reflection of the pleiotropic action on genes or the correlation among causal loci in two qualities is reflected by the genetic correlation, a quantitative genetic measure that describes a genetic link between two phenotypes.
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what are hormones ? give their characterstics and functions
Answer:
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes in the body. They are responsible for a wide range of functions, including growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, and mood.
-Characteristics of hormones:Hormones are chemical substancesThey are produced by endocrine glandsThey are secreted into the bloodstreamThey travel to specific target cells or tissuesThey affect the activity of those cells or tissues-Functions of hormones:Control of metabolismGrowth and developmentSexual function and reproductionMood regulationHeart rate and blood pressure regulationImmune system regulationStress responseHunger and thirst regulationSleep and wake cyclesBody temperature regulationHope this helps!Keep Learning!<3
what happens when an individual specializes in producing one good or service and then receives other goods and services from another individual who specializes?
Specialization lowers production costs. Both parties benefit from the voluntary exchange that occurs when one person specialises to create one good and then purchases other desired goods from those other experts.
They become more proficient at a task the more they concentrate on it, which reduces the time and cost necessary to produce a good. In other words, more items can be produced with the same amount of time and money. The end consequence is that civilization as a whole can consume and produce much more than if each person tried to generate all of their own products and services. This is because workers can concentrate on their preferences and abilities, learn to do their specialised occupations better, and work in larger organisations. In order to become more effective, specialisation in business is concentrating on a single product or a small range of items.
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Why don t digestive enzymes digest the stomach and small intestine?.
Enzymes have a great difficulty to break down the living protein chains that line your mouth, stomach, and intestines. Because the living protein chains are tightly wrapped, enzymes cannot get into contact with them.
Although the proteins are broken down into smaller amino acid chains by the digestive enzymes released in the mouth and stomach, the amino acid chains are still too long for the cells lining the small intestine to absorb. These chains are disassembled into individual amino acids that can be absorbed by the intestines by peptidase enzymes secreted by the intestinal glands.
The mucosal epithelial barrier serves as one of the primary defenses against intestinal autodigestion. With the help of this barrier, the intestine's contents, such as digestive enzymes, are kept from seeping into the intestine's wall.
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Matter is moved through the earth by the interaction of earth’s systems.truefalse
The statement 'Matter is moved through the earth by the interaction of earth’s systems' is true as matter is moved by air and water.
Matter is in constant motion on earth due to the interaction of earth’s systems.
This movement is driven by the circulation of air and water, the force of gravity and the movement of the earth’s plates.
Through these processes, matter is moved between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.
This movement of matter is a key component of the Earth system, allowing for the distribution of resources and energy across the planet. Without this motion, life as we know it wouldn’t be possible.
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What happens to colors that are not reflected off an object?.
There are two possibilities to the colors that are not reflected off an object: visible light is completely absorbed or transmitted. When light is absorbed, the object becomes black. If all light is transmitted, it appears transparent, and depending on its shape, it may even appear nearly invisible.
If a material or matter absorbs specific wavelengths or colors of the spectrum, an observer will not see these colors in the reflected light. However, if certain wavelengths of color are reflected from the material, an observer will see them and perceive the material in those colors.
Colored objects, on the other hand, reflect only a portion of the wavelengths they absorb. For example, if white light is shone on a red ball, the ball reflects mostly red light back at us, causing us to see red. The majority of the greens and blues in white light are absorbed by the ball, so we cannot see them.
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yeasts can perform both aerobic respiration and fermentation. in fact, the homebrewer must be careful that oxygen is not introduced into the carboy once the yeast begin fermentation. what would be the products if o2 is allowed to enter the carboy?
If oxygen is allowed to enter the carboy during fermentation, yeasts would perform aerobic respiration.
In aerobic respiration, yeast cells use oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce energy, this process will produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as the main by-products. During fermentation, yeast cells ferment sugars to produce energy without using oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, yeast will ferment sugars anaerobically to produce ethanol and CO2 as the main by-products.If oxygen is allowed to enter the carboy during fermentation, yeast will switch from fermentation to aerobic respiration. This can lead to several potential problems for the homebrewer. For example, the final alcohol content of the beer will be lower, the beer will have a different flavor and aroma, and the yeast may produce other by-products such as acetaldehyde, which can give a green apple-like taste to the beer. Additionally, the process can be halted.
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There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Nearly all organisms use DNA, not RNA, as the central repository for genetic information.
Choose the statements that explain this phenomenon.
DNA contains adenine as one of its nitrogenous bases.
DNA has a double‑stranded structure that ensures an accurate mechanism of duplication.
DNA contains an −OH−OH group at the 2′2′ carbon.
DNA is flexible and forms complex catalytic structures.
DNA is more resistant against enzymes that break down nucleic acids.
DNA is more resistant against enzymes that break down nucleic acids.
DNA has a double‑stranded structure that ensures an accurate mechanism of duplication.
What is meant by mechanism?
the method or technique by which a result is brought about or a goal is achieved. Machinery or general mechanical devices. the layout or arrangement of components in a machine, comparable equipment, or something similar. Any mechanical device, or the mechanical component of something: the clock's mechanism.A mechanism is a component of a machine that consists of two or more parts that are arranged so that the movement of one piece compels the motion of the others. Typically employed to Change your movement's direction. Alter the movement style.The body's organ systems run consistently in a certain way. The processes by which the body's organ systems operate are frequently referred to as "physiological mechanisms."To learn more about mechanism refer to
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where does the right atrium pump blood when it contracts
Right atrium of the heart is where blood enters first. Blood is forced through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle by a muscular contraction.
A heart chamber, the right ventricle is one of the four. Low-oxygen blood is sent to the lungs by the right ventricle. The oxygen is then "refilled" in the lungs for the blood. When seen in the cardiac short axis plane, the right ventricle is positioned to the left of the right atrium and has a form resembling a semilunar shell that wraps around the left ventricle's anteromedial aspect (LV). Compared to the left ventricle, it has thinner walls because the right side of the heart is under less pressure. The heart's anterior and inferior boundaries are almost entirely formed by it.
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The three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism area. life expectancy, birth rate, and death rate.b. number of reproductive females in the population, age structure of the population, and life expectancyc. age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episoded. how often reproduction occurs, life expectancy of females in the population, and number of offspring per reproductive episodee. the number of reproductive females in the population, how often reproduction occurs, and death rate
The correct option is A; Age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episoded.
A species' life cycle is determined by the timing of its growth, reproduction, and mortality.
Lengthy gestation durations of many months, gradual maturation (and consequently extended parental care), and long life spans are characteristics of K-selected species. Furthermore, they like to live in biological communities that are rather stable, such as late-successional or climax forests (see ecological succession).
Variables in an experiment are typically of three types: independent, dependent, and controlled. The independent variable is the one that the scientist alters. A good experiment has only ONE independent variable to ensure a fair test.
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What type of cell junction connects the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells to facilitate molecule exchange?.
Gap junctions, which connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, are crucial for signaling.
They are intercellular junctions. Structures called desmosomes are designed for the transmission of force and cell-to-cell attachment. Gap junctions' analogue in plant cells, plasmodesmata, are routes for transport and communication.
Gap junctions are specialized junctions that enable very quick cell-to-cell communication. They make this possible. Ions can move between nearby cells at these junctions because they connect their cytoplasms.
By allowing tiny molecules to move straight from one cell's cytoplasm to that of another, these junctions enable communication between nearby cells.
There are many different types of animal cells, and these connections between cells are known as gap junctions. Two cells' cytoplasms are directly connected by them.
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Q3-Non disjunction during meiosis of oogenesis will result in eggs that have.
a-The normal number of chromosomes
B-one less than the normal number of chromosomes
b-one too many chromosomes
d. both B and C correct
Option - d. both B and C are correct. During meiosis of oogenesis, non-disjunction can occur when the chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division.
This can result in eggs that have either one less than the normal number of chromosomes (monosomy) or one too many chromosomes (trisomy).
For example, if non-disjunction occurs during meiosis I, an egg may receive an extra copy of a particular chromosome, resulting in three copies of that chromosome (trisomy), or in the other hand, an egg may not receive a copy of a particular chromosome, resulting in one less than the normal number of chromosomes (monosomy).
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms, such as plants and animals. It results in the formation of haploid cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell (known as a diploid cell).
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diagramC is a chloroplast as seen on a micrograph. B Remember: 1000 um (micron) = 1 mm ruler to measure the actual length of the scale and the length of the full specimen of (diagram C). Use your answers to calculate the actual length of the chloroplast. actual length of chloroplast = measured length of specimen x length on scale measured length on scale working and give the answer in microns (µm)
The actual length of the chloroplast is 8000 µm..
What is actual length?Actual length is the exact measurement of an object or distance from one point to another. It is the most accurate way of measuring the size of something, as it takes into account all the small details that could affect the measurement. Actual length is important when measuring objects such as buildings, roads, or other large structures, as well as in engineering and construction projects. For example, when constructing a bridge, the actual length of each beam needs to be measured accurately so that it fits properly. In other cases, such as when measuring a room, the actual length of the walls needs to be known so that furniture or other items can fit in the room properly.
The measured length of the specimen is 1 mm. The length of the full specimen on the scale is 8 µm.
Therefore, the actual length of the chloroplast is 8 x 1000 µm = 8000 µm.
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how does one side of the dna strand compare with the other side of the dna strand?
DNA is the fundamental building block of life, and the double-stranded structure of DNA is the basis for its function.
One side of the DNA strand contains a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence on the other side of the strand.
This complementary pairing of nucleotides is essential for DNA replication and transcription, as it allows a single strand of DNA to be copied and passed on to new cells.
The nucleotides on each side of the DNA strand are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are formed between the nitrogenous bases that make up the nucleotides.
This complementary pairing of nucleotides is what makes DNA so unique, and is the basis for its function in cells.
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In what phase does the following event occur? A new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes.
A nucleolus emerges in each new nucleus, the spindle vanishes, and a nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes during the telophase.
What do you mean by telophase?A eukaryotic cell's telophase is the last phase of both meiosis and mitosis. The disintegration of the nucleolus and nuclear membrane that occurs during prophase and prometaphase is reversed during telophase. The nucleoli return, a nuclear envelope is reassembled around each set of chromatids, and chromosomes start to decondense back into the extended chromatin that was present during interphase as they reach the cell poles. The residual spindle microtubules are depolymerized after the mitotic spindle has been destroyed. Approximately 2% of the cell cycle's time is spent in telophase. When cytokinesis is complete, the two daughter nuclei are divided into two distinct daughter cells. Cytokinesis normally starts before late telophase. Dephosphorylation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) substrates is the main cause of telophase.
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Another name for a convex lens is a converging lens. Converging means…
A. Brings light into focus (beams come together)
B. Spreads light our or focus (beams spread apart)
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Answer:
A. Brings light into focus (beams come together)
Explanation:
Converging lens or convex lens is a type of lens on which parallel rays of light after refraction converge or meet at the focus of the lens.
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Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, commonly called DDT, was a widely used pesticide in the United States from 1943 to the 1970s. By 1972, increasing awareness of the harmful effects on human health and wildlife resulted in the pesticide being banned from use in the United States. However, the environmental impact of DDT did not end when the ban was put into effect. Due to its chemical properties, DDT is known to remain in soil and animal tissues for 2–15 years and can pollute aquatic ecosystems for up to 150 years. Food contamination through all levels of the food chain continues to be a focus of research. The image shows the concentration of DDT found at the different trophic levels in ecosystems impacted by the pesticide.
Circular graphic showing the concentration of DDT at the different trophic levels. Algae show 0.04 ppm, zooplankton shows 0.23 ppm, small fish show 2.07 ppm, large fish show 7.36 ppm, and humans show 13.55 ppm.
Based on the information provided, what predictions can be made about the impacts of DDT on the ecosystem?
Humans and animals at the top of the food chain would suffer the greatest impact because the pesticide builds up at each tropic level, increasing the toxicity.
Aquatic producers at the base on the food chain would suffer the greatest impact because the pesticide can remain in aquatic systems for long periods.
Land mammals at the top of food chain would suffer the least impact because the pesticide remains in soil for a short amount of time.
Small fish in the middle of the food chain would suffer the least impact because the pesticide has not built up enough to harm them in any way.
Based on the information provided, the predictions which can be made about the impacts of DDT on the ecosystem is that Humans and animals at the top of the food chain would suffer the greatest impact because the pesticide builds up at each tropic level, increasing the toxicity and is denoted as option A.
What is Pesticide?This is referred to as substances that are meant to control pests and they contain toxic chemicals whicbh is why thry have to be carefully used to avoid impacting the ecosystem negatively.
From the information we can deduce that the pesticide builds up at each trophic level which is why humans show 13.55 ppm and is therefore why Humans and animals at the top of the food chain would suffer the greatest impact.
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Answer:
Humans and animals at the top of the food chain would suffer the greatest impact because the pesticide builds up at each tropic level, increasing the toxicity.
Explanation:
Because the number of pesticides over there is the greatest, so meaning that it will suffer the most.
Also took the test and got it right.
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The approach taken in this course to understand the complexity of our relationships to non-human animals is
The multidisciplinary method used in this course to comprehend the intricacy of our connections with non-human animals is based on scientific data and investigates how those relationships have evolved over time.
What is non-human animals ?The spiritual ideas or thoughts that are still widely held as religious doctrines are those that relate to non-human animals. Since they do not share a common language, animals and humans communicate mostly through emotional connection and pleasant touch.Scientists identify the evidences that demonstrate their relationship, i.e., the ways in which they used to coexist in harmony, in order to analyze the evolutionary pattern of such changes. Understanding the intricate relationship also benefited from research on geographical changes.Animal rights are ethical precepts based on the idea that non-human animals deserve the freedom to live their lives as they like, free from being influenced by human desires. Autonomy, which is a fancy way of saying "choice," lies at the heart of animal rights.To Learn more About non-human animals refer to:
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a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population is called
Any change in allele frequencies in a gene pool is called genetic drift. Hence, genetic drift is correct.
The change in the frequency of alleles in the population is due to random reasons. It may reduce the genetic variation or cause gene variants to disappear completely. There are two main types of genetic drift population bottlenecks and the founder effect. Severe reduction in small population size, recurring population, and when the population starts from a small number of organisms are three main causes of genetic drift. It is different from a mutation which causes a slow change in the genes variant, while genetic drift eliminates genetic variants.
Any change in allele frequencies in a gene pool is called genetic drift. Hence, genetic drift is correct.
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the cells of the alveoli produce a fatty substance known as ________.
A group of cells called granular pneumocytes, which are also present in the alveolar walls and are thought to help lower the surface tension of the alveoli, are among the other cells found there.
A number of the pulmonary extracellular matrix's constituent parts were formed in primary cultures of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells (granular pneumocytes). Two of these elements, type IV procollagen and fibronectin, were partially purified through fractionation by ion-exchange chromatography of radiolabeled protein released into the culture medium. Studies using radioimmune precipitation and affinity-purified antibodies verified the identification of these proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Additionally, thrombospondin, a platelet alpha-granule protein that has recently been demonstrated to be released by endothelium and other cells with mesenchymal ancestry and may play a role in platelet aggregation, was isolated by elution from diethylaminoethylcellulose with 0.5 M NaCl.
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What is the probability of purple flowers offspring if purple flowers are dominant to white flowers?.
There is a 75% chance of having purple-flowered children. Given that the predominate flower colour in this instance is purple, P will stand for that colour, while p will stand for white.
Therefore, the alleles Pp will be used to represent the heterozygous genotype of the purple flower plant.
According to Mendel's law of segregation, the genotype of the offspring will be PP, Pp,Pp,pp when two heterozygous plants are crossed.
When two plants have purple flowers, this indicates that the dominant colour is purple and the recessive colour is white. The findings of the cross show that there is a 75% chance that the progeny will have purple flowers.
As a result, the phenotypic ratio of the offspring's purple- to white-flowered flowers will be 3:1. Therefore, 75% of the progeny will be purple.
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while doing a pedigree analysis of a european royal family, you notice a disease in a female child of two healthy parents. there are also some cousins with the same genetic disease. If this disease is controlled by a single gene, then the most likely explanation for these observations is the disease is
only seen in heterozygous individuals such as the daughter.
recessive and only seen in homozygous recessive individuals such as the daughter. dominant and is seen in homozygous dominant or heterozygous individuals. dominant and only seen in homozygous dominant individuals such as the daughter. a spontaneous mutation.
Only homozygous recessive people, like the daughter, are affected by the disease, which is recessive.
In this case, a single gene is responsible for the sickness; if Mendel's principles of inheritance are followed, the trait will either be dominant or recessive. However, in this instance, the parents of the affected girl and the other two affected cousins are all in good health. In order to increase their chances of having a child with the disorders, like this child, the two parents need be heterozygous for this trait (Rr). To sum up, this illness is recessive and only manifests in homozygous recessive people, like the daughter. An autosomal disorder is Tay-Sachs. This means that other chromosomes in the body, other the sex chromosomes, contain the variant gene or allele responsible for the illness. Its inheritance is hence autosomal recessive. Evidently no one will have this disease, thus there is no chance.
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Biomolecules are essential organic molecules which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. Biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These vary in composition, structure, and function. Select 3 choices that correctly pairs the biomolecule and one of its functions.
The options B, C, and D accurately match the biomolecule to one of its functions.
Biomolecules are crucial chemical compounds that support metabolic processes in living things. Among these biomolecules are: The primary biomolecule responsible for generating and replacing cells in the body is called protein. The body's primary energy source is carbohydrate. Lipids: These substances also give the body energy. It makes up the majority of the membrane lipids in the cell membrane. The genetic makeup of the organism is stored in nucleic acid. As a result, choices A and E are incorrect. This is due to the fact that proteins are body builders rather than energy stores. Instead of serving as chemical messengers, nucleic acids serve to preserve an organism's genetic makeup.
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complete question: Biomolecules are essential organic molecules which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. Biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These vary in composition, structure and function. Select ALL of the choices that correctly pairs the biomolecule and one of its functions.
A) proteins: store energy
B) carbohydrates: make up plant cell walls
C) nucleic acids: store genetic information
D) Lipids: compose part of the cell membrane
E) nucleic acids: chemical messengers (hormones)
what is the main substance that blood carries to all of your cells?
oxygen
Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body so they can keep working. Blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system to be removed from the body.
What might have happened to the color-blind allele in the Pingelapee population following the typhoon if Mwanenied had had no children?
If he had never given birth, there would be a significant decline in population and nearly no one would be color blind.
The population has changed since color blindness is a symptom of inbreeding, and because of its tiny size and secluded location, achromatopsia is more common.
Achromatopsia is a rare, bilateral inherited retinal degeneration affecting all three types of cone photoreceptor cells that results in reduced visual acuity, photophobia, hemeralopia, and severe loss of color discrimination.Only the genotype frequencies, not the allelic frequencies, are altered by inbreeding.
Inbreeding, which is typically the outcome of mating related individuals, is defined as the probability that two alleles in an individual are identical by ancestry.
Red-green color vision abnormalities are brought on by genetic alterations involving the OPN1LW or OPN1MW genes. Defects in blue-yellow color vision are caused by OPN1SW gene mutations.
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What might have happened to the color-blind allele in the Pingelapese population following the typhoon if Mwanenised had had no children? Has the Pingelapese population evolved? Explain. (Hint: Does inbreeding cause a change in allele frequencies?)
What is oxygen indirect effects on other species in the food chain
Answer:
Reactive oxygen species directly interact with DNA, proteins and lipids and destroy them through oxidation process causing cell death (direct effect). High concentration of ROS damage structure and function of mitochondria and change the redox state of the cell interior (indirect effect).
Explanation:
what are the four most abundant elements found in living systems?
The four most abundant elements found in living systems are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. In living systems and are essential for the formation of the molecules of life.
Carbon is the building block of organic molecules i.e living systems such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Nitrogen is an essential component of many biomolecules such as amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, and nucleotides, which make up nucleic acids. Nitrogen , Oxygen is also a component of many molecules such as water, and is involved in many chemical reactions that take place in living systems . Together, these four elements make up over 99% of the atoms in living systems and are essential for the formation of the molecules of life, the functioning of the cell, and the overall survival of living systems .
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What color is reflected off a leaf?.
The color that reflected off a leaf is green.
Plants and leaves appear green because a "special pair" of chlorophyll molecules uses the red end of the visible light spectrum to power reactions within each cell. We see the unused green light that is reflected from the leaf. Photosynthesis' chemical reactions convert carbon dioxide from the air into sugars to feed the plant, and as a byproduct, the plant produces oxygen.
Because it does not absorb green wavelengths of white light, chlorophyll gives plants their green color. Because that specific light wavelength is reflected by the plant, it appears green.
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