Both cohesion and adhesion involve the attraction between molecules, cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance, while adhesion refers to the attraction between molecules of different substances.
Comparison of the two properties are: Definition: Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance, while adhesion refers to the attraction between molecules of different substances.
Forces involved: Cohesion involves intermolecular forces (such as hydrogen bonding) that hold the molecules of the same substance together. Adhesion involves the forces of attraction between two different substances, such as the attraction between water molecules and the surface of a glass.
Surface tension: Cohesion contributes to the surface tension of a liquid, which is the property that allows some insects to walk on water without sinking. Adhesion also contributes to the surface tension, as it causes the liquid to adhere to the surface.
Applications: Cohesion is important in determining the physical properties of liquids, such as their viscosity and boiling point. Adhesion is important in many practical applications, such as adhesives and coatings that need to stick to different surfaces.
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a 50.0 ml sample of gas at 20.0 atm of pressure is compressed to 40.0 atm of pressure at constant temperature. what is the new volume? 0.0100 ml 0.325 ml 25.0 ml 100. ml
Boyle's Law can be used to calculate the new volume of compressed gas at a constant temperature. The new volume of the compressed gas is 25.0 ml.
Using Boyle's Law to Calculate the New Volume of a Compressed GasWhen a gas is compressed at a constant temperature, Boyle's Law can be used to determine the new volume. Boyle's Law states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other when the temperature is held constant. The formula for Boyle's Law is P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 is the initial pressure, V1 is the initial volume, P2 is the final pressure, and V2 is the final volume. In this problem, a 50.0 ml sample of gas at 20.0 atm of pressure is compressed to 40.0 atm of pressure while the temperature is held constant. To find the new volume, we can use Boyle's Law and solve for V2. Substituting the given values into the formula, we get V2 = (P1/P2) * V1 = (20.0 atm / 40.0 atm) * 50.0 ml = 25.0 ml. Therefore, the new volume of the compressed gas is 25.0 ml.
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Answer:
The answer is 25.0 mL
20 ÷ 40 * 50 = 25
Hope This Helps!
Select the effect of the size of a sample on the melting point (mp) measurement. Select the effect of the rate of heating on the melting point measurement. Select the effect that the degree of chemical purity of a substance has on the melting point measurement.
The size of a sample can affect the melting point measurement by either increasing or decreasing the observed melting point.
A larger sample size can lead to a broader melting range due to uneven heating, while a smaller sample size can result in a higher melting point due to surface effects.
The rate of heating can also affect the melting point measurement. A slow heating rate can result in a lower melting point due to partial decomposition, while a rapid heating rate can lead to a higher melting point due to kinetic factors.
The degree of chemical purity of a substance can affect the melting point measurement by increasing the observed melting point and narrowing the melting range. Impurities can lower the melting point and broaden the melting range due to eutectic effects.
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if you started with a 125g sample of u-235, how much of the sample would be remaining after 3 half-lives and how many years would have passed?
The half-life of uranium-235 (U-235) is 704 million years. Therefore, after three half-lives, the amount of U-235 remaining will be 15.624g.
(1/2)^3 = 1/8
So, only 1/8th of the initial amount of U-235 will remain. We can calculate the amount of U-235 remaining as:
125 g × (1/8) = 15.625 g
So, 15.625 g of U-235 will remain after 3 half-lives.
The time it takes for three half-lives to pass can be calculated as:
3 × 704 million years = 2.112 billion years
Therefore, 2.112 billion years will have passed after 3 half-lives.
Note that the calculation assumes that the decay of U-235 follows first-order kinetics and that the decay products do not interfere with the decay process. Additionally, the calculation neglects any effects due to the changing abundance of U-235 in natural uranium over time, as U-235 is a radioactive isotope that is continuously decaying in the Earth's crust.
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what type of bonding involves the transfer of electrons to form cations and anions?
An ionic bond is a stable bond created by the full transfer of the valence electron.
What is electron transfer?When an electron moves from one atom or molecule to another one of these chemical entities, this is known as electron transfer. When it comes to specific redox reactions involving the transfer of electrons, ET is a mechanistic description. ETRs are electrochemical processes.
ETRs are electrochemical processes. Transition metal complexes are frequently used in ET processes, which are relevant to respiration and photosynthesis. ET is a step in various commercial polymerization processes in organic chemistry. It serves as the basis for photoredox catalysis.
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question 5
pls help asap
The percent yield is 99%
What is the theoretical yield of the reaction?The theoretical yield of a chemical reaction is the maximum amount of product that can be produced from the given amounts of reactants, assuming complete conversion of all reactants to products and no loss of product during the reaction.
Number of moles of HCl = 73g/36.5 g/mol
= 2 moles
Number of moles of the Mg = 48 g/24 g/mol = 2 moles
If from the reaction;
1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl
2 moles of Hcl will react with 2 * 2/1
= 4 moles
Thus the HCl is the limiting reactant
We have that;
2 moles of HCl produces 1 mole MgCl2
Mass of the MgCl2 = 95 gPercent yield is;
73 g/120 g * 100/1
= 99%
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How much Glucose should be consumed if we want to produce 2.3 moles of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)?
In order to produce 2.3 moles of carbon dioxide (CO₂), you would need to consume 7.9 moles of glucose. This is because in the chemical equation for respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.
instruments scientist use in reference to atoms and what are some new advances that has bettered the environment?
In order to examine many details inside cells, an electron microscope can magnify objects by approximately 500,000 times. A variety of electron microscopes exist. Nanoparticles and atoms can be observed using a transmission electron microscope.
The quantum mechanical model, which draws on concepts from Schrödinger, Pauli, Heisenberg, and other thinkers, is the appropriate one for atoms. It takes a lot of various things into account. Theoretically sound, it is the most frequently accepted model. A more accurate depiction of the structure of atomic clusters, where surface atoms vibrate more intensely than inside atoms, has been revealed thanks to new technology created by physicists to examine atomic vibration in microscopic particles.
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which of the functional groups shown above is most likely to gain a proton and become positively charged?
The functional groups which is shown above is most likely to gain a proton and become positively charged is The amino group.
The introductory nature of any functional group depends on the chances of the functional group getting protons associated with it. This means that the hydrogens ions in the system are associated with the introductory functional group. This way the functional groups can be charged. The association of hydrogen directly determines the acidic or introductory character of the functional group that remains associated with specific biomolecules.
The amino group is one of several nitrogen- containing functional groups set up in organic motes. What distinguishes the amino group is that the nitrogen snippet is connected by single bonds to either hydrogen or carbon.
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Rank the following aqueous solutions from lowest predicted boiling point to highest: In the case of solutions containing aqueous ions, assume there is no ion clustering in the solution: 167 mCH_OH0.530 mNazSO4 0.475 mKaPO40.907 mKBr0.722 mNHANO3
From highest to lowest, the following aqueous solutions are: 0.475 m K3PO4 (highest), 0.907 m KBR, 1.67 m CH3OH, 0.530 m NA2SO4, and 0.722 m NH4NO3 (lowest).
The boiling point of a salt solution rises as the boiling point does. A Rhizob provides the majority of eubacterial antibiotics. As can be seen from the concentration figures, methanol has the lowest concentration. Methanol will have the lowest boiling point as a result. The solution of 0.10 M SrCl2 in 300.0 mL contains the most ions as a result. Therefore, 1.0 MNa2SO4 has the maximum boiling point value. The most highly vaporized substance is 1-chloropentane. Because of its boiling point's "propto 1/("branching")," tert-butyl alcohol has the lowest boiling point. Surface area decreases with increasing branching.
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why can't the carbon dioxide cycle easily correct for the increasing amounts of carbon dioxide introduced into our atmosphere by industrialization
The carbon dioxide cycle refers to the natural process of exchanging carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. This cycle can help to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over long periods of time.
However, it is not able to easily correct for the increasing amounts of carbon dioxide that have been introduced into the atmosphere by industrialization for several reasons: Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are much larger than natural carbon dioxide sources: Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, have greatly increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The natural carbon sinks are not capable of absorbing all the excess carbon dioxide: The carbon dioxide cycle relies on natural carbon sinks such as forests and oceans to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, these natural carbon sinks have limits to their capacity and are becoming saturated with excess carbon dioxide.
The rate of carbon dioxide emissions is much faster than the rate at which natural carbon sinks can absorb carbon dioxide: The natural carbon sinks have a limited capacity to absorb carbon dioxide, and their absorption rate is much slower than the rate at which carbon dioxide is being emitted by human activities.
This means that the excess carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for longer periods of time, contributing to the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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what part of the neuron receives input in the form of chemical stimuli?
Dendrites is a part of the neuron receives input in the form of chemical stimuli.
Chemical stimuli, such as neurotransmitters, are received by the dendrites of a neuron. Dendrites are the branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons or from sensory receptors. When a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a receptor on the dendrite, it can trigger an electrical signal (action potential) that travels down the length of the neuron and can cause the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal, which in turn can stimulate the dendrites of other neurons. Thus, dendrites play a critical role in integrating the signals received by a neuron and transmitting them to the cell body (soma) and ultimately to the axon, where they can be propagated to other neurons.
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The refractive index refers to the ability of a substance to a) bend light b) reflect light c) absorb light d) convert light to heat energy. Solution.
The capacity of a substance to bend light is described by its refractive index. Refraction is the bending of light as it travels through a medium having a varying refractive index.
Describes how much light is twisted when it travels through a substance, the refractive index is a fundamental feature of materials. It is described as the difference between the speed of light in a substance and the speed of light in a vacuum. This figure, which varies depending on the substance, expresses how much light the substance slows down .Optics, spectroscopy, and materials science are just a few of the fields in which the refractive index is crucial. The use of the refractive index to control the behaviour of light in the construction of lenses, prisms, and other optical components is crucial. The refractive index, in addition to being an important design element for optical devices.
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Perform the following operation
and express the answer in
scientific notation.
3.5x107x 1.8×10-3
[?]
[?]×10
By performing the following operation, the answer in scientific notation for 3.5 x 10⁷x 1.8×10[tex]^-3[/tex]×10 is 6.3×10⁵.
What is scientific notation?Scientific notation is defined as a way of expressing numbers which are too large or too small so that they can be easily written in decimal form. It can be referred to the scientific form or the scientific index form or even the standard form.
Base ten notation is used by scientists, engineers as it helps in simplification of arithmetic operations. It contains the significant figures which include all non-zero numbers , the zeroes between significant digits and zeroes which are needed to be significant.
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When 127.68 g of brass at 163 °C are added to 150.00 g H₂O at 22.4 °C, the final
temperature
for brass.
of the brass and water is 32.6 °C. Calculate the value of the specific heat, c,
For water: q = cmΔT = 4.18 ∙ 150 (32.6 – 22.4) = 6395.4J
For brass: c = q / mΔT = 6395 / 127.68 (163 – 32.6) = 0.384 J / gC
What is water?
The global economy depends heavily on water. Agriculture uses over 70% of the freshwater that people use. 6.5% of the world's protein comes from fishing in salt and fresh water bodies, which has been and still is an important source of food for many regions of the world. Commodities (including oil, natural gas, and manufactured goods) are frequently transported across vast distances by boats over the oceans, rivers, lakes, and canals. In both industry and residences, huge amounts of water, ice, and steam are utilised for cooling and heating. Water is utilised extensively in industrial processes, as well as in cooking and washing, as it is a great solvent for a wide range of compounds, both mineral and organic.To know more about water, click the link given below:
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As the water bends around a curve, it cuts into the the riverbank or stream bank, eroding the land. Why does the cutbank occur on the outside curve?
a
the water moves slower
b
the water moves faster
c
the water is deeper
d
the water is shallow
The cutbank occurs on the outside curve of the river or stream because of the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect results from the rotation of the earth and causes the water to move faster on the outside curve of the bend in the river or stream.
The Coriolis effect is a phenomenon caused by the Earth's rotation. It occurs when objects moving in a straight line appear to veer off in a different direction than expected due to the rotation of the Earth. The effect causes winds and ocean currents to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This effect is important in meteorology, as it affects the direction of air masses and the strength of hurricanes.
This faster-moving water has more energy and erodes away more of the riverbank or stream bank than the slower-moving water on the inside of the bend, creating the cutbank.
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Why are volumetric flasks, instead of beakers or graduated cylinders, used to prepare standard solutions from solids? Volumetric flasks are cheaper than beakers and graduated cylinders. There are volumetric flasks with various sizes for us to choose from. Beakers and graduated cylinders are not large enough to prepare a large volume of standard solution Volumetric flasks are calibrated to contain a precise volume of liquids at a particular temperature, Volumetric flasks are easier to handle than beakers or graduated cylinders.
The reason why volumetric flasks are used instead of beakers or graduated cylinders is that Volumetric flasks are calibrated to contain a precise volume of liquid at a particular temperature, making them more accurate than graduated cylinders.
Beakers and graduated cylinders are not as accurate or precise and are more suitable for approximate measurements. Additionally, volumetric flasks are designed to minimize evaporation and reduce errors due to meniscus formation, which can affect the accuracy of the final concentration of the standard solution. Therefore, volumetric flasks are the preferred choice for preparing standard solutions from solids.
Accuracy: Volumetric flasks are designed to deliver a precise volume of liquid at a specific temperature, making them more accurate than graduated cylinders.
Precision: Volumetric flasks are designed to minimize evaporation and errors due to meniscus formation, resulting in higher precision than graduated cylinders.
Consistency: Volumetric flasks deliver a consistent volume of liquid every time, while the volume of liquid delivered by graduated cylinders can vary depending on the user's technique.
Ease of use: Volumetric flasks are easy to use, with a simple and straightforward procedure for filling and measuring the liquid. Graduated cylinders require more technique and practice to use accurately.
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Given the following equation: 2H₂O2 → 2H₂O, how many moles of water
will be produced if 4 moles of hydrogen react?
1
2
0.5
4
The number of moles of water that will be produced if 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide react is 4 moles.
How to calculate number of moles using stoichiometry?Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products of a specific reaction or equation.
According to this question, hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water in the following equation:
2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂
Based on the above equation, 2 moles of hydrogen peroxide produces 2 moles of water.
This means that if 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide decomposes, 4 moles of water will also be produced.
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Balance the chemical reaction
using an atom inventory.
What is the coefficient for
potassium?
[?]K+ [ ]Br₂
[]KBr
The balanced chemical equation of the reaction between potassium and bromine to form potassium bromide is given as:
2 K + Br₂ ---> 2 KBr.The coefficient of potassium is 2.
What is a balanced chemical equation?A chemical equation that is balanced has equal amounts of each element's atoms on both sides of the equation and conserves mass.
The law of conservation of mass states that when a chemical reaction takes place, the mass of the reactants and products should be equal. As a result, during the chemical process, the number of atoms in each element remains constant. The chemical equation must be balanced as a result.
The balanced chemical equation of the given reaction is as follows:
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Looking at the cladogram, Hector determines that the tuatara and lizard both descended from common ancestor #2. Naiomi determines that the tuatara and lizard both descended from common ancestor #3.
Who is correct? Why?
Read Passage
Question Image
A
Both Hector and Naiomi are correct. The tuatara and lizard both descended from common ancestor #2 and common ancestor #3.
B
Hector is correct, because both the tuatara and lizard evolved from common ancestor #2 based on the cladogram.
C
Naiomi is correct, because both the tuatara and lizard evolved from common ancestor #3 based on the
Answer: A
Explanation: Both Hector and Naiomi are correct because the sequence is Lizard → snake→ tuatara→ crocodile.
so, according to this sequence both tuatara and lizard descended from common ancestor.
In a particular experiment, the reaction of 1. 0g of S with O2 produced 0. 80 g of SO3. The % yield in this experiment is how much %?
The actual yield of the product obtained in the experiment must be divided by the theoretical yield of the product that could be achieved. The reaction's percent yield is 32% as a result.
The amount of product produced in a chemical reaction or manufacturing process is referred to as yield, and it is typically expressed in mass or volume. Theoretical yield, actual yield, and percent yield are a few of the several types of yield. Theoretical yield, under the assumption that the reaction continues to completion without any losses or side reactions, is the greatest quantity of product that can be produced from a specific amount of reactants. The amount of product that is actually produced during an experiment or production process is known as the "actual yield." The actual yield to theoretical yield ratio, stated as a percentage, is known as percent yield. The efficiency and profitability of a chemical reaction or manufacturing process are significantly influenced by yield.
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how many grams of pbbr2 will precipitate when excess febr3 solution is added to 79.0 ml of 0.578 m pb(no3)2 solution?
Lead nitrate reacts with ferric bromide to give lead bromide and ferric nitrate. Here the weight of lead bromide precipitate will be 16.75g.
We can write the balanced reaction as follows,
3Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2FeBr₃ -----------> 3PbBr₂ + 2Fe(NO₃)₃
Here ferric bromide is in excess, so the limiting reagent will be lead nitrate.
Number of moles = molarity × volume in L
Number of moles of lead nitrate reacted = 0.578 × 0.079
= 0.0456
3 moles of lead nitrate reacts to form 3 moles of lead bromide.
So 0.0456 moles of lead nitrate gives 0.0456 moles of lead bromide.
Number of moles of lead bromide = 0.0456
Molar mass of lead bromide = 367.01
Mass of lead bromide formed = Number of moles× molar mass
= 0.0456 × 367.01 = 16.75g
So the mass of lead bromide precipitate will be 16.75g
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supposing the stock room wants to prepare 50.0 ml a 0.080 m solution of oxalic acid (h2c2o4). explain the entire process showing all the necessary calculations. ensure you are watching the significant figures.
Oxalic acid is a colorless, crystalline, organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids. It is a strong dicarboxylic acid, with the molecular formula [tex]H2C2O4[/tex].
Given the volume of oxalic acid (h2c2o4) = 50mL
the concentration of oxalic acid = 0.080M
1. Calculate the moles of [tex]H2C2O4[/tex] needed for the solution:
Moles of [tex]H2C2O4[/tex] = (50.0 mL x 0.080 M) / 1000 mL = 0.004 moles
2. Calculate the mass of [tex]H2C2O4[/tex] needed for the solution:
Mass of [tex]H2C2O4[/tex] = 0.004 moles x 90.03 g/mol = 0.3609 g
3. Place 0.3609 g of [tex]H2C2O4[/tex] into a beaker and add 50.0 mL of distilled water.
4. Stir the solution to dissolve the [tex]H2C2O4[/tex].
5. If necessary, add more distilled water to make sure all of the oxalic acid has dissolved.
6. Measure the final volume of the solution and calculate the molarity:
Molarity = (0.004 moles x 1000 mL) / Final Volume (mL)
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in the equation for the formation of nylon 6,6 in the background, the non-polymer product is water (not depicted in the equation). what is the non-polymer product produced in the reaction you used in lab?
Answering a lab report format with questions and sections, including nylon synthesis, yield, and uses.
(1) The name of the nylon produced in this experiment is Nylon 6.
(2) The non-polymer product produced in the reaction used in lab is acetic acid.
(3) Two uses of nylon are:
Nylon is used in the production of clothing and accessories such as stockings, swimsuits, and parachutes.It is also used in the manufacturing of carpets, seat belts, and tire cords.Results & Discussion:
The aim of the experiment was to synthesize nylon and examine its properties.The experimental approach involved the reaction between hexamethylenediamine and adipoyl chloride to form Nylon 6, followed by washing and drying the resulting nylon. This was done to understand the properties of the nylon synthesized.The aspirin % yield was calculated to be lower than 100%. Factors that could have contributed to this include incomplete reaction, loss of product during washing and drying, and impurities in the reactants or solvents used.The experiment helped me understand the synthesis and properties of nylon, which I did not know before. I was surprised by the strength and durability of the nylon synthesized. My favorite part was observing the nylon fibers under the microscope, which gave a closer look at the structure of the material.Learn more about nylon :
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The complete question is :
Post-Lab Questions 1. What is the name of the nylon produced in this experiment? It is not Nylon 6,6 but is named in a similar way. 2. In the equation for the formation of Nylon 6,6 in the background, the non-polymer product is water (not depicted in the equation). What is the non-polymer product produced in the reaction you used in lab? 3. Describe two uses of nylon. Substantiate your descriptions with a resource (library, text, or web site) and properly cite this source. Results & Discussion 1. In one or two sentences tell us what you were trying to accomplish. That is, say what the point of the experiment was. 2. Tell us what your experimental approach was. This is supposed to be a summary of no more than 4 sentences. Tell us what you did and why you did it, but don't give us a step-by-step list of things you did. 3. Comment on how close your aspirin % yield was to 100%. Discuss what factors might have contributed to it being higher or lower than this. 4. Tell us what you learned that you didn't know before and what surprised you. Tell us what your favorite part was and why. COMPOUND MOLECULAR WEIGHT WATER SOLUBILITY(g/L) Density (g/ml) at 20'c Salicylic acid 138.12g/mol 1441.07g/L 1.44 Acetylsalicylic acid 180.16g/mol 1400.25g/L 1.4 Acetic anhydride 102.09g/mol 1080g/L 1.08 Sulfuric acid 98g/mol 1830g/L 1.83
How does the amount of rain
affect the number of worms on
the sidewalk?
On the surface, they have a lot more mobility.
Earthworms must remain moist, which is an issue.
Usually, if they were above ground, they would start to dehydrate. However, when it rains, the surface is sufficiently damp for worms to survive and maintain their moisture levels.
Answer:
worms like to bury tunnels underground, so when they hear the 'pit pat' of the rain, they try to go closer to the rain so that they can make better tunnels faster.
My opinion is that all animals have feelings, depending on the size of their brain. You might think this is hilarious but, I think worms know that rain can help them move faster to make tunnels, but since they have such a small brain, they think they should make tunnels above ground where water is soaking.
Explanation:
Have you ever seen a worm in puddles? Well, its because they think its easier to build in water. Its hilarious I know.
I hope this helped!
why is carbon so special ?
Carbon is special because it is the basis of all known life on Earth. It is the key element in organic compounds, which are the building blocks of life.
Why carbon is special?Carbon has the ability to form a vast number of chemical compounds, more than any other element, with almost ten million compounds described to date. This is due to its unique ability to form strong bonds with other elements, including other carbon atoms. This property allows carbon to form long chains and rings, which are the basis of many organic compounds.
Additionally, carbon is a key component of many important biological molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. In short, carbon is special because it is essential to life as we know it.
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how many grams of ethanol, c2h5oh, are required to make a 7.1 molar solution using 160.0 ml of water? (molar is the term chemistry and biologists use for a solution of that molarity, no teeth involved)
From the given information, 52.55 grams of ethanol are required to make a 7.1 M solution using 160.0 ml of water.
To determine how many grams of ethanol are required to make a 7.1 M solution using 160.0 ml of water, we first need to calculate the number of moles of ethanol required.
Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution, so we can use the following formula to calculate the number of moles of ethanol:
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution
Rearranging the formula to solve for moles of solute gives:
moles of solute = Molarity x volume of solution
Substituting the values, we get:
moles of ethanol = 7.1 mol/L x (0.160 L) = 1.136 mol
Now we can use the molecular weight of ethanol to convert moles to grams:
molecular weight of ethanol = 46.07 g/mol
mass of ethanol = moles of ethanol x molecular weight of ethanol
mass of ethanol = 1.136 mol x 46.07 g/mol
mass of ethanol = 52.55 g
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What is the temperature of calcium chloride, baking soda, and water usually at?
The temperature of calcium chloride, baking soda, and water will depend on the specific application and the environment.
What do you mean by temperature?
Temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold something is. Temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F). The temperature of an object, a room, or the air around us can all be referred to as temperature.
The temperature of calcium chloride, baking soda, and water will depend on the specific application and the environment in which it is used. For example, if calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, it will be affected by the outside temperature and humidity. If baking soda is used as a leavening agent in baking, it will be affected by the ambient temperature of the kitchen. Finally, if water is being heated on a stove, the temperature will depend on the heat source and the amount of time it is heated. The temperature of all three will fluctuate depending on the application and environment, making it impossible to provide a definitive answer.
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Write the rate law expected for this mechanism. What is the overall balanced equation for the reaction? What are the intermediates in the proposed mechanism?
Answer:
The rate law for the overall reaction is given by the rate-determining step, which is the slowest step in the mechanism. In this case, the slowest step is the first step, where C4H9Br is converted to C4H9+ and Br-. Hence, the rate law for the overall reaction can be expressed as:
Rate = k[C4H9Br]
where k is the rate constant for the first step.
The overall balanced equation for the reaction is:
C4H9Br + H2O --> C4H9OH + HBr
The intermediates in the proposed mechanism are C4H9+ and C4H9OH2.
The volume of 160. G of CO initially at 273 K and 1. 00 bar increases by a factor of two in different processes. Take CP,m to be constant at the value 29. 14 Jmol−1K−1 and assume ideal gas behavior. The temperature of the surroundings is 273 K.
A) Calculate ΔSsurroundings in an adiabatic reversible expansion.
B) Calculate ΔS in an adiabatic reversible expansion.
C) Calculate ΔStotal in an adiabatic reversible expansion.
D) Calculate ΔSsurroundings in an expansion against Pexternal = 0.
E) Calculate ΔS in an expansion against Pexternal = 0.
F) Calculate ΔStotal in an expansion against Pexternal = 0.
G) Calculate ΔSsurroundings in an isothermal reversible expansion.
H) Calculate ΔS in an isothermal reversible expansion.
I) Calculate ΔStotal in an isothermal reversible expansion.
Determine what processes are spontaneous.
1) adiabatic reversible expansion 2) expansion against Pexternal =0 3)isothermal reversible expansion
Adiabatic and isothermal reversible expansions because they add to the system and environment in a self-expanding manner. is not spontaneous because it does not increase the entropy of the system and environment.
A) ΔEnvironment = -ΔH/T = 0 (adiabatic process)
B) ΔS = nR ln 2 = 0.693 J/K
C) ΔTotal = ΔS ΔEnvironment = 0.693 J/K environment = 0.693 J/K not heat = Δ
D) K environment = Δ exchange = 0. . medium at constant pressure
E) ΔS = nR ln 2 = 0.693 J/K
F) ΔSum = ΔS ΔMedium = 0.693 J/K
G) ΔMedium = -Q/T = n / n / RTln J /0K6.
H) ΔS = 0 (isothermal process)
I) ΔTotal = ΔS ΔEnvironment = -0.693 J/K
Adiabatic and isothermal reversible expansions because they add to the system and environment in a self-expanding manner. is not spontaneous because it does not increase the entropy of the system and environment.
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Explain how the basic laws of matters led to the formulation of daltons atomic theory
Dalton's Atomic Theory proposed a model of the atom as a small, indivisible, and indestructible particle. This theory was based on a set of observations and experiments that followed from the basic laws of matter.
One of the key observations was the law of definite proportions, which states that the proportions of elements in a compound are always the same regardless of the amount or source of the compound. For example, water always consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, no matter where it comes from or how much is present. This observation led to the conclusion that elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds, suggesting that the elements themselves must be made up of individual, uniform particles.
Another important observation was the law of conservation of mass, which states that the total mass of a system remains constant during a chemical reaction, indicating that matter cannot be created or destroyed. This led to the conclusion that chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of individual particles, rather than the creation or destruction of matter.
Finally, the law of multiple proportions, which states that when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the ratio of the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element is always a ratio of small whole numbers. This observation led to the conclusion that elements could combine in different ratios to form different compounds, suggesting that the elements must consist of individual particles with different masses.
Based on these observations, Dalton proposed his Atomic Theory, which stated that:
All matter is made up of atoms, which are small, indivisible particles.Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties.Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed into atoms of another element.Atoms of different elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms, but no creation or destruction of matter occurs.Overall, Dalton's Atomic Theory was an attempt to explain the basic laws of matter through a model of the atom as a small, indivisible, and indestructible particle that could explain the chemical behavior of elements and compounds. It provided a framework for understanding the behavior of matter and set the stage for further research into the nature of the atom and the fundamental principles of chemistry.
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