An equilibrium constant expression is a mathematical representation of a chemical reaction. It is expressed as the ratio of the product concentrations to the reactant concentrations, with each reactant or product placed in square brackets.
Equilibrium constant expression = [products]/[reactants]Steps to write an equilibrium constant expression:Start by writing out the chemical equation for the reaction that you want to create an equilibrium constant expression for. Make sure that all of the reactants and products are properly balanced. Place square brackets around each of the reactants and products in the equation. Divide the products by the reactants to create the equilibrium constant expression.For example, for the reaction A + B → C + D, the equilibrium constant expression would be written as [C][D]/[A][B]. The equilibrium constant expression can be used to calculate the degree to which the reaction is at equilibrium, which is important for predicting the behavior of the system.
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Please explain nomenclature
Answer: Nomenclature is a system for giving names to things within a particular profession or field. For instance, you may have heard of binomial nomenclature in biology class. It refers to the way of referring to living things by two names, like calling humans Homo sapiens.
Explanation:
Nomenclature means choosing names for different science-related objects. Chemical compounds usually have a specific name, and a systematic name.
The nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). In this nomenclature system, organic compounds are named with the use of functional groups as the prefix or suffix to the parent compounds name.
IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule's longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring. A primary suffix is always added to the word root to indicate whether the carbon chain is saturated or unsaturated. A secondary suffix is always added to the primary suffix to indicate the nature and the functional group in the organic compound.
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3. which of the following is not true?
A. In Polar Reaction a, nucleophile reacts an elctrophile
B. Carboactions are elcrophiles
C. Carboanions are nucleophile
D. A Half-headed curver arrow shows the movemant of an electron pair 4. Which of the following statements is true? A. The size of the activiation energy tells us about the reaction mecanism
B. The size of the activiation energy tells us about the reaction rate
C. A show reaction has low reaction energy
D. A fast reaction has large reaction energy
Which of the following statements regarding electrophiles is untrue? According to ideas about acid-base reactions, electrophiles are Lewis acids rather than Lewis bases because they receive electrons.
Because their partial positive charge is masked by polar bonding and/or resonance, electrophiles can be hard to spot. We thus come to the conclusion that the proper understanding of an electrophile is that it may exist as a positively charged or neutral species and that it can establish a bond by receiving a pair of electrons from a nucleophile. So, the appropriate choice is BF3 is an electron-poor substance. It lacks a spare pair of electrons that it could provide. It is therefore not nucleophilic.
When two bound atoms separate, one takes more of the shared electrons than the other, and this causes a polar reaction.
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what is the fastest horse in the universe
Answer:
Thoroughbred
Horse breed
Explanation:
thoroughbred is the fastest horse. 43.97 mph as fastest horse in the worldHow do you evaluate 2C2?
In order to determine a combination's value, we must use the formula
n^C_m = n! / (n−m)! * m!
You must provide an opinion or conclusion regarding the validity of a claim or a group of research findings in order to "critically analyze." This should be carried out with the utmost seriousness. Give your assessment on the truthfulness of a claim or research finding.
The whole solution, in steps:
It is necessary to determine 2C2's value.
The value is entered into the formula
Formula : n^C_m = n! / (n−m)! * m!
We set m=2 and n=2
2^C_2=2! / (2 - 2) * 2! is the result, then.
2! = 2!/0!×2! = 1
Hence, 2^C_2=1.
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calculate the ph of a solution that contains 5 % (w/w) ammonia solution and has a density of 0.977 g/ml. (pka
The pH of a solution that contains 5 % (w/w) ammonia solution and has a density of 0.977 g/ml is 11.13.
NH3 + H2O ⇄ NH4 + OH-
Kb = [NH4+][OH-] ÷ [NH3]
1.8 x 10 to the power -5 = x2/0.1
[OH-][H+] = 1.34 x 10 the power -3 [H+] 0.977 = 11.13
pH stands for potential of hydrogen - To trace the pH scale, a group of standard solutions whose pH has been established by international agreement can be employed. The potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode, such as the silver chloride electrode, is measured using a concentration cell with transference to obtain the primary pH standard values. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured using a glass electrode, a pH meter, or a color-changing indicator. pH measurements are important in many fields, including chemistry, agronomy, medicine, water treatment, and many more. Indicators can be used to monitor pH since their colors alter as the pH varies. The hue of a test solution can be visually compared with a reference color chart to determine pH precisely to the closest whole integer. More precise readings are possible if the color is measured spectrophotometrically using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. A universal indicator, which displays a continuous color change from roughly pH 2 to pH 10, is composed of several indicators.
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describe the behaviour observed as the water was heated. was there a sudden change in behaviour, or were the transitions gradual? at what pressure and temperature did these changes occur? did the bubbles that were formed on the heating elements collapse before reaching the surface? explain why.
Behavior observed as the water was heated due to temperature changes, it changes at 100 degree Celsius.
The average kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules in a given substance, which is used to determine its temperature.
A substance's particle's kinetic energy varies among its constituent parts. The distribution of the particles' kinetic energy can be used to depict it at any particular moment. Because of their high kinetic energy, some atoms or molecules move exceedingly quickly. Other atoms and molecules are very slowly moving and have little kinetic energy. The temperature is measured by thermometers and is represented by the average kinetic energy of the particles.
Evaporation is one method that effectively displays the different kinetic energies. As you are probably aware, the process of evaporation involves a phase transition in which particles of a substance travel from the liquid phase into the gas phase.
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What is the formula for the compound lead (IV) nitrate? PbzNO3 PbNO3 Pb(NO3)2 PbINO314 PDANO3
Lead nitrate is a white crystalline solid. The material is soluble in water. It is noncombustible but it will accelerate the burning of combustible materials.
If large quantities of the lead nitrate material are involved in the fire an explosion may result. Prolonged exposure of the material to fire or heat may result in an explosion. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires involving this material. Because there is a Roman number IV in the name of the compound next to the word "lead nitrate," we can infer from the name of the compound that lead (Pb) in this case has a 4+ charge. This ionic compound's formula is Pb(NO 3 _3 3 ) 4 _4 4 because there must be four nitrate anions because they always have one charge. White or colorless lead nitrate is a material that resembles sand. It is employed in the production of specific explosives, photography, the dye industry, and process engraving.
N2O6Pb or Pb(NO3)2
Thus, we obtain the formula as Pb(NO3)4 P b ( N O 3 ) 4 . Hence, formula of compound formed by the combination of Pb4+ P b 4 + and NO−3 N O 3 − is Pb(NO3)4 P b ( N O 3 ) 4
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you have 150.0 ml of a 0.807 m solution of ce(no₃)₄. what mass (in grams) of ce(no₃)₄ would be required to make the solution?
The mass of Ce(NO3)₄ that will be needed to create the solution was 24.16 g (in grams).
What exactly is the solution?A homogenous mixture with one or even more solutes that have been dissolved in the solvent is known as a solution. The material that a solute dissolves in to create a homogenous mixture is known as a solvent. To create a homogenous mixture, a component must dissolve in a solvent.
What is an illustration of a solution?One nanometer or smaller particles are referred to as a solution in a homogeneous mixture made up of two or more components. There are many different types of solutions, including sugar and salt solutions and fizzy water. Each component shows up as a different phase in a solution.
Briefing:Mole of Ce(NO₃)₄ = 0.06225 mole
Molar of Ce(NO₃)₄ = 140.12 + 4[14 + (16×3)]
= 140.12 + 4[14 + 48]
= 140.12 + 4[62]
= 140.12 + 248
= 388.12 g/mol
Mass of Ce(NO₃)₄ = 0.06225 × 388.12
Mass of Ce(NO₃)₄ = 24.16 g
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g which products are formed during the electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride?
The products of electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride are sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas and chlorine gas.
What is electrolysis?
By passing a direct electric current through an ionic compound in fluid form, electrolysis is the process of breaking down the substance into its constituent elements. Anions are oxidized at the anode while cations are reduced at the cathode. An electrolyte, electrodes, and some sort of external power source are the essential components needed to perform electrolysis.
Several large compounds with industrial use, such as sodium hydroxide and chlorine, are produced by an important process called sodium chloride electrolysis. It is possible to electrolyze sodium chloride in aqueous solutions or in a molten state. In order to speed up the redox processes, extra salts are also present when electrolysis is performed.
The electrolysis of a concentrated solution of NaCl gives (I) Cl2, (II) NaOH (aq) and (III)H 2 (g).
[tex]2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O[/tex] → [tex]2NaOH (aq) + H2(g) + Cl2 (g)[/tex]
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for each of the following molecules, would you expect greater solubility in water or in hexane?
For the given molecules, toluene and isobutene would have greater solubility in hexane and sucrose and glycol would have greater solubility in water.
Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a specific solute–solvent combination, and different substances have greatly differed solubilities. In other words, it is the ability of a substance - the solute, to combine and form a solution with another substance - the solvent. Polar solutes such as sucrose and glycol are more soluble in polar solvents (i.e., water), and nonpolar solutes such as toluene and isobutene are more soluble in nonpolar solvents (i.e., hexane).
Note: The question is incomplete as it is missing options which are A) toluene B) sucrose C) glycol D) isobutene.
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Why are almost all ionic compounds solid at room temperature?
Ions in ionic compounds create a lattice by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. They therefore exist at normal temperature as solids.
A chemical compound known as an ionic compound in chemistry is one that contains ions bound together by the electrostatic forces known as ionic bonding.
Despite having both positively and negatively charged ions, or cations and anions, the molecule is generally neutral.
These can be either polyatomic species, like the ammonium (NH+ 4) and carbonate (CO2 3) ions in ammonium carbonate, or simple ions, like the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl) in sodium chloride. Since individual ions in an ionic compound typically have more than one nearest neighbor, they are not thought of as belonging to molecules but rather as components of an ongoing three-dimensional network.
When solid, ionic substances typically have crystalline structures.
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Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the electron domain geometry. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the number of lone pair(s) on the central atom. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the name of the molecular geometry. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and predict the polarity. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and predict the predominant intermolecular force. Draw the Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the hybridization on Te.
The Lewis Structure for TeO3 and determine the electron domain geometry
TeO3 - Tellurium oxide
Te:
Atomic number: 52
Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d105s25p4
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which color in the rainbow has the longest wavelength? 1. orange 2. blue3. yellow4.green 5. red
In rainbow, the color that has the longest wavelength is red which means option 5 is the correct choice.
Dispersion is described to be the spreading of white mild into its complete spectrum of colors, in truth we also can say a complete spectrum of wavelengths. The white mild turns into from solar and includes seven colors. On one end of the spectrum is red with the longest wavelength. Blue or violet mild has the shortest wavelength. White mild is a aggregate of all hues withinside the color spectrum. The colors of the rainbow are: Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
Therefore, option 5 is the correct choice.
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Explain why the standard enthalpy of formation () for Cl2 (g) is zero, but its standard entropy is larger than zero.
The standard enthalpy of formation for chlorine is zero but the standard entropy is larger than 0 because it is the elemental state of chlorine.
The standard enthalpy of formation for chlorine is zero because cl2 is the elemental state of chlorine and it does not require any energy for the formation of the standard state of chlorine.
The entropy of any system cannot be negative. It can only be positive or zero.
The entropy of a system will become zero only at a absolute zero temperature.
That's why the entropy of chlorine in elemental state is more than zero because absolutely zero temperature can't be obtained.
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which intermolecular force do you think is primarily responsible for the difference in boiling point between cyclohexane and decalin
Induced dipole intermolecular force is mainly responsible for the boiling point difference between cyclohexane and decalin. Correct answer: letter D.
The difference in boiling point between cyclohexane and decalin is due to the fact that decalin has a longer chain of carbon atoms and therefore has a larger surface area. This larger surface area allows for more intermolecular forces to be formed, specifically induced dipole forces.
How are these induced dipole forces created?These dipole forces are created when the electrons of one molecule are attracted to the nucleus of another molecule, giving rise to a temporary dipole. This attraction between molecules is much stronger than the London dispersion forces that exist in cyclohexane, thus creating a higher boiling point in decalin.
Which intermolecular force do you think is primarily responsible for the difference in boiling point between cyclohexane and decalin?
A) Dipole-Dipole
B) Hydrogen bonding
C) Covalent
D) Induced Dipole
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Combustion of a fuel sample In a bomb calorimoter increases the temperature of the entire systom by 5.10 *C if tho calorimeter cortains 1500g of water, but only by 4.00 "C if the calorimeter contains 1950g of water. Wnat Is the heat capacity of the dry bomb calorimeter assambly? Assune that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J 9^-1*C^-1
a. 570 J *C^-1
b. 912 J *C^-1
c. 722 J *C^-1
d. 388 J *C^-1
e. 494 J *C^-1
The heat capacity of the dry bomb calorimeter assambly is 8.966 KJ as given by the formula Q=mCΔT.
The quantity of warmth (Q) transferred to or from an item may be calculated the usage of the formula:Q=mCΔT. Where m is the mass of the item, C is the precise warmness of the the item, and ΔT is the alternate in temperature of the item
The precise warmness (C) of a substance (additionally called the warmth capacity) is the quantity of warmth had to growth the temperature of the substance with the aid of using 1°C.
Here we have mass = 1950 gC= 4.18 J 9^-1*C^-1ΔT = 1.10 Now Q=mCΔT = 1950 * 4.18 J 9^-1* 1.10 = 8.966 KJ.Read more about heat;
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How many moles of PbCl2 are
produced when 16 moles AlCl3 are
consumed?
3Pb(NO3)2 + 2AICI3 → 3PbCl2 + 2Al(NO3)3
?] mol PbCl₂
24 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] are created when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are used up.
According to the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are required to produce 3 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]. Therefore, if 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed, the amount of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] produced would be:
(16 mol [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) x (3 mol [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] / 2 mol [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) = 24 mol [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]
Therefore, 24 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] are produced when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed.
Using the balanced chemical equation, we can determine the amount of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] produced when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed:
3Pb(NO3)2 + 2 [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] → 3PbCl2 + 2Al(NO3)3
From the equation, we see that 2 moles of AlCl3 produce 3 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]. To find the amount of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] produced by 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex], set up a proportion:
(3 moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]) / (2 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) = (x moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex]) / (16 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex])
Cross-multiply and solve for x:
(3 moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex])(16 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]) = (2 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex])(x moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex])
48 moles [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] = 32 moles [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] = 24 moles PbCl2
So, when 16 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] are consumed, 24 moles of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] are produced.
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Predict the charge that a strontium ion would have. 2- 1+ 2+ 4 - 6-
The charge that a strontium ion would have is +2.
The strontium atom has a 38th atomic number. A metal called strontium reacts with water and burns in the air.
The strontium atom's electrical structure is [Kr]2s².
Two electrons are located in the fifth outer orbital of the strontium atom.
Clearly demonstrate that the strontium ion's electrical configuration is Sr(+2).
The two electrons from the outermost 5S orbital fly out when strontium enters an ionic state.
because the potential energy in this outermost orbital is the largest.
Therefore, we can state that the strontium ion will have a 2+ charge.
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If 17.5 moles of ethanol were produced, how many moles of glucose were there in the beginning?
12 moles of glucose are needed to make 1 mole of ethanol. Therefore, 17.5 moles of ethanol are equivalent to 12 x 17.5 moles, or 8.5 moles of glucose. Thus, there were 8.5 moles of glucose at the start.
The molecular weight of ethanol is 46.069 amu. The molar mass of ethanol is 46.069 g/mol because it has 2 mol of carbon atoms (2 12.011 g), 6 mol of hydrogen atoms (6 1.0079 g), and 1 mol of oxygen atoms (1 15.9994 g) in each mole. Hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid are produced when the enzyme glucose oxidase interacts with glucose, water, and oxygen. The chromogen can then be oxidized with hydrogen peroxide, and the amount of oxygen used can be calculated to determine how much hydrogen peroxide is needed.
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Describe the characteristic electron-domain geometry of each of the following numbers of electron domains about a central atom:
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Answer:
lá water lá soma de lá numbers
my inglês estadus unidos
The electron-domain geometry of the number are trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral.
What is electron domain geometry?Electron domain geometry is defined as the configurations of atoms or electrons in three dimensions that revolve around a primary atom. Electron groups are another name for electron domains. Whether a bond be a single, double, or triple bond makes no difference as to where it is located. In contrast to molecular geometry, which uses only the bonds in a molecule, electron geometry is obtained utilizing both lone electron pairs and bonds in a molecule.
Four of the five geometries linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral are referred to as electron group geometries. Trigonal bipyramidal electrical geometry is shared by all molecules with five electron domains. A trigonal planar electron geometry will always be adopted by three electron clouds.
Thus, the electron-domain geometry of the number are trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral.
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how would you know if a grignard reagent has reacted with water? (select all that apply) how would you know if a grignard reagent has reacted with water? (select all that apply) a bright yellow precipitate will form a white precipitate will form the reaction mixture will turn purple the reaction mixture will solidify
A proton replaces the halogen in the Grignard reagent's reaction with water, producing an alkane as the end result.
What happens if the Grignard comes into contact with oxygen or water?In a straightforward acid-base reaction, your Grignard will react with any traces of water in your solvent to produce the conjugate acid of your Grignard (an alkane or alkene/arene) and a (much less basic) hydroxide ion.
What circumstances must exist for a Grignard reaction?Alkyl or alkenyl halides and magnesium metal react to produce Grignard reagents. They react with electrophiles like epoxides and carbonyl molecules (aldehydes, ketones, esters, carbon dioxide, etc.) and are excellent nucleophiles.
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A cation is a negatively charged atom.
Positively charged ions are known as cations.Negatively charged ions are referred to as anions.A charged atom or molecule is an ion.
Are atoms with anions negatively charged?Ions are any atoms or clusters of atoms with just an electric charge.Positively charged ions are referred to as cations.Ions with a negative charge are known as anion.
What distinguishes a cation from an anion?A molecule or atom that's also negatively charged is known as an anion.A positively charged atom or molecule is referred to as a cation.Ions include both anions and cations.
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what is energy coupling a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an
When one reaction or system drives another with the energy it produces, this is known as energy coupling. Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a membrane that is semi-permeable.
Chemiosmosis is the passage of ions down their electrochemical gradient over a structure bound to a semipermeable membrane. The production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the passage of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during photosynthesis or cellular respiration is a significant illustration.
When ions move through a channel, an ion gradient with potential energy can be employed to drive chemical reactions (red).
A gradient of protons' electrochemical concentrations across a membrane can be used to produce ATP. Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from a location of high proton concentration to a region of low proton concentration. The term "chemiosmosis" refers to a process that is similar to osmosis and involves the passage of water across a selective membrane.
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what is the atomic number of this atom???
The atomic number of this atom is 3.
Atomic Number =Number of Protons .
Here protons=3, Neutrons=4 and Electrons=3. So, The atomic number of this atom is 3.
What is Atomic Number?The charge number of an atomic nucleus is the chemical element's atomic number, also known as nuclear charge number (symbol Z). This is equivalent to the proton number (np), or the number of protons present in the nucleus of each atom of that element, for conventional nuclei.
Ordinary chemical elements can be uniquely identified by their atomic number. The atomic number and the number of electrons are both equal in a regular, uncharged atom.
The atomic mass number A of a regular atom is calculated by adding its neutron number N and neutron number Z. Since the mass of electrons is negligible for many uses, protons and neutrons have roughly equal masses, thus the mass defect of a nucleon.
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which one of the following elements is most likely to form a 2– ion?
The element that is able to form a divalent negative ion in the list is selenium. Option A
What element forms the ion?We know that an ion can be formed when there is the loss or gain of electrons from an atom. When electrons are lost from atom what we have is a positive ion and when electrons are gained in an atom what we have is a negative ion.
The magnitude of the charge on the ion would have to do with the number of the electrons that have been lost or gained by the atom that we are looking at.
We know that a divalent negative ion can be formed by the atoms that belong to group sixteen of the periodic table hence we look out for the members of that group and a typical example of that is selenium. This element is one of the elements found in group sixteen.
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lewis structure of isopropanol
The isopropanol molecule comprises a total of 11 bond three non-H bonds, one hydroxyl group, and one secondary alcohol are present in the lewis structure of isopropanol.
The most popular and commonly used disinfectant in pharmaceutics, hospitals, cleanrooms, and electronics or medical device manufacture is isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol), sometimes known as isopropanol or IPA. The arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold them together make up a molecule's chemical structure. Isopropyl alcohol quickly kills bacteria, fungi, and viruses, especially in concentrations between 60% and 90% alcohol and 10–40% filtered water. Alcohol concentrations below 50% are no longer very useful for disinfection. An empty or full bonding, antibonding, or lone pair orbital can function as a donor, as can a filled bonding or lone pair orbital.
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determine the theoretical yield of hcl if 60.0 g of bcl3 and 37.5 g of h2o are reacted according to the following balanced reaction. a possibly useful molar mass is bcl3 117.16 g/mol and h2o is 18.02 g/mol.
A chemical reaction's theoretical yield is the amount of product obtained from the direct conversion of limiting reactant. The amount of HCl produced has a theoretical yield of 56.06 grammes of HCl.
what is Justification for theoretical yield calculations?Determine what portion of the product should be created using stoichiometry before you can compute the percent yield. The product quantity that may be produced at optimum efficiency with the specified reactant amounts is known as the theoretical yield.
What does yield formula mean?By placing income in the numerator or cost (or market value) in the denominator of the percent yield equation, one can determine the yearly income return on an investment. Equation for percentage yield: Dividend payout Ratio / Share Price multiplied by 100. Coupon / Bond Price multiplied by 100.
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Rank the crystal lattice structures in order of decreasing efficiency of space in the structure. Rank from most to least efficient use of space. To rank Items as equivalent, overlap them. View Available Hint(s) Reset Help body-centered cubic hexagonal close packing face-centered cubic simple cubic Most efficient use of space Least officient use of space The correct ranking cannot be determined
Crystal lattice structures in order of decreasing efficiency of space in the structure are hexagonal close packing, face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and simple cubic.
The crystal lattice refers to the symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules within a crystalline solid as points. It is the geometrical arrangement of the atoms, ions, or molecules of the crystalline solid as points in space. In crystallography, the packing efficiency of crystals is calculated by atomic packing factor which is the fraction of volume or space occupied by atom in a unit cell and is given by:
APF = Volume of atoms in unit cell/Volume of unit cell
The known values of the atomic packing factor are:
The atomic packing factor for simple cubic (SC) is 52%.The atomic packing factor for body-centered cubic (BCC) is 68%.The atomic packing factor for face-centered cubic (FCC) is 74%.The atomic packing factor for hexagonal close packing (HCP) is74%.Hence,
The fraction of free space or volume = 100% - Atomic packing factor
For simple cubic (SC) = 100% - 52% = 48%.For body-centered cubic (BCC) = 100% - 68% = 32%.For face-centered cubic (FCC) = 100% - 74% = 26%.For hexagonal close packing (HCP) = 100% - 74% = 26%.Hence in the decreasing order of efficiency of space is HCP, FCC, BCC, and SC.
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Draw the structure(s) of the major organic product(s) of the following reaction. 1. LiAlH4 / dry Et O -H 2. aqueous HCI • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • If no reaction occurs, draw the organic starting material. • Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu
Structure and the reaction is in the attached photo.
Amides, RCONR'2, can be reduced to the amine, RCH2NR'2 by conversion of the C=O to -CH2-. Amides can be reduced by LiAlH4 but not the with the less reactive NaBH4. Some of the reagents are LiAlH4 / ether solvent, followed by water.
This reduction reaction is different from the different to that of other C=O compounds which reduce to alcohols like in esters.
Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride are the two most frequent sources of the hydride nucleophile (NaBH4).
The presence of a polar metal-hydrogen bond in these reagents acts as a source of hydride rather than the hydride anion, which is absent during this reaction. Since the Al-H bond in LiAlH4 is more polar and aluminium is less electronegative than boron, LiAlH4 is a more potent reducer.
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why is the lattice energy of potassium bromide more exothermic than the lattice energy of rubidium iodide?
The energy produced when two gaseous ions with opposing charges combine to form an ionic solid is referred to as lattice energy. An exothermic reaction occurs when the two ions attract one another, releasing energy. Coulomb's law is widely used to lattice energy, which can be fairly complex.
Lattice energy, according to the alternative definition, is the energy released during the opposing process of gaseous ions joining together to create an ionic solid. This process will always be exothermic, as suggested by the definition, and as a result, the lattice energy value will be negative. With more ion charge and shorter distances, lattice energy rises. More specifically, it rises through periods from left to right and from bottom to top for groups.
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