Answer:
Grignard reagents are made through the addition of magnesium metal to alkyl or alkenyl halides. The halide can be Cl, Br, or I (not F). It’s slightly easier to make Grignards from the iodides and bromides, however. Note what’s happening here – the magnesium is “inserting” itself between the carbon and the halide. This halide the “X” referred to when we refer to Grignard reagents as “RMgX”.
formation-of-grignard-reagents-from-alkyl-or-alkenyl-halides
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Aldehydes To Give Secondary Alcohols
One of the most common uses of Grignard reagents is in their reaction with aldehydes and ketones to form alcohols. In the first step, the Grignard forms the carbon-carbon bond. This results in an alkoxide (the conjugate base of an alcohol). To form the alcohol, it’s necessary to add acid at the end of the reaction (in what’s called the “workup” step). This is shown here as “H3O+” (the “X” is just the counter-ion, a spectator here)
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-aldehydes-to-give-secondary-alcohols
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Ketones To Give Tertiary Alcohols
The reaction behaves similarly with ketones. Again, there’s nothing special about the Cl here – it all depends on how you made the Grignard in the first place.
eaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-ketones-to-give-tertiary-alcohols
Grignards Add Twice To Esters And Acid Halides
Grignard reagents will also add to esters. What makes these reactions a little more complicated is that they add twice. The net result (after addition of acid) is a tertiary alcohol. This is also the case for acid halides (acyl halides) and anhydrides. One notable exception is carboxylic acids (more on that below).
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-esters-to-give-tertiary-alcohols-double-addition
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-acid-halides-to-give-tertiary-alcohols-double-addition
Addition Of Grignard Reagents To Epoxides
Another important reaction of Grignard reagents is that they will add to epoxides to form carbon-carbon bonds. One thing to keep in mind here is that the tendency is for them to add to the less substituted end of the epoxide – that is, the less sterically hindered end. You can think of this reaction as being essentially similar to an SN2 reaction. After addition of acid, an alcohol is obtained.
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-epoxides-to-give-alcohols
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Carbon Dioxide To Give Carboxylic Acids
Grignard reagents also add to carbon dioxide (CO2) to form carboxylates, in a reaction similar to their reactions with ketones and aldehydes. The carboxylates are converted to carboxylic acids after addition of acid (such as our trusty H3O(+) ).
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-co2-carbon-dioxide-to-give-carboxylic-acids
Grignard Reagents Are Strong Bases – Protonation (And Deuteration)
Finally, since Grignard reagents are essentially the conjugate bases of alkanes, they’re also extremely strong bases. This means that sometimes acid-base reactions can compete with their nucleophilic addition reactions. One common situation where this crops up is when Grignard reagents are added to carboxylic acids. It’s easy to forget that carboxylic acids… are acids. This means that instead of adding to the carbonyl, they react with the proton instead and form the carboxylate salt.
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-acidic-hydrogens-acids-to-incorporate-h-and-deuterium
This can also be used to convert alkyl halides to alkanes. First you treat it with magnesium, and then you treat the Grignard with a strong acid. This gives you the alkane. You can also use this to introduce deuterium (D) into molecules! The first step is to make the Grignard reagent. The second is to treat that Grignard with a deuterated acid such as D2O. This gives you the deuterated alkane!
Mechanism: Addition Of Grignard Reagents To Aldehydes And Ketones
So how does it work? The key to the Grignard reagent is actually very simple. When you think about the relative electronegativities of carbon (2.5) and magnesium (1.1), the bond between carbon and magnesium is polarized toward carbon. That means that carbon is more electron rich than magnesium and is actually nucleophilic! Here’s a closer look.
mechanism-for-addition-of-grignard-reagents-to-aldehydes-or-ketones
In the reaction of Grignards with aldehydes, the carbon attacks the carbonyl carbon and performs a 1,2-addition to give an alkoxide. In the second step, acid is added to give you the alcohol.
Thermal energy always moves from a greater energy level to a lesser energy level
Theory or law?
Give an explanation please
Answer:
[tex]\fbox{Law -Based \: on \: laws \: of \: thermodynamic}[/tex]
Explanation:
At constant pressure Thermal energy always moves from a greater energy level to a lesser energy level, laws of thermodynamics prove that.
Nature always likes to attain equilibrium either it's movement of heat energy or flow of water from higher region to lower region. The first and second law of thermodynamics are profe of that, the first law says that the total energy of universe is Constant. Energy can not be destroyed it always changes from one form to another, by work and heat. The second law explains why thermal energy moves from a greater energy level to a lesser energy level, it deals with the change in entropy of a system and surrounding and states heat flows from hot environment to cold environment.
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Lithium Oxide (Li2O) is a highly reactive chemical species which reacts to give electrons to other atoms, following a general reaction scheme of:
Li2O + X → LiX + O2
Data were collected from a series of reactions involving lithium oxide and one other element.
Which statement is best supported by the evidence in the table?
The ionization energy of oxygen is lower than that of boron, beryllium, and lithium.
The electronegativity of oxygen is lower than that of fluorine, carbon, and nitrogen.
The electronegativity of oxygen is higher than that of boron, beryllium, and lithium.
The ionization energy of oxygen is higher than that of fluorine, carbon, and nitrogen.
Answer:
I think that A is the correct answer might not be
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Consider the following equilibrium:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + 92 kJ
The forward reaction is
Select one:
a.
exothermic and entropy is increasing.
b.
exothermic and entropy is decreasing.
c.
endothermic and entropy is constant.
d.
endothermic and entropy is increasing.
e.
endothermic and entropy is decreasing.
Answer:
b.exothermic and entropy is decreasing
2C6H6 + 1502 →12CO2 + 6H20
Calculate the number of moles of C6H6 needed to produce 50.0g of water.
Show steps
Answer:
.926 moles
Explanation:
Rounding :
H2 0 = 18 gm/mole
50 gm would then be 50 / 18 = 2.7777 moles of water
every two moles of 2 C6H6 produces 6 moles of water
2.7777/6 * 2 = .926 moles
Which type of reaction is shown?
(1 point)
Fission is shown because mass is being converted into energy as nuclei combine
Fission is shown because nuclei are being split into smaller and smaller places
Fusion is shown because mass is being converted into onergy as nuclei combine
Fusion is shown because nuclei are being split into smaller and smaller places,
According to the image in this question, the type of reaction shown is that of fission because nuclei are being split into smaller and smaller places.
What is nuclear fission?Nuclear fission in radioactivity is the process whereby the nuclei of atoms split into smaller particles.
In the above diagram, an atom of uranium is labeled and its nucleus is shown to split into smaller particles in succession.
Therefore, the reaction exemplifies a nuclear fission because nuclei are being split into smaller and smaller places.
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How many molecules of methane (CH4) do you need to burn in order to get 9.03 x 1023
molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)? Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mol.
CH4 + O2 - CO2 + 2H2O
Answer:
9.03*10^23 molecules CH4
Explanation:
In the equation CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O, the molar ratio of CH4 to CO2 is 1:1. It takes 1 mole of CH4 burned to form 1 mole of CO2. If we convert molecules to moles, we do 9.03 x 10^23 divided by 6.02 x 10^23 = 1.5 moles of CO2. Since we know the ratio is 1:1, that meant it would take 1.5 moles of CH4 burned to make that much CO2. So we convert our 1.5 moles of CH4 into molecules by multiplying 1.5 * 6.02 x 10^23 which equals 9.03*10^23 molecules CH4.
What does an electrostatic force do?
A. An electrostatic force attracts oppositely charged particles.
B. An electrostatic force holds particles together by sharing
electrons.
C. An electrostatic force holds particles of the same charge together.
D. An electrostatic force attracts particles via gravitational pull.
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
Opposite charged particles attract.
Particles of same charge are repelled.
Answer:
attracts opposites (a)
Explanation:
Which of the following sets of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) cannot occur within an atom of gallium?
A. 4, 0, 0, ½
b. 4, 2, 1, ½
c. 4, 1, 1, ½
d. 4, 1, 2, ½
e. 4, 3,1, 1/2
The following sets of quantum numbers ( n, I, ml, ms ) that cannot occur within an atom of gallium are :
4, 2, 1, ½ ( B ) 4, 1, 2, ½ ( D ) 4, 3,1, 1/2 ( E )Determine the sets of quantum numbers that cannot occur within an atom of gallium
Given that
Ga ( 31 ) = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p¹
[ 4r ] 3d¹⁰ 4s²4p¹
where : n = principal quantum numbers, l = azimuthal quantum numbers, ml = magnetic quantum numbers, ms = spin quantum numbers.
For option B
Given that 4d shell is absent for Gallium the set cannot occur within the atom of Gallium
For Option D and E
All quantum number cannot occur here because the value of l = 2 for option D while for option E the value of l = 3
Hence we can conclude that sets of quantum numbers ( n, I, ml, ms ) that cannot occur within an atom of gallium are as listed above.
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A molecule that is either cycloheptane or cycloheptene is treated with bromine and the sample immediately absorbs the red bromine color—which compound is present?
The compound that is most likely present when treated with bromine and the sample absorbs the red bromine color is ; Cycloheptene
What is cyclohepteneCycloheptene is an unsaturated colorless oily liquid which is insoluble in water it absorbs Bromine when used in performing unsaturation test due it unsaturated nature.
The red bromine color will be absorbed when used to treat Cycloheptene but will not be absorbed when used to treat cycloheptane due to its saturated nature.
Hence we can conclude that the compound that is present is Cycloheptene.
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Between 1988 and 2019, the pH of the ocean hasQuestion 2 options:
decreased by 0.5 pH units.
decreased by 20 pH units.
increased by 0.25 pH units.
decreased by 0.05 pH units.
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
The ocean is becoming more acid, which means the pH is decreasing. In that time frame it has decreased by about 0.05
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: 2H2O2 --> O2(g) + 2H2O(l) How many molecules of water are produced from the decomposition of 3.4g of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2?
Answer:
Explanation:
You have the equation. Now change the 3.4 g H2 to moles. moles = grams/molar mass
3.4 g/2.016 = 1.686 moles.
Now using the coefficients in the balanced equation, convert moles H2O2 to moles H2O.
1.686 moles H2 x (2 moles H2O/2 moles H2O2) = 1.686 x (2/2) = 1.686 x (1/1) = 1.686 moles H2O.
Now you know that 1 mole of water is composed of 6.022 x 10^23 molecules. So
1.686 moles H2O x (6.022 x 10^23 molecules H2O/1 mole H2O) = ?? molecules.
If a solution has a poh of 5.2 the [oh-] of the solution is
Answer:
6x10^-6 M
Explanation:
The relationship between pOH and [OH-] is
pOH = -log[OH-]
Solving this equation for [OH-] is
[OH-] = 10^-pOH
Plugging in the pOH makes
[OH-] = 10^-5.2
= 6.31x10^-6
Rounding to 1 sig fig since pOH and pH sig figs are only the number of decimals means to round to 1 sig fig or
6 x 10^-6 M
you find a mysterious white powder in your kitchen. it could be cream of tartar (pH=5), sugar (pH=7), baking soda (pH=8), or drain cleaner (pH=14). explain which pH indicator(s) you would use to determine the unknown substance.
The pH indicators that would be used to determine the unknown substance are :
Litmus Methyl orangePhenol RedpH IndicatorsThe pH indicators that can be used to identify the mysterious white powder in the kitchen must be an acid-base indicator such as Litmus or other form of effective pH indicators like methyl orange and Phenol red.
The pH value of the substance as indicated by the acid-base indicators will help to determine what the mysterious white powder is based on the varying pH of the substances resembling the white powder.
Hence we can conclude that The pH indicators that would be used to determine the unknown substance are :Litmus , Methyl orange, Phenol Red.
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How many molecules are in 2.0 moles?
Answer:
12 or 1.24e
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For the reaction, determine the equilibrium constant and identify if the reaction is reactant or product favored at equilibrium
[tex]\qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}[/tex]
Let's calculate Equilibrium constant for the following reaction. [tex] \sf{K_c} [/tex]
if we balance the equation, we will get :
[tex] \qquad\sf{C_{(s)}+ CO_2\:{(g)} \leftrightarrow2\: CO_{(g)}} [/tex]
According to question ~
[tex] \qquad \sf{K_c = \dfrac{[CO]²}{[CO_2]}} [/tex][tex] \qquad \sf{K_c = \dfrac{({5.4×10}^{-5})²}{({8.3×{10}^{-6}}} }[/tex][tex] \qquad \sf{K_c = \dfrac{(29.16×{10}^{-10})}{({8.3×{10}^{-6}}}} [/tex][tex] \qquad \sf{K_c = \dfrac{{29.16 }}{{8.3}} ×{10}^{-4}}[/tex][tex] \qquad \sf K_c = 3.51×{10}^{-4} [/tex]Brainliest to whoever answerers in time
Fireworks release A LOT of energy when they burn. According to the National Fire Protection Association, even a small sparkler can heat surroundings to more than 1,200ºF. What could make the combustion of gunpowder produce THAT MUCH heat?
Draw a model, create a graph, or write an explanation that includes:
How energy flows between the firework system and surroundings when bonds are broken and formed.
How the energy of breaking bonds compares relatively to the energy of bond formation in the combustion of gunpowder.
Explanation:
☹︎The base form (or root) of a verb is the form listed in the dictionary. It is the version of the verb without any endings (endings such as -s, -ing, and ed). The base form is the same as the infinitive (e.g., to walk, to paint, to think) but without the to.
21.10g of NaOH and Ba3(OH)2 mixture is dissolved water to prepare 1.0dm³ Solution. To neutralize 25.OO mL of this solution needs 0.5 moldm-³ HCl 15.00mL. calculate the percentage of NaOH by mass in the mixture.
From the equation of te reaction, we know that the mass percent of NaOH in the mixture is 1.4%.
What is neutralization?Neutralization is a reaction that occurs between an acid and a base to yield salt and water only.
In tis case, the reaction of the NaOH and HCl occurs as follows; NaOH + HCl ----> NaCl + H2O
Number of moles of HCl reacted = 15/1000 * 0.5 moldm-³ = 0.0075 moles
Since the reaction is 1:1, 0.0075 moles of NaOH reacted.
Mass of NaOH = 0.0075 moles of NaOH * 40 g/mol = 0.3 g
Percent of NaOH = 0.3 g/21.10g * 100/1 = 1.4%
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A 50g of ethanol alcohol is cooled. if the amount of heat released is 4880 J, find the change in temperature if the specific heat of ethanol is 2.44 J/g.K?
Answer:
∆ in temperature= 40K
Explanation:
H = mc∆€
m= 50g
c = 2.44 J/g.K
∆€= ?
H= 4880
∆€= 4880/(50×2.44)
∆€= 40K
Draw the Lewis structure for sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4
Notes:-
S has Z=16Electronic configuration
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴So
Valency is 4 and 6Three fluorine atoms take 3 electrons and one lone pair present over S As one electron remains unshared so we use + sign .What mass, in grams, of sodium sulfate is needed to make 234.9 g of a 1.7 % (m/m) aqueous solution of sodium sulfate?
Answer:
I think its this 4.125 g Na2SO4 or this 4.125 g
particles in the liquid state have _________ IM attractive forces than in the gas state
Answer:
Particles in the liquid state have greater IM attractive forces than in the gas state.
If the pressure inside a hyperbaric chamber is 3.0 atm, what is the volume, in liters, of the chamber containing 2600 g of O2 at 26 °C?
Moles of O_2
2600g/32gmol^{-1}81.25molNow
[tex]\\ \rm\Rrightarrow V=\dfrac{nRT}{P}[/tex]
[tex]\\ \rm\Rrightarrow V=\dfrac{81.25(26)(8.314)}{3}[/tex]
[tex]\\ \rm\Rrightarrow V=5854.4L[/tex]
The volume of the gas in the chamber is equal to 664.36 L.
What is the ideal gas equation?The ideal gas law is defined as an equation of the state of an ideal gas. This equation is written as the product of the volume and pressure of 1 mole gas is equal to the product of the gas constant and absolute temperature of the gas.
The mathematical formula of the ideal gas law is as follows:
PV = nRT
Where n is the moles of gas, V is the volume of the gas, R is the gas constant and P is the pressure.
The temperature of the gas in the chamber, T = 26° C = 299 K
The pressure of the gas, P = 3 atm
The value of the gas constant, R = 0.082 atm L/K mol
The number of moles of a given gas, n = 2600/32 = 81.25 mol
Substituting the values n, R, P, and T in the equation, we get:
3 × V = 81.25 × 0.082 × 299.15
V = 664.36 L
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Why do scientists listen to ocean around plate boundary?
Answer:
Scientists discovered that when the locations of earthquakes were plotted on a world map, these locations occurred in a pattern, or variety of patterns.
Explanation:
Explain the four basic types of chemical reactions. Be sure to include a sample equation for each type.
Acid Base reaction (Neutralization reaction)
it is the reaction between acid and base which neutralize each other to give salt and water.
example: Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide --------> sodium chloride + water
HCl + NaOH--------> NaCl + H2O
what happens when ethanol reacts with alkaline potassium permanganate?
Answer:When ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (alkaline KMnO 4) or acidified potassium dichromate (acidified K 2 Cr 2 O 7), ethanoic acid is formed. Alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate are strong oxidising agents, as they provide oxygen for oxidising other substances in the reaction
Explanation:
If a sample originally had 120 atoms of carbon-14, how many atoms will remain after 17,145 years? Assume the half life of C14 is 5715 years.
Answer:
15 atoms left after 3 half lives
Explanation:
17145 y / 5715 y/halflife = 3 half lives
(1/2)^3 = 1/8 of original is left
1/8 ( 120 atoms) = 15 atoms left
Can you think of an specific adaptations plants have made to survive in unique conditions?
Answer:
Plant Adaptations is a unique feature a plant has that allows it to live and survive in its own particular habitat (the place that it lives). Desert Plant Adaptations – Plant Adaptation is really a unique have a plant has that enables it to reside and survive in the own particular habitat (the area it lives).
Explanation:
An atom has the amount of 50 electrons, what is the value of the principal quantum number
Explanation:
The atomic number of Uranium is 92. The electron configuration is: [U] = [Rn] 5f3; 7s4 where Radon Rn has 86 electrons and a complete period. This result is respecting the Madelung. BUT … U is an exception !!!
On the period 7 are only 6 electron left for Uranium (92–86). The first 2 electrons are on the principal energy level 7 and occupy the 7s-orbital block. The 3rd electron is placed in the 5f-orbital block. The next 3 electrons are place here as well. The last electron has the unique quantum label (n; l; ml; s) = (5; 3; 0; 0)
To understand this: The first electron of the 5f-orbital block has the label (5; 3, -3; 0). The following electrons have the labels (5; 3; -2, 0), (5; 3; -1; 0), (5; 2; 0; 0). You notice, that the HUND’S RULE is satisfied. ( I always use head 0 before tail 1 to represent the spin.) The f-orbital block is made up of 7 orbitals and therefore can be filled up by at most 14 electrons. When the first electron has the spin 0 then the next 6 electrons must also have the spin 0. With the electron 8 you get the label (5; 3; -3, 1) which tells us, that the spin is opposite to 0. It must be 1. The next 6 electrons also will have spin 1 but are placed in the orbitals -2; -1; 0; 1; 2; 3. Their labels are: (5; 3; -2; 1), (5; 3; -1; 1), (5; 3; 0; 1), (5; 3; 1; 1), (5; 3; 2; 1) and (5; 3; 3; 1) Now the f-block is full !!!
ANSWER: The last electron of U has the label (5; 3; 0; 0). BUT … !!!!!
I hope that you can verify now the correctness of the answer by yourself according to the Madelung.
Please, apply the definitions of the 4 quantum numbers correctly by also respecting the MANDELUNG’S RULE, the OCTET RULLE, the HUND’S RULE.
NOTICE: The Madelung has 21 exceptions. (Wikipedia lists only 20 and treats Ni not as an exception)
Cr, Ni, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, (Pd), Ag, Pt, Au and
La, Ce, Gd, Ac, (Th), Pa, U, Np, Cm, Lr.
In the first group listed: 1 electron moves inwards. In the second group listed: 1 electron moves outwards. Pd and Th have 2 moving electron each. YOU CAN SEE, THAT U IS AN EXCEPTION !!!
CORRECT ANSWER: The last electron of U has the label (6; 2; 0; 0). Can you see the moving electron ??? ❮❮(5; 3; 0; 0) becomes (6; 2; 0; 0)❯❯ Can you see the moving outwards ???
The 21 exception were discovered with spectral analysis. The MADELUNG is not a principle !!! It is only a very simple rule to memorise the electron configurations. By respecting the exceptions, you can correct you Madelung answer !!! Learn the 21 exceptions by heart !
Did you get it ??? (6; 2; 0; 0) is the label of the last electron of U.
What are ways in which the body is gain and loses soduim?
Answer:
You gain sodium basically through the food you eat and lose it basically by excretion through urine,sweat
How much work, , must be done on a system to decrease its volume from 19.0 L to 11.0 L by exerting a constant pressure of 6.0 atm?
w = ________ kJ
Answer:
Explanation:
w = 16.0KJ
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