Issuing bonds: Positive cash flow. When a company issues bonds, it receives cash from the bondholders in exchange for the bonds.
Sale of treasury stock: Positive cash flow. When a company sells its treasury stock, it receives cash from the buyer of the stock.
Loan from a financial institution: Positive cash flow. When a company takes out a loan from a financial institution, it receives cash from the lender.
Cash from new stock issued: Positive cash flow. When a company issues new stock, it receives cash from the investors purchasing the stock.
Redemption of company issued bonds: Negative cash flow. When a company redeems its own bonds, it pays cash to bondholders to retire the bonds.
Purchase of treasury stock: Negative cash flow. When a company buys its own stock as treasury stock, it uses cash to acquire the stock from the market.
Repayment of existing loans: Negative cash flow. When a company repays existing loans, it uses cash to pay off the principal and interest owed to the lenders.
Repurchase of existing stock: Negative cash flow. When a company repurchases its own stock, it uses cash to buy back the stock from the shareholders.
In summary, issuing bonds, sale of treasury stock, loan from a financial institution, and cash from new stock issued result in positive cash flows, while redemption of company issued bonds, purchase of treasury stock, repayment of existing loans, and repurchase of existing stock result in negative cash flows.
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Which type of tax is also known as municipal tax? Taxes at the_____level are known as municipal taxes. The two main components of this tax are tax__and sales tax.
The type of tax that is also known as a municipal tax is property tax. Property tax consists of two main components: tax on real property and sales tax.
Municipal taxes refer to taxes imposed by local governments or municipalities on properties within their jurisdiction. The main type of tax that falls under this category is property tax.
Property tax is a tax assessed on real estate, including land and buildings. It is levied by local authorities, such as cities, towns, or counties, to generate revenue for funding local services and infrastructure. Property tax is a significant source of revenue for municipalities, and it helps fund services like schools, road maintenance, public safety, and local government operations.
The two main components of property tax are tax on real property and sales tax:
1. Tax on Real Property: This component of property tax is based on the assessed value of real estate. Local tax assessors determine the value of properties within their jurisdiction, and property owners are then obligated to pay a percentage of that assessed value as tax. The tax rate is typically expressed in mills (thousandths of a dollar) per dollar of assessed value.
2. Sales Tax: While property tax is the primary municipal tax, some municipalities also impose sales tax as an additional source of revenue. Sales tax is a tax imposed on the sale of goods and services. It is typically a percentage of the purchase price and is collected by businesses on behalf of the municipality.
Overall, municipal taxes, specifically property tax, play a crucial role in funding local government operations and services. They provide a stable source of revenue for municipalities to maintain and improve infrastructure, provide essential services, and support the overall development and well-being of the community.
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Share your own experience on how you became a Responsible Traveler.
Becoming a responsible traveler involves adopting a set of principles and practices that prioritize sustainability and respect for the places you visit. To embark on this journey, start by educating yourself about the environmental and cultural aspects of your destination.
Learn about local customs, traditions, and conservation efforts. By understanding the local context, you can make informed decisions that support the well-being of communities and minimize your impact on the environment.
When planning your trip, consider choosing accommodations, transportation, and tour operators that prioritize sustainability and responsible practices. Look for eco-friendly hotels, resorts, or guesthouses that have implemented measures to reduce their carbon footprint, conserve water, and support local communities. Opt for public transportation or eco-friendly transportation options when available, and minimize your use of single-use plastics.
During your travels, be respectful of local cultures and traditions. Dress appropriately, follow local customs, and engage in responsible tourism activities. Support local businesses and artisans by purchasing authentic souvenirs and locally produced goods, rather than contributing to the demand for cheap, mass-produced items that may harm local economies.
Lastly, strive to leave a positive impact on the environment and the communities you visit. Dispose of waste properly, participate in local conservation efforts, and support community-based initiatives. Consider volunteering or donating to local organizations that work towards environmental and social causes.
By incorporating these principles into your travel practices, you can become a responsible traveler, contributing to the preservation of natural and cultural heritage while promoting sustainable development in the places you visit.
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Incoterms were designed to be used within the context of a written contract for the sale of goods (not services). Incoterms, therefore, refer to the contract of sale, rather than the contract of carriage of the goods. Explain, in detail, any two INCO terms. e.g.: Explain who has possession and when, who does customs clearance if any, who is responsible for what and when; etc. (10 Marks)
The selection of an appropriate Incoterm depends on the specific needs and requirements of both the buyer and the seller in a particular trade transaction.
1. EXW (Ex Works):
EXW is an Incoterm where the seller's responsibility is minimal, and the buyer bears the majority of the responsibilities and costs throughout the shipment process.
- Delivery and Transfer of Risk: The seller makes the goods available at their own premises or another agreed-upon location. The buyer takes possession of the goods at that location. The seller's responsibility ends once the goods are made available.
- Customs Clearance: The buyer is responsible for arranging and completing all export and import customs formalities.
- Transportation: The buyer is responsible for arranging transportation, including selecting the carrier, freight forwarding, and bearing all related costs and risks.
- Insurance: The buyer is responsible for insuring the goods during transit unless otherwise agreed.
- Costs: The buyer bears all costs from the point of delivery, including loading the goods onto the transport vehicle, transport costs, export and import clearance fees, customs duties, and taxes.
2. FOB (Free on Board):
FOB is an Incoterm that places more responsibility on the seller compared to EXW, particularly in terms of transportation and costs associated with loading the goods onto the vessel.
- Delivery and Transfer of Risk: The seller is responsible for delivering the goods to a named port of shipment and loading them onto the vessel. The risk transfers from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass over the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
- Customs Clearance: The seller is responsible for export customs clearance.
- Transportation: The seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the main carriage of the goods to the named port of shipment. After the goods are loaded onto the vessel, the buyer assumes responsibility for transportation, including the costs and risks associated with the onward journey.
- Insurance: The buyer is responsible for insuring the goods during transit unless otherwise agreed.
- Costs: The seller bears the costs of loading the goods onto the vessel and export customs clearance. The buyer bears the costs and risks from the goods' delivery to the port of shipment, including transportation, loading costs, freight charges, import customs clearance, duties, and taxes.
It's important to note that Incoterms are just one aspect of a sales contract, and other terms related to payment, packaging, inspection, and documentation should also be addressed.
The selection of an appropriate Incoterm depends on the specific needs and requirements of both the buyer and the seller in a particular trade transaction.
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In what ways has climate change denialism impacted on Australian
government policy toward climate change? Illustrate your answer
with examples
Climate change denialism has had a significant impact on the Australian government policy towards climate change. Climate change denialism has influenced the Australian government policy towards climate change in several ways. Climate change denialism refers to the refusal to accept the scientific evidence of climate change, despite overwhelming evidence.
Climate change denialism has led to a delay in the implementation of climate policies, thereby increasing the risks associated with climate change.In Australia, climate change denialism has been perpetuated by powerful lobby groups that promote fossil fuel consumption and production. These groups have contributed to the development of a political culture that is hostile to climate action. This political culture has influenced the development of policies that support fossil fuel production and consumption, and that obstruct the implementation of climate policies.
Australia has been one of the few developed countries that have failed to take action on climate change. For example, Australia has been one of the few developed countries that have failed to adopt a carbon pricing scheme. The carbon pricing scheme was aimed at reducing carbon emissions by placing a price on carbon emissions. The scheme was an The government has also provided subsidies to fossil fuel companies, which has further increased the use of fossil fuels. This has been detrimental to the environment and has increased the risks associated with climate change.In conclusion, climate change denialism has had a significant impact on the Australian government policy towards climate change. Climate change denialism has led to the development of a political culture that is hostile to climate action. This has influenced the development of policies that support fossil fuel production and consumption and that obstruct the implementation of climate policies.
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MCO Leather manufactures leather purses. Each purse requires 2 pounds of direct materials at a cost of $4 per pound and 0.8 direct labor hour at a rate of $16 per hour. Variable overhead is budgeted at a rate of $2 per direct labor hour. Budgeted fixed overhead is $10,000 per month. The company’s policy is to end each month with direct materials inventory equaling 40% of next month’s requirements. At the end of August the company had 3,680 pounds of direct materials in inventory. The company’s production budget reports the following. DM per unit (pounds) DM Cost per pound DLHs per unit Direct Labor rate per hour 2 $4 0.80 $16 VOH rate per DLH Fixed Overhead Direct Materials requirement August ending inventory $2 $10,000 40% 3,680Production Budget September October November Units to produce 4,600 6,200 5,800
Prepare direct labor budgets and factory overhead for September and October.
Direct Labor Budget:Direct Labor Hours September October Budgeted Production Units4,6006,200Direct labor hours per unit0.80.8Total direct labor hours3,6804,960Direct labor rate$16$16Total direct labor cost$58,880$79,360Factory Overhead Budgets:
Variable overhead September October Direct labor hours4,9606,640Variable overhead rate$2$2Total variable overhead$9,920$13,280Fixed overhead Budgeted Fixed overhead cost$10,000$10,000Less: Depreciation expense$2,000$2,000Variable overhead expense$9,920$13,280Total Fixed overhead$78,080$85,720.
September Factory Overhead Budget Fixed overhead$78,080Variable overhead$9,920Total Factory overhead$88,000October Factory Overhead Budget Fixed overhead$85,720Variable overhead$13,280Total Factory overhead$99,000Note: DM = Direct Material; DLH = Direct Labor Hour; VOH = Variable Overhead; Units = Quantity.
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Which of the following is false if the fixed costs are larger than the variable costs? Sales cannot exceed supply Profit cannot exceed costs Profit cannot exceed revenue Profit cannot equal revenue Revenue cannot equal profit
While profit can exceed costs in this situation, it is still true that sales cannot exceed supply, profit cannot exceed revenue, profit cannot equal revenue, and revenue cannot equal profit.
The false statement among the given options is "Profit cannot exceed costs." In the scenario where fixed costs are larger than variable costs, profit can indeed exceed costs. However, it is important to note that the other statements are true: Sales cannot exceed supply, profit cannot exceed revenue, profit cannot equal revenue, and revenue cannot equal profit.
When fixed costs are greater than variable costs, the total costs incurred by the firm consist of both fixed costs and variable costs. As the firm generates revenue from sales, it deducts the variable costs first and then subtracts the fixed costs. If the revenue exceeds the sum of variable and fixed costs, the firm will earn a profit.
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3. What is the benefit of having individual State court systems for each State? Why not have uniformity within all States? Advocate for the continued recognition and use of state court systems. 4. The Federal Court system is complex. Having read about those courts address the following: a. Diversity of citizenship: Give one example of what this means in reference to federal court jurisdiction b. State two types of cases Federal courts ONLY (not state) have jurisdiction of with the exception of the diversity of citizenship cases.
State court systems vary from state to state, with each state having its own distinct court system. As a result, there is a lack of uniformity between different state court systems. However, having individual State court systems has several advantages, making it preferable to uniformity in all States. As a result, state courts are still commonly utilized and recognized today.
Advocates for the continued recognition and use of state court systems, which serves the following benefits to society, according to them:
State court systems are important for individual states because they allow for the development of individual state policies and a better understanding of local community values. The presence of distinct state court systems allows states to establish their own laws and regulations while reflecting local attitudes.
For example, if the residents of a state desire a particular law, the state can pass the legislation and enforce it through the state court system. This ability to legislate and enforce laws according to local values is an advantage of individual state court systems. If the United States court system were uniform across the country, local values would be ignored, and state autonomy would be compromised. In conclusion, individual state court systems are a critical element of local governance, legislation, and judicial administration in each state.
Federal court system handles cases on a larger scale. The federal court system is complex. Federal courts have the authority to hear a variety of cases, with the exception of some cases that only state courts can handle. One of the most notable features of the federal court system is diversity of citizenship, which means that a case involving a citizen of one state and a citizen of another state can be heard in federal court.
The defendant and plaintiff must be from two different states, and the amount of controversy must be over $75,000. Federal courts have jurisdiction over several types of cases, including bankruptcy, maritime cases, cases involving federal law, and cases involving federal property or the U.S. Constitution. They also have jurisdiction over any case that involves the federal government.
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revenue should be recognized. 10 Tapauit Sdn Bhd specializes in catering and delivery services around Bangi. The services are provided for lunch and dinner, from Monday to Friday. Weekly (five days) or monthly (20 days) orders must be made and paid five days in advance of delivery. Changes in the date of delivery or any cancellation must be made within 48 hours before the scheduled delivery. Cancellations made less than 48 hours are still considered as delivery. Refunds for cancellation will be made the following month, with a 10 per cent cancellation fee. Food is delivered in special Tapauit tiffins. Customers are charged a deposit of RM50 for the tiffins. The deposits are returned to the customers upon termination of services. Required: Comment by providing your justification whether the following recognition policies practised by Tapauit Sdn Bhd are in line with the requirements of the conceptual framework: (a) Revenue from services is recognized five days before delivery. (b) Tiffin deposits are recognized as revenue when payment is received from customers. (c) Cancellation fees are recognized as revenue while refunds made are recognized as losses. (d) Tapauit tiffins were bought in bulks at a special discounted price of RM55 per tiffin. Based on experience, the tiffins could be used for three years. Payments made to purchase tiffins were recognized as expenses in the period they were incurred.
Conceptual framework is a reference guide that sets the concepts of financial accounting. It provides accounting with an ethical foundation and directs it on how to identify, recognize, evaluate, and present financial transactions. The following recognition policies practised by Tapauit Sdn Bhd are as follows:
(a) Revenue from services is recognized five days before delivery. Recognition policies: Not in line with the requirements of the conceptual frameworkJustification: The Conceptual Framework demands that revenue be acknowledged when it is fairly certain that future financial advantages will flow to the organization. Five days before delivery does not guarantee that all orders will be delivered. In case a consumer cancels an order within 48 hours of delivery, a refund is made, which indicates that the revenue earned is not certain. Thus, it is not in line with the requirements of the conceptual framework.
(b) Tiffin deposits are recognized as revenue when payment is received from customers. Recognition policies: In line with the requirements of the conceptual frameworkJustification: The tiffin deposits are not to be regarded as revenue since they are considered as liabilities, and the business has an obligation to refund the deposit. As soon as a deposit is made, the company has a responsibility to return it when the customer terminates services.
(c) Cancellation fees are recognized as revenue while refunds made are recognized as losses. Recognition policies: Not in line with the requirements of the conceptual frameworkJustification: The company considers cancellation fees as revenue and refunds as losses, which contradicts the principles of the Conceptual Framework. The Conceptual Framework states that revenue should be recognized when a financial gain is possible in the future. In this instance, the company is anticipating revenue from a termination of services or a cancellation of a service, which is not consistent with the Conceptual Framework.
(d) Tapauit tiffins were bought in bulks at a special discounted price of RM55 per tiffin. Based on experience, the tiffins could be used for three years. Payments made to purchase tiffins were recognized as expenses in the period they were incurred. Recognition policies: In line with the requirements of the conceptual frameworkJustification: The payments made to purchase tiffins were recognized as expenses in the period they were incurred. According to the Conceptual Framework, expenditure should be recognized when there is an obligation to settle the costs, and it can be measured in a credible way. Therefore, it is in line with the requirements of the conceptual framework.
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the board of directors of oriole supply company declared a cash dividend of $1.50 per share on 46000 shares of common stock on july 15, 2025. the dividend is to be paid on august 15, 2025 to stockholders of record on july 31, 2025. the journal entry to be recorded on august 15, 2025 will include a
The journal entry on August 15, 2025, will be:
Dividends Payable (46000 shares x $1.50) debit
Cash (46000 shares x $1.50) credit
On August 15, 2025, the journal entry to record the cash dividend declared by Oriole Supply Company will include a debit to the Dividends Payable account and a credit to the Cash account. The Dividends Payable account represents the amount of dividends owed to the stockholders. By debiting this account, we reduce the liability. The Cash account is credited to reflect the payment made to the stockholders. This journal entry does not affect the common stock or the retained earnings accounts since it only involves the payment of the declared cash dividend. In summary, the journal entry on August 15, 2025, will be:
Dividends Payable (46000 shares x $1.50) debit
Cash (46000 shares x $1.50) credit
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as capital markets are becoming more integrated, the goal of shareholder wealth maximization a. has been given increasing importance by managers in europe b. has been shown to be a deterrent to raising funds abroad. c. has been altered to include other goals as well d. has lost out to other goals, even in the u.s.
The goal of shareholder wealth maximization in capital markets has been altered to include other goals as well. As capital markets become more integrated, managers in Europe have given increasing importance to this goal.
However, it has not been shown to be a deterrent to raising funds abroad. Additionally, in the US, shareholder wealth maximization has not lost out to other goals.
Overall, the goal of shareholder wealth maximization has evolved to include other objectives.
but it remains a significant focus for managers in Europe and the US, and it does not hinder raising funds abroad.
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As quality engineer you are asked to organize the following cost items into the categories of Quality Cost (Prevention, Appraisal, Internal Failures and External Failures). Items that are not quality cost should be grouped into non-quality cost category
Process capability evaluations
Quality improvement team meetings
Quality education and training
Routine maintenance
Code walkthrough
Supplier Audit
Incoming parts inspection
In-process inspection
Quality planning
Final inspection
Unit testing
Design Review
Scrap
Rework
Quality improvement projects
Re-inspection
Warranty claims
Re-testing
Downgrading products
Revising drawings
Processing customer complaints
Customer returns
Product recalls
Software update
Service level agreement penalties
Customer change request
New product release
Product design
User interface design
Design to manufacture transfer
Software upgrade
System enhancement
The categorization of the cost items into the categories of Quality Cost (Prevention, Appraisal, Internal Failures and External Failures) and non-quality cost:
Prevention Costs:
Process capability evaluationsQuality improvement team meetingsQuality education and trainingSupplier AuditIncoming parts inspectionIn-process inspectionQuality planningDesign ReviewQuality improvement projectsAppraisal Costs:
Unit testingRe-inspectionWarranty claimsRe-testingInternal Failure Costs:
ScrapReworkDowngrading productsRevising drawingsExternal Failure Costs:
Processing customer complaintsCustomer returnsProduct recallsSoftware updateService level agreement penaltiesNon-Quality Costs:
Customer change requestNew product releaseProduct designUser interface designDesign to manufacture transferSoftware upgradeSystem enhancementWhat are these cost categorizations ?Prevention Costs are costs incurred to prevent defects from occurring in the first place. Appraisal Costs are costs incurred to detect defects before they are shipped to customers.
Internal Failure Costs are costs incurred when defects are detected before they are shipped to customers. External Failure Costs are costs incurred when defects are shipped to customers. Non-Quality Costs are costs that are not directly related to quality.
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a $1 increase in government purchases will likely have a greater impact on real gdp than a $1 decrease in taxes because: (hint: don't forget about the mpc.) group of answer choices taxes vary directly with income. government spending increases the money supply, tax cuts do not a portion of a tax cut will be saved. government spending increases disposable income, tax cuts do not
A $1 increase in government purchases is likely to have a greater impact on real GDP than a $1 decrease in taxes due to the multiplier effect and the potential for saving a portion of tax cuts.
A $1 increase in government purchases is likely to have a greater impact on real GDP than a $1 decrease in taxes because of the concept of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
The MPC refers to the portion of an additional dollar of income that individuals choose to spend.
When the government increases purchases, it injects money into the economy, which increases the overall spending. This increase in spending leads to a multiplier effect, as the initial injection of money circulates through the economy, creating additional income and further increasing spending.
This results in a larger increase in real GDP.
On the other hand, when taxes are decreased by $1, individuals have the option to either spend or save the extra income. Some portion of the tax cut is likely to be saved, which reduces the immediate impact on spending and real GDP.
Additionally, tax cuts do not directly increase disposable income, as they are dependent on individual decisions regarding spending or saving.
In conclusion, a $1 increase in government purchases is likely to have a greater impact on real GDP than a $1 decrease in taxes due to the multiplier effect and the potential for saving a portion of tax cuts.
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1. Calculate profitability ratios, given the background data you have, and make sure to show your calculation and interpret the result in words (HINT - you should use the income statement to help you figure these out): a. Gross profit margin, a/k/a/ gross margin ratio. Show the calculation and describe what it means. b. Operating profit margin, a/k/a operating profit margin ratio-- how much profit a company makes after paying for variable costs of production such as wages, raw materials, etc. It shows the efficiency of a company controlling the costs and expenses associated with business operations. Show the calculation. 2. Given the lead time to receive orders, and the minimum order amount required each time, how much should McDonald expect to spend in startup to ensure he had enough inventory on hand to fulfill orders? Explain your reasoning. 3. What items would need to be paid before McDonald could give himself a salary? Explain. 4. Does this year 1 salary seem enough for McDonald? Explain, giving evidence from the case. 5. If you were advising McDonald, what should he be concerned about, both for starting up and running the business? 6. Should he start this business? Why or why not?
Given the data in the question, the following is the solution to the profitability ratios (a and b):
a. Gross profit margin, a/k/a/ gross margin ratio: The gross profit margin is calculated as (Gross Profit/ Sales Revenue) x 100%.
Therefore, Gross Profit Margin = (Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold) / Revenue x 100%
McDonald’s Gross profit margin = (500,000 - 140,000) / 500,000 x 100% = 72%.
This means that 72% of the revenue McDonald generates from his sales is used to cover all expenses related to the business.
b. Operating profit margin, a/k/a operating profit margin ratio: Operating profit margin is calculated by deducting Operating Expenses from Gross Profit and dividing the result by revenue and expressed as a percentage.
Operating Profit Margin = Operating Profit / Revenue × 100%
McDonald’s Operating profit margin = (500,000 – 140,000 – 200,000) / 500,000 x 100% = 32%.
This means that McDonald earns 32% of every dollar made after all the operating expenses have been accounted for. The operating margin is also an indicator of the efficiency of the company in controlling costs and expenses.
2. The inventory cost for the minimum order amount is ($2,000 / $40) x $8 = $400.
Thus, the total amount that McDonald would spend in startup to ensure he has enough inventory on hand to fulfill orders would be 50 x $400 = $20,000.
3. The items that McDonald would have to pay before giving himself a salary include taxes (income, sales, self-employment), rent, utilities, loan payments, suppliers, wages, and employee benefits, among others.
4. McDonald’s salary is not enough as it will not be sustainable. For instance, his salary is about $12,000 per annum, which is not enough to sustain him and his family given the high cost of living.
5. McDonald should be concerned about several issues before starting and running the business, including the following:
i. Financial constraints, including funding and costs management
ii. Competition from existing and new entrants in the market
iii. The demand and supply of the marketiv. Marketing and advertising, brandingv. Operational efficiencies, management of inventory and customer service
6. The decision to start this business depends on several factors. Based on the data provided, the business is viable, and there is a market for the product. However, the decision would depend on McDonald’s resources, risk appetite, competition, and marketing and branding strategies.
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INSTRUCTIONS: This exam has 15 MCQs and 2 subjective questions. Each MCQ is worth 2 marks. Each subjective question is worth 10 marks. All questions are compulsory. Notation: Y is the real aggregate domestic output Es/€ is the nominal Dollar per Euro spot exchange rate. Ese/€ is the expected future nominal Dollar per Euro spot exchange rate R$ and R€ refers to the nominal interest rate in Australia and Europe respectively q$/€ is the real Dollar per Euro spot exchange rate. q$/€ is the expected future real Dollar per Euro spot exchange rate r$ and r$ refers to the real interest rate in Australia and Europe respectively QUESTION 14 Choose the correct option. If prices are sticky in the short-run then: A. Relative to a floating exchange rate regime, monetary policy is more effective (in increasing output in the short-run) under a fixed exchange rate regime B. Relative to a floating exchange rate regime, fiscal policy is more effective (in increasing output in the short-run) under a fixed exchange rate regime C. Fiscal policy is completely ineffective under a fixed exchange rate regime D. Monetary policy is completely ineffective under a floating exchange rate regime E. Relative to a floating exchange rate regime, fiscal policy is less effective (in increasing output in the short- run) under a fixed exchange rate regime
In the short run, if prices are sticky, monetary policy is more effective in increasing output under a fixed exchange rate regime compared to a floating exchange rate regime.
do not adjust quickly to changes in demand and supply. In this case, monetary policy, which involves the control of money supply and interest rates by the central bank, becomes more effective in influencing output levels.
Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the central bank commits to maintaining a fixed exchange rate between its currency and another currency, such as the US dollar. In this scenario, if prices are sticky, a decrease in interest rates through expansionary monetary policy can lead to a depreciation of the currency, making exports cheaper and imports more expensive.
This can stimulate domestic production and increase output in the short run.
On the other hand, under a floating exchange rate regime, the exchange rate is determined by market forces and can freely adjust. In this case, if prices are sticky, monetary policy may not have the same impact on output because changes in interest rates may not affect the exchange rate as strongly.
Fiscal policy, which involves government spending and taxation, becomes relatively more effective in influencing output levels.
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When most firms were struggling in 2015, McDonald’s increased its revenues from $22.7 billion in 2016 to $23.5 billion in 2017. Headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois McDonald’s net income nearly doubled during that time from $2.4 billion to $4.3 billion—quite impressive. Fortune magazine in 2018 rated McDonald’s as their 16th "Most Admired Company in the World" in terms of their management and performance.
McDonald’s added 650 new outlets in 2017 when many restaurants struggled to keep their doors open. McDonald’s low prices and expanded menu items have attracted millions of new customers away from sit-down chains and independent eateries. Jim Skinner, CEO of McDonald’s, says, "We do so well because our strategies have been so well planned out." McDonald’s served about 60 million customers every day in 2017, 2 million more than in 2016. Nearly 80 percent of McDonald’s are run by franchisees (or affiliates).
McDonald’s in 2017 spent $2.1 billion to remodel many of its 32,000 restaurants and build new ones at a more rapid pace than in recent years. This is in stark contrast to most restaurant chains that are struggling to survive, laying off employees, closing restaurants, and reducing expansion plans. McDonald's restaurants are in 120 countries. Going out to eat is one of the first activities that customers cut in tough times. A rising U.S. dollar is another external factor that hurts McDonald’s. An internal weakness of McDonald’s is that the firm now offers upscale coffee drinks like lattes and cappuccinos in over 7,000 locations just as budget conscious consumers are cutting back on such extravagances. About half of McDonald’s 31,000 locations are outside the United States.
But McDonald’s top management team says everything the firm does is for the long term. McDonald’s for several years referred to their strategic plan as "Plan to Win." This strategy has been to increase sales at existing locations by improving the menu, remodeling dining rooms, extending hours, and adding snacks. The company has avoided deep price cuts on its menu items. McDonald’s was only one of three large U.S. firms that saw its stock price rise in 2017.
The other two firms were Wal-Mart and Family Dollar Stores. Other strategies being pursued currently by McDonald’s include replacing gasoline-powered cars with energy-efficient cars, lowering advertising rates, halting building new outlets on street corners where nearby development shows signs of weakness, boosting the firm’s coffee business, and improving the drive-through windows to increase sales and efficiency.
McDonald’s receives nearly two thirds of its revenues from outside the United States. The company has 14,000 U.S. outlets and 18,000 outlets outside the United States. McDonald’s feeds 58 million customers every day. The company operates Hamburger University in suburban Chicago. McDonald's reported that first quarter 2016 profits rose 4 percent and same-store sales rose 4.3 percent across the globe. Same-store sales in the second quarter of 2017 were up another 4.8 percent.
Compare and contrast the STEEP (Social, Technological, Economical, Environmental, and Political) analysis aid in the development of the strategy in McDonalds?
McDonald's has successfully developed its business strategies by considering STEEP analysis and making necessary changes in the company's operations accordingly.
The STEEP (Social, Technological, Economical, Environmental, and Political) analysis is a technique used by firms to analyze the external macro-environmental factors that impact a company. STEEP analysis includes various dimensions that help in developing business strategies. Let's compare and contrast the STEEP analysis aid in the development of the strategy in McDonald's below:
Social Factor:
Social factors are very important as they influence the success of McDonald's. This includes the trends, lifestyles, beliefs, values, behaviors, and preferences of customers. Social factors have been considered by McDonald's by introducing the healthy menu options that target health-conscious customers.
Technological Factor:
Technological advancements have played a crucial role in improving customer experience at McDonald's. The self-service kiosks have been introduced that reduce waiting time and the mobile app has been developed that makes ordering food more convenient. Delivery apps like UberEats and DoorDash are now being used by McDonald's to increase its customer base.
Economic Factor:
The economic condition of a country plays a vital role in the success of the company. For instance, the impact of the economic crisis on the company's sales. McDonald's has successfully overcome the economic crisis by introducing a low-cost menu that is affordable by all consumers. As a result, McDonald's was able to increase its revenue in 2017 despite the struggling economy.
Environmental Factor:
The environmental factor focuses on the environmental changes such as global warming, climate change, and pollution. McDonald's has implemented sustainable practices by introducing more eco-friendly packaging, energy-efficient buildings, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Political Factor:
Political factors such as government policies, taxes, and regulations influence McDonald's operations. For example, the regulations implemented by the FDA and other food safety agencies have influenced McDonald's to focus more on food safety and quality.
McDonald's also has to comply with the labor laws of the countries in which they operate. McDonald's has successfully developed its business strategies by considering STEEP analysis and making necessary changes in the company's operations accordingly.
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You Make the Call Situation 1 What is your strategy for e-commerce? That's a question Michael Maher, Barrett Purdum, and Mike Armenta asked each other when they launched Taylor Stitch, a custom shirt manufacturer and retailer in San Francisco. They decided that their strengths were in designing, manufacturing, and marketing their products, not in designing a Web platform for their business. After researching available options, they chose Shopify, which helps companies set up online stores. It sells or configures domain names, sets up and hosts websites, provides shopping cart features enabling customers to browse and buy, and offers other e-commerce products and consulting services. The owners of Taylor Stitch credit the Shopify platform with spurring sales through a well-integrated system.
Taylor Stitch's strategy for e-commerce was to leverage the Shopify platform.
How did Taylor Stitch approach their e-commerce strategy?E-commerce platforms like Shopify play a vital role in enabling businesses to establish and manage their online presence.
These platforms provide a comprehensive set of tools and services that facilitate various aspects of e-commerce, including website creation, product catalog management, secure payment processing, order fulfillment, and customer support.
By leveraging e-commerce platforms, businesses can save time and resources by utilizing pre-built solutions that are optimized for online sales.
These platforms often offer a range of customizable features, integrations with third-party services, and scalability to accommodate business growth.
The right platform choice can significantly impact the success of an e-commerce venture by providing a solid foundation for building and managing an online store effectively.
Taylor Stitch, a custom shirt manufacturer and retailer, recognized that their expertise lay in designing, manufacturing, and marketing their products, not in building a web platform.
To address this, they opted for Shopify, an e-commerce platform that offers a range of services and features for setting up online stores.
Shopify provided them with domain name services, website setup and hosting, shopping cart functionality, and e-commerce consulting.
By choosing Shopify, Taylor Stitch was able to focus on their core strengths while leveraging a robust and well-integrated e-commerce system.
This decision proved beneficial, as the owners credit the Shopify platform with driving sales and supporting their business growth.
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Connect with 4 elements of Risk Management and explain how they apply and correlate Shirin Elahi's "Here be Dragons" literature.
HERE BE DRAGONS: EXPLORING THE ‘UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS’
Shirin Elahi
pp. 168-184 (17 pages)
The four elements of risk management (identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring) provide a framework to understand and manage risks, which correlates with Shirin Elahi's literature on exploring "unknown unknowns" and emphasizes the importance of proactive risk management strategies.
The four elements of risk management are identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring. These elements apply and correlate with Shirin Elahi's literature "Here be Dragons: Exploring the 'Unknown Unknowns'" by providing a framework for understanding and managing risks.
1. Identification: In risk management, the first step is to identify potential risks. This involves identifying both known risks (known unknowns) and unknown risks (unknown unknowns). Shirin Elahi's literature explores the concept of "unknown unknowns" and emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and understanding these unforeseen risks.
2. Assessment: Once risks are identified, they need to be assessed to determine their potential impact and likelihood. This step involves analyzing the risks based on their severity, probability, and potential consequences. Shirin Elahi's literature likely discusses the need for thorough risk assessment to uncover hidden or unexpected risks.
3. Mitigation: After assessing the risks, risk management involves developing strategies to mitigate or reduce the impact of these risks. This can include implementing preventive measures, creating contingency plans, or transferring risks through insurance or contracts. Shirin Elahi's literature may explore the importance of proactive risk mitigation strategies to deal with the uncertainties and challenges of "unknown unknowns."
4. Monitoring: The final element of risk management is ongoing monitoring and review. Risks need to be continuously monitored to ensure that mitigation strategies are effective and to identify any new risks that may arise. Shirin Elahi's literature may discuss the importance of maintaining a vigilant and adaptable approach to risk management in the face of evolving "unknown unknowns."
In summary, the four elements of risk management (identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring) provide a systematic approach to understanding and managing risks. They align with Shirin Elahi's literature by addressing the concept of "unknown unknowns" and emphasizing the need for proactive risk management strategies in dealing with uncertainties.
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TRUE/ FALSE
low self- monitors are good at managing the impressions that
others have of them
The statement "low self-monitors are good at managing the impressions that others have of them" is False.
Explanation: Self-monitoring is an aspect of social psychology that refers to a person's ability to manage his or her impression on others. Self-monitoring is a personality trait that enables people to adjust their behavior to social situations in order to achieve their goals.
Individuals with a high degree of self-monitoring can adjust their behavior based on the environment and the people around them. People with low self-monitoring, on the other hand, do not change their behavior to suit social situations. As a result, low self-monitors do not always succeed in managing others' impressions of them.
Low self-monitors often come across as genuine and sincere because they behave consistently across a range of situations. In terms of their interpersonal skills, they have a reputation for being honest and trustworthy.
Therefore, it is false to say that low self-monitors are good at managing the impressions that others have of them.
Conclusion: Thus, we can say that the statement "low self-monitors are good at managing the impressions that others have of them" is False.
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During 2022, Tommy’s Toys reported the following: long-term debt repayments, $517 million; interest paid, $150 million; proceeds from exercise of stock options, $34 million, and issue of common stock in exchange for land costing $17 million. What is the 2022 net cash flow from financing activities?
The 2022 net cash flow from financing activities is -$616 million.
To calculate the net cash flow from financing activities for 2022, we need to consider the financing-related transactions reported by Tommy's Toys. Let's break down the information provided:
Long-term debt repayments: $517 million (outflow)
Interest paid: $150 million (outflow)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options: $34 million (inflow)
Issue of common stock in exchange for land: $17 million (inflow)
To calculate the net cash flow from financing activities, we subtract the outflows from the inflows:
Net cash flow from financing activities = Inflows - Outflows
Net cash flow from financing activities = ($34 million + $17 million) - ($517 million + $150 million)
Net cash flow from financing activities = $51 million - $667 million
Net cash flow from financing activities = -$616 million
The net cash flow from financing activities for 2022 is -$616 million. This indicates a net cash outflow from financing activities for the year.
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Preferred and Common Stock Dividends Delafield Corporation has a single class of common stock and a single class of cumulative preferred stock. The cumulative preferred stock requires the corporation to pay an annual dividend of $14,000 to preferred stockholders. On January 1, 2023, Delafield's preferred dividends were 1 year in arrears. During the 3 years (2023-2025), Delafield's board of directors determined they would be able to pay $21,000, $24,000, and $27,000, respectively. Required: Show how these anticipated payments will be split between preferred and common stockholders. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank and if the answer is zero, enter "0". Year 2022 2023 2024 2025 Amount Available for Dividends $ Dividends to Preferred Dividends to Common Remaining in Arrears
The board of directors has determined the dividend amounts for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025 to be $21,000, $24,000, and $27,000, respectively. There is no dividends allocated for the arrears in 2022,
To determine the allocation of anticipated dividend payments between preferred and common stockholders, we consider the arrears and the available amount for dividends in each year.
In the year 2022, no dividend payment is made as it is in arrears. For the year 2023, the entire available amount of $21,000 will be allocated to preferred dividends, as it includes the amount in arrears.
In the years 2024 and 2025, the preferred stockholders will receive their annual dividend of $14,000, and the remaining amount will be allocated to common dividends. In 2024, $10,000 will be available for common dividends, and in 2025, $13,000 will be available for common dividends.
To summarize the allocation of anticipated dividend payments:
Year 2022: No dividend payment (arrears)
Year 2023: Preferred dividends = $21,000; Common dividends = $0
Year 2024: Preferred dividends = $14,000; Common dividends = $10,000
Year 2025: Preferred dividends = $14,000; Common dividends = $13,000
No dividends are allocated for the arrears in 2022, and the remaining amounts are allocated to preferred and common dividends based on the available funds in each year.
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Halifax Shoes has 30% of its sales in cash and the remainder on credit. Of the credit sales, 65% is collected in the month of sale, 25% is collected the month after the sale, and 5% is collected the second month after the sale. How much cash will be collected in August if sales are estimated as $75,000 in June, $63,000 in July, and $94,000 in August? b
The cash that will be collected in August for Halifax shoes given the sales estimated in June, July, and August are $36,300. To get the answer, we would have to compute for the cash received for sales made in August, July, and June.The sales in June are $75,000, and 30% is collected in cash: $75,000 * 0.30 = $22,500.
The remaining 70% of the sales on credit: $75,000 * 0.70 = $52,500Out of the sales on credit, 65% is collected in the month of sale, which is June in this case: $52,500 * 0.65 = $34,12525% of sales on credit is collected the month after the sale, which is July in this case: $52,500 * 0.25 = $13,1255% of sales on credit is collected the second month after the sale.
Which is August in this case: $52,500 * 0.05 = $2,625Total cash collected in June = $22,500 + $34,125 = $56,625Total cash collected in July = $13,125Total cash collected in August = $2,625Add up all the cash collected for June, July, and August to get the total cash collected:$56,625 + $13,125 + $2,625 = $72,375The total cash collected for June, July, and August is $72,375.
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Jasmine feel angry and unsatisfied with Brave's action by not selling a laptop to her. Jasmine threatened to steal the laptop and hurt Brave if she still refused to sell the laptop to her. Brave reluctantly entered into a contract to sell the laptop to Jasmine because she feels threaten and scared. She wants to terminate the contract with Jasmine soon. Advice Brave and Jasmine as to the status of the contract. Support your answer with Contract Act 1950 and decided cases.
Brave entered into a contract with Jasmine because she was threatened and scared. Such contracts are considered to be contracts made under duress, which are voidable at the option of the innocent party. Therefore, Brave has the right to terminate the contract with Jasmine as soon as possible.
Contract Act 1950:
Section 15 of the Contract Act of 1950 defines "coercion" as the act of threatening to conduct any act prohibited by the penal code or detaining or threatening to detain any property with the goal of compelling any person to sign into an agreement. Coercion is defined as a threat to conduct any illegal act under the Penal Code. A contract entered into under coercion is voidable, according to Section 14 of the Contract Act of 1950.Summary:
In conclusion, the contract entered into by Brave and Jasmine is voidable under the Contract Act 1950 and the case of Van Ganase v Insas Berhad (1998). Brave has the right to cancel her contract with Jasmine as quickly as feasible because she went into it under duress and was intimidated by Jasmine.For such more question on contract:
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Hi, I want to know the answer to these 2 questions with an explanation for each question. Thank you
Question 7: With a fixed value stock bid, only the bidding company’s shareholders face market and operational risk between the deal announcement and completion date. (True/False)
Question 8: Sydney Ltd. is a publicly listed company in Australia that pays corporate tax at rate of 30%. It is conducting an off-market share buyback under tax determination TD 2004/22. On May 15, 2022 the company announced the buyback price to be $25.50 per share with capital component of $10.50 and the remainder treated as a fully franked dividend. The deemed consideration for the buyback has been determined to be $26.80 per share. Henry is an Australian resident shareholder in Sydney Ltd. who bought 100 shares at $10 per share on September 20, 2021. He pays tax at a marginal tax rate of 20%. Henry’s after-tax proceeds from selling his 100 shares into the buyback are $2,344.00. (True/False)
7.False. Both the bidding company's shareholders and the target company's shareholders face market and operational risks between the deal announcement and completion date in a fixed value stock bid.
In a fixed value stock bid, both the bidding company's shareholders and the target company's shareholders face market and operational risks between the deal announcement and completion date. Here's an explanation:
Bidding Company's Shareholders: The shareholders of the bidding company face market and operational risks because the value of their shares can fluctuate during the period between the deal announcement and completion. Factors such as market conditions, investor sentiment, and company-specific developments can affect the stock price of the bidding company
Target Company's Shareholders: Similarly, the shareholders of the target company also face market and operational risks during the deal process. The stock price of the target company can be subject to fluctuations based on market conditions, investor perception of the deal, and any company-specific events.
Question 8: True. Henry's after-tax proceeds from selling his 100 shares into the buyback are $2,344.00, assuming the provided information is accurate.Henry's after-tax proceeds from selling his 100 shares into the buyback are $2,344.00 because the buyback price of $26.80 per share exceeds his cost of $10 per share. With a marginal tax rate of 20%, he will be subject to a 20% tax on the capital gains from the sale.
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What are related service providers of an online
tutoring company?
online tutoring companies work with a range of related service providers to improve the quality of the services they offer. By partnering with technology and communication services, content providers, and payment processors, online tutoring companies can create an effective online learning environment for their clients
An online tutoring company is a business that offers online educational services to students seeking help with their studies. The company can provide various services to their clients, and they may work with related service providers to improve the quality of the services they offer. These providers offer complementary services that help the company to provide the best possible experience to their clients.
Related service providers of an online tutoring company include technology and communication services, content providers, and payment processors.
Technology and communication services help the company to provide an effective online learning environment for their clients. These service providers may offer virtual classrooms, video conferencing tools, and other technology solutions that help the students and tutors to communicate effectively.Content providers create educational materials, including textbooks, instructional videos, and online courses.
The online tutoring company can partner with content providers to supplement their own content and offer a broader range of educational materials to their clients.
Payment processors are essential for any company that accepts payments from clients. Online tutoring companies can work with payment processors to ensure that transactions are secure and efficient. Payment processors can also help the company to accept payments from clients in different parts of the world by handling currency exchange and other payment-related issues.
In conclusion, online tutoring companies work with a range of related service providers to improve the quality of the services they offer. By partnering with technology and communication services, content providers, and payment processors, online tutoring companies can create an effective online learning environment for their clients and provide a high level of service. The collaboration between the company and related service providers benefits the clients, and the company can focus on delivering an excellent educational experience.
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___ 7. The auditors perform a variety of audit procedures, some of which are known to the client, including interviews of restaurant managers where the client frequently goes for lunch. ___ 8. Representation letters are required when the client asserts that is company is a going concern. ___ 9. Watching a process or procedure being performed by the company's personnel or the performance of control activities is a form of audit procedure.
Therefore, the audit procedures are critical in determining the effectiveness of a company's internal control environment, its financial reporting and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
7. The auditors perform a variety of audit procedures, some of which are known to the client, including interviews of restaurant managers where the client frequently goes for lunch.
Auditing is an analysis or assessment of accounting records or financial statements by an independent professional with experience in the field. An audit provides assurance to the financial statement's fairness and provides management with insights into how they can better manage the company. Audit techniques include observations, investigations, inquiries, and confirmations, and documentation reviews.
8. Representation letters are required when the client asserts that is company is a going concern.Representation letters are legal documents in which an auditor specifies its expectations of the client's financial statements. It includes the responsibilities of management and the auditor.
Management would need to identify that their financial statements are correct and have fulfilled all legal and compliance requirements.
9. Watching a process or procedure being performed by the company's personnel or the performance of control activities is a form of audit procedure.
Audit procedures are steps taken to gather evidence and assess the relevance and reliability of financial data. Observing a procedure being performed by the company's personnel or control activities can provide additional insights into how the company operates. Auditors can observe processes and make recommendations on how to improve efficiencies, reduce waste, or identify new opportunities.
Therefore, an auditor must perform an audit with the goal of achieving reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free of material misstatement.
They conduct an audit to gain confidence that the financial statements are a fair and accurate representation of the company's financial performance. Therefore, the audit procedures are critical in determining the effectiveness of a company's internal control environment, its financial reporting and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
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The efficacy of a company's internal control environment, its financial reporting, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations may all be evaluated using the audit methods.
7. The auditors carry out a range of audit techniques, some of which the client is aware of, such as interviewing management at restaurants where the client usually eats lunch.
8. When the client claims that their business is a going concern, representation letters are necessary. An auditor outlines its expectations for the client's financial accounts in representation letters, which are legal papers. It also covers the duties held by the auditor and management.
9. One type of audit method is to observe a process or procedure being carried out by the company's employees or the execution of control activities.
Audit processes are actions made to compile data and judge the applicability and dependability of financial information. Control activities or watching a procedure being carried out by the company's staff can give
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The company is paying a dividend of 1.5 USD for the current year. It is expected that the dividend growth rate will continue to grow at the same rate every year at 6%. If the current stock price is $35, what is the required rate of return for the transplant?
The required rate of return for the stock investment is approximately 10.29%.
To calculate the required rate of return, we can use the Gordon Growth Model, which is used to value a stock based on its dividends and expected growth rate.
The formula for the Gordon Growth Model is:
Current Stock Price = Dividend / (Required Rate of Return - Dividend Growth Rate)
In this case, the current stock price is given as $35, the dividend is $1.50, and the dividend growth rate is 6%.
Substituting these values into the formula, we have:
$35 = $1.50 / (Required Rate of Return - 0.06)
Next, we solve for the required rate of return:
Required Rate of Return - 0.06 = $1.50 / $35
Required Rate of Return - 0.06 = 0.0429
Required Rate of Return = 0.0429 + 0.06
Required Rate of Return ≈ 0.1029
Converting to a percentage:
Required Rate of Return ≈ 10.29%
Therefore, the required rate of return for the stock investment is approximately 10.29%.
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10. Refer to Scenario ☆. As a result of the new restaurant, existing restaurant owners in Boston are likely to experience a a. product-variety externality, which is a negative externality. b. produc
As a result of the new restaurant, existing restaurant owners in Boston are likely to experience a (b) product-substitution externality, which can be either positive or negative.
When a new restaurant enters the market, it can affect the demand for products offered by existing restaurants. This impact is known as a product-substitution externality. Existing restaurant owners may experience changes in customer preferences and demand patterns as consumers have more options to choose from.
The nature of the product-substitution externality can be positive or negative. If the new restaurant offers unique and complementary products that attract a different segment of customers, existing restaurant owners may benefit from increased overall demand and variety, leading to a positive externality. This can create a more vibrant and competitive restaurant scene.
On the other hand, if the new restaurant offers similar products and competes directly with existing restaurants, it can result in a negative externality. The competition for customers may lead to a decrease in market share and profitability for the existing restaurants.
The specific impact of the new restaurant on existing restaurant owners would depend on various factors such as the uniqueness of the offerings, pricing strategies, location, and consumer preferences. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the market dynamics and individual circumstances to determine the exact nature and magnitude of the product-substitution externality.
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Problem # 2: The Borda Count Method of Voting (6 pts) A method of voting that we didn't discuss in class is the Borda Count, a plurative method of voting in which the voters are allowed to rank the candidates by how much they prefer them. When counting the votes, a candidate receives 1 point for each voter who ranked that candidate as their highest preference, 2 points for each voter who ranked them second, 3 for each voter who ranked them third, and so on. The candidates are then ranked in the social preference ranking based on how many points they received in total, with lower point totals (indicating that the voters had a higher preference for the candidate) being more preferred. Example: there are three voters, voting on candidates Xavier, Yolanda, and Zoe. Xavier is two voters' first choice and one voter's second choice; he gets 4 points. Yolanda is two voters' second choice and one voter's third choice; she gets 7 points. Zoe is one voter's first choice and two voters' third choice; she gets 7 points also. The social preference ranking is that Xavier is preferred to Yolanda and Zoe, who are indifferent to each other. (X>Y - Z) Now consider three voters, who have four choices, A, B, C, and D, with the following preferences: Alice: Bob: Carol: A > B> C> D AB> C> D C>D> B> A a) What are the results of a Borda Count vote between options A, B and C only? List the point totals each choice receives, and the resulting social preference ranking. You may assume all votes cast are truthful and complete (each voter lists a first, second, and third choice). Each choice will receive 1-3 points from each ballot, since there are only 3 candidates in the vote. b) What are the results of a Borda Count vote between all four choices? List the point totals each choice receives, and the resulting social preference ranking. You may assume all votes cast are truthful and complete. Each choice will receive 1-4 points per ballot this time. c) Parts a) and b) illustrate a violation of one of the Arrow axioms. Which axiom is violated? Briefly explain why.
a) The results of a Borda Count vote between options A, B, and C only are:
A: 6 points
B: 5 points
C: 7 points
The resulting social preference ranking is C > A > B.
b) The results of a Borda Count vote between all four choices are:
A: 11 points
B: 8 points
C: 10 points
D: 7 points
The resulting social preference ranking is A > C > B > D.
c) The violation of one of the Arrow axioms is the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives. This axiom states that the ranking between two candidates should not change based on the introduction or removal of a third candidate. In this case, the introduction of candidate D in part b) affected the ranking between A and B, violating the axiom.
In part a), each choice receives points based on the rankings given by the voters: A receives 6 points, B receives 5 points, and C receives 7 points. The social preference ranking is determined by the total points received, resulting in C > A > B.
In part b), with the addition of candidate D, each choice receives points based on the rankings given by the voters: A receives 11 points, B receives 8 points, C receives 10 points, and D receives 7 points. The social preference ranking is determined by the total points received, resulting in A > C > B > D.
The violation of the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives axiom is evident in part b). When candidate D is added, the ranking between A and B changes, even though the preferences between A, B, and C remain the same. This violation occurs because the Borda Count method does not satisfy the axiom, as the addition of an irrelevant alternative can impact the ranking of the remaining candidates.
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if a bushel of wheat costs $6.40 in the united states, costs 40 pesos in mexico, and the nominal exchange rate is 10 pesos per dollar, then the real exchange rate is
To find the real exchange rate, we need to convert the prices of the bushel of wheat in both the United States and Mexico to a common currency. In this case, we will use the dollar as the common currency.
First, let's convert the price in Mexico from pesos to dollars. Since the nominal exchange rate is 10 pesos per dollar, we can divide the price in pesos by 10 to get the price in dollars. 40 pesos / 10 pesos per dollar = $4
So, the price of a bushel of wheat in Mexico is $4.
Now, we can calculate the real exchange rate by dividing the price of wheat in the United States by the price of wheat in Mexico.
Real exchange rate = Price in United States / Price in Mexico
Real exchange rate = $6.40 / $4
Real exchange rate = 1.6
Therefore, the real exchange rate is 1.6.
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Consider the purchase of a can of coke at a convenience store. Describe the various stages in the supply chain and the different flows involved. 3. Explain the 3 levels of decision phases (categories) that must be made in a successful supply chain.
The stages in the supply chain for a can of coke at a convenience store include raw material, manufacturing, distribution, and retail. The different flows involved are material, information, and financial flows. The three levels of decision phases in a successful supply chain are strategic, tactical, and operational.
The various stages in the supply chain for the purchase of a can of coke at a convenience store are as follows:
1. Raw material stage: This stage involves the extraction and processing of raw materials required to make the coke, such as sugar, water, and carbon dioxide.
2. Manufacturing stage: In this stage, the raw materials are transformed into the final product. The coke is manufactured in a bottling plant where the ingredients are mixed, carbonated, and bottled.
3. Distribution stage: After manufacturing, the cans of coke are distributed to various locations, including convenience stores. This involves transportation logistics, warehousing, and inventory management.
4. Retail stage: At the convenience store, the cans of coke are displayed for sale to customers. This stage involves pricing, promotions, and shelf management.
The different flows involved in the supply chain for a can of coke at a convenience store include:
1. Material flow: This refers to the physical movement of the raw materials, components, and finished products throughout the supply chain.
2. Information flow: This involves the sharing of information and data between different stages of the supply chain, such as orders, forecasts, and inventory levels.
3. Financial flow: This refers to the movement of money between different entities in the supply chain, including payment for raw materials, manufacturing costs, and sales revenue.
Now, let's move on to the three levels of decision phases in a successful supply chain:
1. Strategic level: This is the highest level of decision-making in the supply chain. It involves long-term decisions that impact the overall supply chain strategy, such as network design, supplier selection, and outsourcing decisions.
2. Tactical level: This level of decision-making focuses on medium-term decisions to support the strategic objectives. It includes decisions related to production planning, inventory management, and distribution network optimization.
3. Operational level: At this level, day-to-day decisions are made to execute the supply chain operations efficiently. This includes decisions related to order processing, scheduling, and transportation routing.
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