Identify the qualitative characteristic of financial information that has been violated in each of the following scenarios. Scenario Description a) Thorn Company has reported several gains for the period, but has not provided any explanation or proof of how they occurred. + b) Due to recent layoffs, Monte Carlo Ltd. was not able to complete and issue its 2018 financial statements and accompanying notes. The information was instead included with the 2019 financial report in the following year. To value inventory, Toland and Sons uses a different accounting policy from the rest of the companies in the same industry. There is no justification for the use of this accounting policy in the notes to the financial statements. Eris Laboratories has used many uncommon medical terms and d) scientific language in the notes to the financial statements. This language was not explained anywhere else. A bank decided not to grant a loan to Mida Ltd. after a customer filed a e) substantial lawsuit. Mida Ltd. Did not include any mention of the lawsuit in the financial statements or in the notes to the financial statements. Check

Paperclips, an office supply store, has increased its profits by selling more items than paper and ink cartridges. They have done this by managing their consumer ’ supplies, checking inventory, and replacing used materials in the customer's office.

This is a systems approach that considers the entire supply chain to find the best low-cost sources for high-quality materials, which can be an untapped profit center based on inventory management. Walmart is the master of supply chain management, finding the best sources for high-quality materials and supplies at the lowest cost.Walmart excels at operations management, which focuses on the whole production process, including the customers. Walmart has a system to ensure that the right products are in the right stores at the right times. Walmart focuses on its financial management to remain profitable, so it can continue to offer the best prices to its customers. This means that Walmart has a very efficient supply chain that is the envy of many companies. Walmart has also excelled in systems management, using technology to streamline its supply chain. Walmart has an automated inventory tracking system that reduces the amount of inventory that Walmart has to keep in stock. This system also allows Walmart to track which products are selling well and which are not. This helps Walmart to keep its inventory levels low, which reduces the amount of inventory that Walmart has to keep in stock.Fayol is the one who proposed putting activities that are similar under one person. He called this “unity of direction.” Taylor is the one who focused on management responsibilities to bring about control and unity. He favored a division of labor so that workers became more efficient. Weber is the one who explained how to run a service-based company well. Fayol's principle of unity of direction states that a group of activities with a single goal should be placed under a single supervisor. This is done to ensure that there is a coordinated effort to achieve the goal of that group of activities.

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The equilibrium quantity is 39.6. In other words, when the price is 20.6, the quantity demanded by the market is equal to the quantity supplied by the market.

Qd=122-4*p Supply: Qs=19+1*pTo find the equilibrium quantity, we have to set these two equations equal to each other: Qd = Qs122-4p = 19+p122-19 = 4p+p103 = 5p p = 20.6

Now we substitute the value of p = 20.6 in either equation to find the equilibrium quantity. Let's use the demand equation: Qd = 122 - 4 * pQd = 122 - 4 * 20.6Qd = 122 - 82.4Qd = 39.6

Therefore, the equilibrium quantity is 39.6. In other words, when the price is 20.6, the quantity demanded by the market is equal to the quantity supplied by the market.

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The purchase made by The Dallas Morning News from the Japanese manufacturer, after negotiating with both the U.S. and Japanese companies, can be classified as a "c. negotiated buying system."

In a negotiated buying system, the buyer engages in a process of negotiation and comparison between potential suppliers to obtain the best possible deal. The buyer evaluates various factors such as price, quality, terms, and conditions offered by different suppliers before making a decision.

In this case, The Dallas Morning News approached both the U.S. and Japanese companies for a new printing press. After negotiating with both, they determined that the Japanese manufacturer offered a significantly lower price, $2.2 million less than its U.S. competitor. This indicates that the negotiation process played a crucial role in their decision-making.

A modified rebuy occurs when a buyer wants to make some changes or modifications to an existing product or service. However, in this case, The Dallas Morning News was seeking a replacement press essentially similar to the one they needed to replace, rather than modifying the product.

Therefore, the purchase made by The Dallas Morning News can be categorized as a negotiated buying system, as they engaged in negotiations with different suppliers and selected the Japanese manufacturer based on the offered price difference.

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Bananas cannot be a valid form of money because it is a perishable commodity, and it lacks the property of being durable.

No, bananas would not be a valid form of money. Money is something that serves as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Bananas may fulfill the first two functions, but they cannot fulfill the third function because it is a perishable commodity. Money needs to be durable so that it can be stored and retrieved when needed. Bananas cannot serve as a long-term store of value because they will eventually spoil.

The residents of Monkeytown would not be able to use their bananas to make purchases in America. This is because money needs to be generally accepted, and bananas would not be widely accepted as a medium of exchange in America. Additionally, since bananas are perishable, they would not be a practical form of money for international trade or commerce.

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The strategy for implementing the new change in the organization would be to communicate the change to the employees and stakeholders and involve them in the change process.

The employees should be informed about the purpose of the change and the expected benefits to the organization. The employees should also be trained and equipped with the skills necessary to carry out the change. Furthermore, feedback should be sought from employees during the change process, and a reward system should be put in place to motivate employees to embrace the change.

Q2. Dual concern model of conflict management

The dual concern model of conflict management is a model of conflict resolution that suggests that the most effective approach to conflict resolution involves balancing the concerns for self and concern for others. It involves five conflict-handling styles, namely:

Competing

Collaborating

Compromising

Avoiding

Accommodating

In this model, the two concerns, concern for self and concern for others, are represented on two axes, with concern for self on the horizontal axis and concern for others on the vertical axis.

Q3. Power and politics in managing change

Power and politics play a significant role in managing change within the organization. Power is the ability of an individual or group to influence others, while politics refers to the use of power to achieve a specific objective. When introducing change, power, and politics can be used to support or resist the change. For example, if the change would lead to a loss of power or status for some employees, they may resist the change, while those who stand to benefit from the change may support it.

Q4. Reducing resistance within the organization

Employees may resist change within the organization for several reasons, including fear of the unknown, lack of trust in management, and fear of job loss or reduced benefits. As a leader, some of the possible tools and tactics that can be used to reduce resistance within the organization include:

Effective communication: This involves providing information about the change and its benefits to the organization.

Empathy: This involves understanding the concerns of employees and addressing them in a positive and respectful manner.

Incentives: This involves providing incentives to employees to encourage them to embrace the change.

Employee participation: This involves involving employees in the change process and providing them with opportunities to provide feedback and suggestions.

Support: This involves providing employees with the necessary support to enable them to adapt to the change.

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Total manufacturing cost of Job A-500 = $1,260Number of units produced = 40Unit product cost = Total manufacturing cost / Number of units produced= $1,260 / 40= $31.50 Therefore, the unit product cost of Job A-500 is $31.50 per unit.

1. Total manufacturing cost of Job A-500 is $1,260.Total manufacturing cost refers to the overall cost incurred in the production process of a particular product. Direct materials, direct labor, and overhead costs are the three basic components of total manufacturing costs. Direct materials and direct labor costs are assigned directly to a product.

In contrast, overhead costs are not directly traceable to a specific product, and thus, must be allocated based on predetermined overhead rates. Job A-500:Total manufacturing cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Overhead costs= $280 + $280 + (DLH × predetermined overhead rate)= $280 + $280 + (20 DLH × $19) = $1,260 (where DLH = direct labor hours)2. The unit product cost for Job A-500 is $31.50 per unit.

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Option B is the correct answer. The correct order of preparation of the three financial documents is: The income statement, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows.

Option B is correct because the income statement is prepared first, followed by the balance sheet, and then the statement of cash flows. The income statement is a summary of the revenue and expenses for a particular period of time. It shows the net income or loss for the period. The balance sheet is prepared next, and it summarizes the company's financial position at a particular point in time.

It shows the assets, liabilities, and equity of the company.The statement of cash flows is prepared last. It shows the inflow and outflow of cash for a particular period of time. It helps to explain the change in cash on the balance sheet during the period.

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The true statement is that EV (BCWP) is equal to scheduled (BCWS), indicating that there are no schedule variations.So, the correct option is d.

The EV (BCWP) values provided for each account code are $6,000 for Formwork, $900 for Rebar, and $640 for Place & Finish. These values represent the budgeted cost of work performed. To determine the true statement, we compare the EV (BCWP) values to the PV (BCWS) values, which represent the scheduled budgeted cost.

Upon comparison, we find that the EV (BCWP) values are indeed equal to the PV (BCWS) values. This indicates that the work performed aligns with the planned schedule, and there are no schedule variations. Therefore, the true statement is that EV (BCWP) is equal to scheduled (BCWS); no schedule variations can exist.

The other statements provided, such as EV (BCWP) being equal to actual cost (ACWP) or quantity installed, cannot be determined with the given data. The ACWP values and the actual quantity to-date information are not provided, making it impossible to compare EV (BCWP) to actual cost or quantity installed. Thus, the correct option is d. EV (BCWP) is equal to scheduled (BCWS); no schedule variations can exist.

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The net cash flow from operating activities was $4,620, which implies that the company had a positive cash flow from its day-to-day operations, resulting from sales revenue.

Skysong Company is a hypothetical organization. As the question didn't ask for any specific queries, here's an answer covering various aspects of Skysong's condensed financial data presented below for 2020 and 2019.SKYSONG COMPANY COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEET AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2020, AND 2019    2020   2019Cash                                            $1,830  Receivables    1,770 Inventory1,620  Plant assets   1,940    Accumulated depreciation (1,190)  Long-term investments   (held-to-maturity) 1,300 $7,270Accounts payable  $1,220 Accrued liabilities 210    Bonds payable    1,420   Common stock  1,890 Retained earnings  2,530    $7,270Cash - Skysong Company's cash increased to $1,830 in 2020 from $910 in 2019, indicating that it had a higher cash balance than in the previous year. Receivables - Skysong Company's receivables rose to $1,770 in 2020 from $260 in 2019, indicating that it sold more goods on credit and hence more revenue was pending.Inventories - Skysong Company's inventories were worth $1,620 in 2020, compared to $1,530 in 2019. It implies that the business procured more inventory in 2020 than in the previous year.Plant assets - Skysong Company's plant assets increased from $1,680 in 2019 to $1,940 in 2020, indicating the purchase of more machinery and equipment.Long-term investments - Skysong Company had $1,300 worth of long-term investments that were held-to-maturity in 2020. The figure remained constant from the previous year, indicating no new investments were made nor the older ones were sold.Accounts payable - Skysong Company owed $1,220 to suppliers in 2020, compared to $1,530 in 2019. The amount it owed to suppliers decreased from the previous year.Accrued liabilities - Skysong Company owed $210 in accrued liabilities in 2020, compared to $260 in 2019. It implies that it paid off some of its outstanding bills and obligations.Bonds payable - Skysong Company had $1,420 in bonds payable in 2020, compared to $1,710 in 2019. The amount of bonds payable has decreased from the previous year.Common stock - Skysong Company's common stock was worth $1,890 in 2020. Retained earnings - Skysong Company's retained earnings increased to $2,530 in 2020 from $1,850 in 2019. Retained earnings depict the firm's net income that hasn't been distributed to its shareholders.Statement of Cash Flows (Direct Method) December 31, 2020Cash Flows from Operating ActivitiesCash Receipts from Customers   $7,100Less: Cost of goods sold $4,760 Gross profi $2,340Add: Depreciation expense $1,190   Amortization of investment income   $130   Increase in accounts receivable $1,510 Increase in inventory $(90) Increase in accounts payable $(310)    Decrease in accrued liabilities $(50) Net cash flow from operating activities $4,620The statement of cash flows portrays Skysong's inflows and outflows of cash. The net cash flow from operating activities was $4,620, which implies that the company had a positive cash flow from its day-to-day operations, resulting from sales revenue.

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S-Corps are distinguished from C-Corps by being taxed as pass-thru entities, while C-Corps are taxed as ordinary corporations.

S-Corps and C-Corps are two common types of business entities in the United States, each with its own distinct characteristics. One key difference between them lies in how they are taxed. S-Corps are treated as pass-thru entities, which means that the profits and losses of the corporation pass through to the individual shareholders. Consequently, the income generated by the S-Corp is reported on the shareholders' personal tax returns, and they are taxed at their individual tax rates.

On the other hand, C-Corps are taxed as ordinary corporations. This means that the corporation itself is subject to taxation on its profits at the corporate tax rate. Additionally, if the C-Corp distributes dividends to its shareholders, those dividends are also subject to taxation at the individual level.

Hence, C-Corps are subject to potential double taxation—the corporation pays taxes on its profits, and the shareholders pay taxes on the dividends received.

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A. Factors considered by auditor to check reliability are objectivity and competence, scope and nature, policies and procedures and Internal controls evaluation.

B. Two substantive procedures -  Physical inspection and Obtaining and evaluating documentary evidence

C. Financial statement assertions -  Rights and obligations, Presentation and Accuracy, valuation, and allocation

D. Factors influencing auditor's judgement regarding sufficiency of evidence - skills and knowledge, and reliability.

E. Other areas for review - cash, account receivables, accounts payable, loans, and contingencies

A. Factors that influence the reliability of audit evidence obtained from internal auditors:

To determine the reliability of audit evidence obtained from internal auditors, an auditor considers various factors, which are as follows:

1. The internal auditor's objectivity and competence

2. Internal controls evaluation of the organization's internal auditors

3. Audit scope and nature

4. Internal audit policies and procedures

B. Two substantive procedures that could be used to verify the existence and classification of assets and liabilities:

1. Physical inspection

2. Obtaining and evaluating documentary evidence

C. The following are the financial statement assertions concerning account balances in a set of financial statements:

1. Rights and obligations: All assets and liabilities in the financial statements are the company's, and the company has legal control over them.

2. Presentation: All financial data is correctly classified, characterized, and described.

3. Accuracy, valuation, and allocation: All financial data is presented correctly, and the values are accurate.

D. Two factors that will influence the auditor's judgement regarding sufficiency of evidence obtained from both experts and internal auditors:

1. The auditor's assessment of the internal audit team's skills and knowledge

2. The auditor's understanding of the experts' reliability

E. Other areas that would be selected for review are cash, account receivables, accounts payable, loans, and contingencies. The auditor will review these accounts to ensure that they are reasonably accurate and have been reported appropriately.

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The allocation of dividend between the preferred and common shareholders assuming the preferred shares are cumulative and are 1 year in arrears.

Dividends are paid by a company to its shareholders. The dividend payment is decided by the company’s board of directors. Generally, dividends are paid in cash, but sometimes companies may pay dividends in the form of shares or other financial instruments. The allocation of dividend between the preferred and common shareholders assuming the preferred shares are cumulative and are 1 year in arrears is calculated as follows:The company Illuminating Ventures Corporation has 6,838 $3 Preferred shares, non-participating, the number of shares issued and outstanding throughout the current fiscal year and 5,844 year Common shares, the number of shares issued and outstanding 46,037. The board of directors declared a dividend on the last day of the current fiscal year amounting to $84,239. The dividend allocation process between the preferred and common shareholders is to pay the dividends for the current year first for the common shareholders. After paying the current year’s dividend to the common shareholders, the dividend on preferred shares should be paid. The amount of dividend to be paid to the common shareholders is calculated by subtracting the number of preferred shares from the total shares outstanding, and then multiplying it by the dividend per share. The preferred shareholders are entitled to the previous year’s dividend and the current year’s dividend (the cumulative feature). Thus, the total amount of dividend payable on preferred shares is the product of the number of preferred shares, dividend per share, and the number of years in arrears. The dividend allocated to the common shareholders is $37,627.75, and that allocated to the preferred shareholders is $41,028.

Thus, the dividend allocated to the common shareholders is $37,627.75, and that allocated to the preferred shareholders is $41,028.

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The job evaluation process refers to the procedure of assigning relative pay levels to jobs within the company. It involves the assessment of the skills, education, and responsibilities of the employee's position and the analysis of how these skills are applied in the overall success of the organization.

The organization I am working with has a formal job evaluation process that allows us to categorize positions logically. The process starts with the job analysis, which identifies the job duties, qualifications, and requirements needed to perform the job.

Next, we analyze the job in terms of compensation factors, including the knowledge, skills, and abilities (SKAs) required to perform the job. We also examine the complexity of the work and the level of accountability. The job is then compared to similar positions within the organization, and a relative value is assigned to the job based on the data gathered from the analysis.

The compensation plan is developed based on the job evaluation process, which provides a logical basis for compensation. The process ensures that positions with similar SKAs and responsibilities are appropriately compensated, promoting internal equity, while external equity is maintained through the analysis of the salaries offered by the organization's competitors.

To enhance the real and perceived equity between positions in the organization, the following changes can be made to the existing system:

1. Periodic review: The job evaluation process should be reviewed periodically to ensure that it remains relevant to the organization's changing goals, structure, and requirements. It should be modified to incorporate new skills and technologies that have become essential for the success of the organization.

2. Involving employees: The employees should be involved in the job evaluation process to ensure that they understand how their positions are evaluated and compensated. The organization can develop a program to educate the employees on the job evaluation process and provide them with the tools to analyze their own positions.

3. Transparency: The organization should be transparent about the job evaluation process, explaining how positions are evaluated and compensated. This transparency will help build trust among employees, who will feel that their positions are evaluated fairly.

4. Regular feedback: Employees should receive regular feedback on their job performance and their progress towards meeting their goals. This feedback will help them understand the skills and competencies that are required for advancement and increased compensation.

5. Equal pay for equal work: The organization should ensure that employees are compensated based on the work they do, not on their race, gender, or other discriminatory factors. This policy will help promote diversity and inclusion in the workplace.

6. Flexible compensation: The organization can consider developing a flexible compensation plan that allows employees to customize their benefits based on their individual needs and preferences. This plan will help promote employee satisfaction and retention, which will, in turn, benefit the organization.

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Allowance method and allowance for uncollectible accounts are accounting techniques that aid in reducing the impact of bad debt on the overall financial health of a business.

The allowance method is a type of accounting method that focuses on the estimation of bad debts in the future, and it is more of a "forward-thinking" approach. The allowance method involves calculating and recording an allowance for doubtful accounts in the financial statements. The bad debts are debited to the allowance for uncollectible accounts, which is a contra-asset account, whereas the total accounts receivable are reduced by the same amount. The use of the allowance method in accounting implies that a company maintains a balance sheet that reflects a more accurate picture of the true accounts receivable. When an account is deemed uncollectible, the allowance for uncollectible accounts is debited, and the accounts receivable are credited by the same amount. In contrast, the direct write-off method is a more conservative approach that recognizes bad debt only after the actual default has occurred. Under the direct write-off method, accounts receivable are recorded at the full amount, and the bad debts are charged as an expense at the time of the default. The direct write-off method does not provide for any allowance for doubtful accounts and is used primarily for tax purposes.

Therefore, the allowance method is the preferred approach for estimating and accounting for bad debt in the accounting system, providing a more accurate reflection of the accounts receivable. The use of an allowance for doubtful accounts allows the business to anticipate and account for the possibility of bad debt, which helps reduce the impact of bad debt on the business's overall financial health.

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Vertical AnalysisVertical analysis is a technique that examines financial statements to identify trends and evaluate performance over time. It helps businesses to identify how much each item contributes to the overall statement and to compare the various ratios of different organizations and across different periods.

It is a method of financial statement analysis in which each item is represented as a percentage of a base figure within the statement, thereby enabling easy comparison of information over time periods and against other businesses. The base figure for vertical analysis of the balance sheet is usually total assets or total liabilities and equity.Using vertical analysis, we can identify the financial status of a company and determine its ability to meet its financial obligations. It can be useful for investors and financial analysts to assess a company's strengths and weaknesses and make informed decisions. Let's see the changes between 2021 and 2020 using vertical analysis.Vertical Analysis of the Balance SheetFor the vertical analysis of the balance sheet, we will use the following formula: (Each Item/Total Assets or Liabilities and Equity) x 100
2021 2020
Current Assets 17.47% 12.5%
PPE (net) 82.53% 87.5%
Total Assets 100% 100%
Current Liability 13.86% 13.10%
Long Term Liability 57.23% 47.62%
Retained Earnings 28.92% 39.29%
Total Liability and Equity 100% 100%
Comments on the ChangesBetween the years 2020 and 2021, there have been some significant changes in the vertical analysis of the balance sheet. The main points are as follows:
The proportion of current assets has increased by 4.97%, from 12.5% in 2020 to 17.47% in 2021. This indicates that the company has invested more in short-term assets, which can be used to pay off current liabilities.
PPE (net) has decreased by 4.97%, from 87.5% in 2020 to 82.53% in 2021. This suggests that the company has either sold off some of its fixed assets or has not invested as much in them as it did in the previous year.
The proportion of current liabilities has increased by 0.76%, from 13.10% in 2020 to 13.86% in 2021. This means that the company has taken on more short-term debt.
The proportion of long-term liabilities has increased by 9.61%, from 47.62% in 2020 to 57.23% in 2021. This indicates that the company has taken on more long-term debt, which may have been used to finance expansion or acquisition.
Retained earnings have decreased by 10.37%, from 39.29% in 2020 to 28.92% in 2021. This suggests that the company has paid out more dividends or incurred losses in the current year.
The proportion of total liabilities and equity has remained unchanged at 100%.
In conclusion, the company has invested more in short-term assets and taken on more debt in both the short and long term, but has not invested as much in fixed assets. Its retained earnings have decreased, which may have been due to dividend payouts or losses.

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The cost of capital for the preferred shares is 8%. This means that the company will need to pay an annual dividend of Br8 per share to its preferred shareholders in order to meet its financial obligations and maintain their confidence.

To compute the cost of capital for preferred shares, we need to use the formula:

Cost of Capital (Kp) = Dividend per Share / Market Price per Share

In this case, the dividend per share is 8% of the face value of Br100 which is Br8. So,

Kp = Br8 / Br100

Kp = 0.08 or 8%

Therefore, the cost of capital for the preferred shares is 8%. This means that the company will need to pay an annual dividend of Br8 per share to its preferred shareholders in order to meet its financial obligations and maintain their confidence.

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The responses of the 12 joggers to the question about the number of miles they ran last week are not provided in the question.

The question only sets up the scenario of a random sample of 12 joggers being asked to report their running distances from the previous week. However, no actual responses are given. It is important to note that the missing data makes it impossible to draw any conclusions or perform any analyses regarding the distances ran by the sample of joggers.
I see that you've provided a prompt but did not include the actual responses from the 12 joggers. Please provide the data, and I will be happy to help you with the main answer and explanation.

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The invention of credit revolutionized the economic system by introducing a new method of exchanging goods and services and facilitating economic growth. Here's how credit transformed the economic system:

Increased purchasing power: Credit allows individuals and businesses to make purchases and investments without needing immediate cash or savings. It expands purchasing power by enabling people to acquire goods and services on credit and pay for them over time. This boosts consumer demand and drives economic activity.

Business expansion and investment: Credit provides businesses with the means to expand their operations, invest in new ventures, and take advantage of growth opportunities. With access to credit, businesses can acquire capital, purchase equipment, hire employees, and develop new products or services. This promotes innovation, creates job opportunities, and stimulates economic development.

Entrepreneurship and small business growth: The availability of credit has facilitated the rise of entrepreneurship and the growth of small businesses. Entrepreneurs can obtain financing to start their ventures, even if they don't have significant personal capital. This lowers barriers to entry and fosters innovation, competition, and economic diversity.

Economic stability and resilience: Credit plays a vital role in smoothing out economic fluctuations and providing stability during times of economic downturns. During recessions or periods of reduced consumer spending, credit allows individuals and businesses to maintain their purchasing power and continue operations. It helps mitigate the negative impacts of economic downturns and supports overall economic resilience.

Access to essential goods and services: Credit enables individuals to access essential goods and services that they might not otherwise afford immediately. It allows people to purchase homes, cars, education, and healthcare services, spreading the cost over time. This promotes social mobility, enhances quality of life, and contributes to the overall well-being of individuals and communities.

Financial intermediation: The introduction of credit created opportunities for financial institutions to act as intermediaries between savers and borrowers. Banks and other financial institutions accept deposits from savers and use those funds to provide credit to borrowers. This intermediation process efficiently allocates capital in the economy, directing savings towards productive investments and fostering economic growth.

In summary, the invention of credit revolutionized the economic system by expanding purchasing power, promoting business growth, supporting entrepreneurship, providing economic stability, increasing access to essential goods and services, and facilitating financial intermediation. It has become an integral part of modern economies, enabling economic transactions and fueling economic progress.

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An increase in price elasticity of demand is associated with a decrease in markup. The correct option is option B.

The markup is defined as the difference between the price charged by a firm and the marginal cost of producing the good. It represents the firm's ability to set prices above the cost of production and capture some additional profit.

Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. When demand is elastic, a small change in price leads to a proportionally larger change in quantity demanded, indicating that consumers are sensitive to price changes.

On the other hand, when demand is inelastic, quantity demanded is not very responsive to price changes, indicating that consumers are less sensitive to price.

An increase in price elasticity of demand implies that consumers have become more responsive to price changes. In this case, the firm faces a more competitive market environment, where small price increases may lead to significant decreases in quantity demanded.

To remain competitive and maintain sales, the firm would need to decrease its markup, i.e., reduce the difference between price and marginal cost. This adjustment allows the firm to lower prices and attract more price-sensitive consumers.

Therefore, the correct answer a decrease in markup, when there is an increase in price elasticity of demand.

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Companies that adopt an advocacy strategy employ a range of communication actions that directly or indirectly promote and protect their corporate image, mission, values, and products or services.

The following acts of communication are used by companies with advocacy strategy: Defensive statements: The company responds to allegations or attacks on its reputation by giving a defensive statement. This statement aims to counter negative news stories and may include any evidence that supports the company's claims or actions. Sponsorship: Companies use sponsorships to enhance their reputation and market presence while also supporting a social or cultural cause. They could sponsor an organization, a cultural event, a celebrity, or a sports team.Briefing: Companies issue briefings to stakeholders, shareholders, and the media. These briefings can include information on changes to company policy, strategic plans, product launches, or business updates.Spread of the word: Companies spread the word to the public through social media, press releases, and advertisements. They use these channels to promote their products, services, and achievements while also reinforcing their company's image as a responsible, innovative, and trustworthy organization.

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The statement "Data visualization help users see patterns and relationships that would be difficult to see in text lists" is true. Explanation: Data visualization is the representation of data through charts, graphs, and other graphical interfaces. It aids in data analysis by allowing users to see patterns and relationships that would be difficult to discern in text lists or tables.

Data visualization can help in the discovery of insights from a large dataset, and it can make complex data more accessible, understandable, and shareable. It can also assist in the communication of findings to others. As a result, data visualization is essential in data analysis and business intelligence, as well as in many other areas where data plays a critical role.

Data visualization help users see patterns and relationships that would be difficult to see in text lists. True False It can also assist in the communication of findings to others. As a result, data visualization is essential in data analysis and business intelligence, as well as in many other areas where data plays a critical role.

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Lesserafim Corporation will set a transfer price between the Harvesting Division and Processing Division based on the cost-based transfer pricing method. The transfer price would be the cost of goods sold plus mark-up, where the cost of goods sold would be the main factor to determine the transfer price.

In most companies that are divided into different segments, it is common that different parts of the company provide products or services to each other. This interaction results in a transfer price, which is the price charged for the products or services transferred. In this case, we will discuss Lesserafim Corporation which is a company with grapes dessert business lines. Currently, the company has two divisions namely the Harvesting Division and the Processing Division.

Transfer pricing is the concept of internal pricing of goods and services within a company that is divided into several different parts, for example divisions. In the context of Lesserafim Corporation, the transfer price would be relevant if the Harvesting Division supplied grapes to the Processing Division. In order to determine the transfer price between the Harvesting Division and Processing Division, Lesserafim Corporation will use the cost-based transfer pricing method. This means that the transfer price will be based on the cost incurred by the Harvesting Division. The cost of goods sold is the most important cost incurred by the Harvesting Division, therefore, it would be the basis for the transfer price. This method is considered the simplest and most straightforward method of transfer pricing. The formula for the cost-based transfer pricing method is: Transfer price = cost of goods sold + mark-up.

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(a) Journal entry for the purchase of the investment:

Date: January 1, 2020

Debit: Held-to-Maturity Investment $121,424

Credit: Cash $121,424

Explanation:

Sarasota Company purchased the bonds of Harrison, Inc. as a held-to-maturity investment. The cost of the investment is $121,424, which is the amount paid in cash.

(b) Journal entry for the receipt of semiannual interest and discount amortization:

Date: Semiannual interest payment date

Debit: Cash (Semiannual interest received)

Debit: Discount on Bonds Payable (Amortization of discount)

Credit: Interest Revenue (Semiannual interest earned)

On the semiannual interest payment date, Sarasota Company receives interest income from the bonds. At the same time, the discount on the bonds payable is amortized.

The specific amounts for cash, discount amortization, and interest revenue will depend on the details provided in the question, such as the bond's face value, interest rate, and semiannual interest payment.

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a) The financial statements of Hariech plc for 2014, prepared in accordance with IAS 1, include the following:

Statement of comprehensive income

Statement of changes in equity

Statement of financial position

b) The statement of comprehensive income presents the company's revenues, expenses, gains, and losses for the year. It includes the following items: sales revenue, purchases, distribution costs, administration expenses, research expenditure, final dividend paid, advertising expenses (not reflected in the trial balance), and debenture interest (accrued but not paid).

c) The statement of changes in equity outlines the movement in the company's equity during the year. It includes the opening balance of retained profit, additional share capital (proceeds from the issuance of ordinary shares), and the estimated corporation tax charge. The statement also reflects any dividends paid and the closing balance of retained profit.

d) The statement of financial position provides a snapshot of the company's financial position at the end of the year. It includes assets such as accounts receivable, inventories, freehold property (not depreciated), plant and equipment, and accumulated depreciation. Liabilities and equity are also presented, including accounts payable, the debenture loan, the share premium account and ordinary shares. The statement of financial position will reflect the adjustments for inventories, prepaid rent, and the estimated corporation tax charge.

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Here are some of the tools and their common uses in marketing research:

Surveys: Surveys involve collecting information from a sample of individuals or organizations through structured questionnaires. They are used to gather insights on customer preferences, satisfaction levels, market trends, and demographic data.

Interviews: Interviews can be conducted in-person, over the phone, or through online platforms. They provide an opportunity to have in-depth conversations with customers, industry experts, or key stakeholders to gain qualitative insights and gather specific information.

Focus Groups: Focus groups involve bringing together a small group of individuals to discuss a specific topic or product. They allow researchers to observe group dynamics, capture opinions, and gather detailed feedback on product concepts, advertising campaigns, or customer experiences.

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False. The average propensity to consume (APC) is the proportion of disposable income that is consumed, while the average propensity to save (APS) is the proportion that is saved. APC + APS always equals 1.

If APC is 0.8, then APS would be 0.2 (1 - 0.8). If personal saving is $70B, it means that APS is $70B divided by the disposable income. Since APS is less than 0.2 (0.2 is the maximum value it can be), the statement is false. The APS would need to be $70B divided by the disposable income to equal 0.2, for the statement to be true. The average propensity to consume (APC) is defined as the proportion of disposable income that individuals or households spend on consumption. In this case, the APC is given as 0.8, which means that individuals spend 80% of their disposable income.

To calculate the total consumption, we multiply the disposable income by the APC:

Total consumption = Disposable income * APC = $350B * 0.8 = $280B

To calculate personal saving, we subtract total consumption from disposable income:

Personal saving = Disposable income - Total consumption = $350B - $280B = $70B

Therefore, the personal saving in this scenario is correctly given as $70B.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the restaurant business in Bangladesh, leading to a rise in downsizing decisions within the industry. Restaurants have faced various challenges, including reduced customer demand, restrictions on dining-in, and disruptions in the supply chain.

The pandemic has caused a decline in consumer spending and changed consumer behavior, with people opting for home-cooked meals or takeout instead of dining out. This drop in demand has severely affected the revenue and profitability of restaurants, making it necessary for them to reduce costs, including labor expenses. As a result, many restaurants in Bangladesh have had to downsize their workforce, leading to layoffs, reduced working hours, or closure of certain branches. The downsizing decisions have been driven by the need to manage financial sustainability amidst the challenging business environment. By reducing the number of employees, restaurant owners aim to lower their operational costs and align their businesses with the reduced demand. However, these decisions have not been easy, as they impact the livelihoods of employees and have broader implications for the overall economy. The downsizing trend in the restaurant industry has highlighted the vulnerability of businesses in the face of unforeseen crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. It has also underscored the importance of resilience and adaptability in finding new ways to operate and serve customers while navigating the challenges brought on by the crisis. The long-term impact of these downsizing decisions on the restaurant business in Bangladesh will depend on factors such as the duration of the pandemic, the effectiveness of government support measures, and the ability of the industry to innovate and adjust its business models to the changing landscape.

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D) Mission statement. A mission statement is a concise statement that defines an organization's purpose and outlines what it aims to achieve in the larger environment.

It serves as a guiding principle that helps shape the organization's strategic decisions and actions. A mission statement typically encompasses the core values, goals, and primary objectives of the organization.

Marketing strategy refers to the overall approach and plan devised by an organization to achieve its marketing goals and objectives. It involves identifying target markets, positioning products or services, and determining the marketing mix.

Marketing objectives are specific, measurable targets set by an organization to guide its marketing efforts. They are derived from the broader strategic goals and are usually related to areas such as sales, market share, customer acquisition, or brand awareness.

A strategic plan is a comprehensive document that outlines an organization's overall direction and strategies for achieving its objectives. It includes various elements such as the mission, vision, goals, and action plans.

Market portfolio refers to the collection of products or services offered by an organization in the market. It represents the range and diversity of offerings provided by the organization.

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Cameron and Neal object to economic explanations of imperialism because they argue that they oversimplify and overlook other crucial factors such as politics, ideology, and culture. They contend that economic determinism fails to capture the complexities and multidimensional nature of imperialist endeavors.

Cameron and Neal argue that economic explanations of imperialism present an overly reductionist view by attributing imperialist actions solely to economic motivations, such as resource exploitation or market expansion. They assert that this narrow perspective overlooks the significant influence of political, ideological, and cultural factors in shaping imperialist endeavors.Their counter arguments emphasize the multifaceted nature of imperialism, highlighting that political ambitions, nationalist ideologies, and cultural perceptions of superiority also drive imperialist actions. They contend that economic determinism fails to capture the complexities and nuances of imperialism as a historical and social phenomenon.

They emphasize the role of power dynamics, geopolitical considerations, and the desire for dominance and prestige in shaping imperialist aspirations. In summary, Cameron and Neal object to economic explanations of imperialism because they believe they oversimplify the complex motivations and dynamics behind imperialist actions. Their counter arguments emphasize the importance of political, ideological, and cultural factors in understanding the phenomenon of imperialism more comprehensively.

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The House of Representatives and the Senate are the two chambers of the United States Congress. The Founding Fathers structured the House and Senate differently for various reasons.

Each state's population determines the number of representatives a state can have. The House of Representatives has 435 members, and each representative serves a two-year term. The Senate, on the other hand, is the upper house, and it has two members from each state, regardless of population. Each senator serves a six-year term. The Founding Fathers structured the two houses differently to give different segments of the population different representation, as they believed that each state deserved equal representation.In my opinion, the structure of the House and Senate still serves a purpose today. It ensures that the interests of both the larger and smaller states are taken into account, as well as ensuring that there is balance and stability in the legislative process.

The House and Senate structure also provides an effective check and balance system that prevents any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.

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