The correct answer is a) Total utility is falling. When marginal utility is negative, it means that each additional unit of a good or service consumed provides less satisfaction or utility compared to the previous unit. This aligns with the law of diminishing marginal utility, which states that as the quantity of a good consumed increases, the additional utility derived from each additional unit diminishes.
Since marginal utility represents the change in total utility resulting from consuming an additional unit, a negative marginal utility indicates that the total utility is decreasing. Therefore, option a) "Total utility is falling" is the correct inference when marginal utility is negative.
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GMAR (Gross Market Acceptability Rate) is obtained by dividing
the total number of FGD participants who expressed interest to buy
the proposed product by the total number of FGD participants
true or f
The given statement about GMAR (Gross Market Acceptability Rate) is false.
The Gross Market Acceptability Rate (GMAR) is a measure used to assess the level of interest and acceptance of a proposed product or service among a target market. It is calculated by dividing the total number of FGD (Focus Group Discussion) participants who expressed interest in buying the product by the total number of FGD participants.
However, the statement incorrectly states that GMAR is obtained by dividing the total number of interested participants by the total number of FGD participants alone. The correct calculation involves dividing the number of interested participants by the total number of participants and then multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage.
By using the correct calculation method, the GMAR provides insights into the market's acceptance of the product or service being discussed in the FGD sessions. It helps businesses gauge the potential market demand and make informed decisions regarding product development, marketing strategies, and market penetration.
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Columbus must _________ to ensure that his entrepreneurial
mission will have a chance for success:
A. Get access to capital
B. Get access to labor
C. Get access to land
D. Both A and C
E. A, B, and C
E. A, B, and C. To ensure the success of his entrepreneurial mission, Columbus must have access to capital, labor, and land.
Access to capital is essential for funding the expedition, acquiring necessary resources, and supporting the venture's operations. Without sufficient capital, Columbus would face significant challenges in realizing his mission.
Access to labor is crucial for executing the tasks involved in the expedition. Columbus would need a skilled and dedicated workforce to navigate the ships, conduct scientific observations, and carry out various duties throughout the journey.
Access to land is fundamental for exploration and establishing settlements. Columbus aimed to discover new lands and establish trade routes, which required access to land for colonization, resource extraction, and building infrastructure.
By having access to capital, labor, and land, Columbus would increase his chances of successfully achieving his entrepreneurial mission of exploring and expanding European influence in new territories.
All three elements (capital, labor, and land) are essential for Columbus to have a chance of success in his entrepreneurial mission.
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P2-4B The trial balance of Ron Salem Co. shown below does not balance. Ron Salem Co. Trial Balance June 30, 2014 Debit Credit $ 3,840 $ 2,898 800 3,000 2,666 Cash Accounts Receivable Supplies Equipment Accounts Payable Unearned Service Revenue Share Capital-Ordinary Dividends Service Revenue Salaries and Wages Expense Utilities Expense 2,200 9,000 800 2,380 3,400 910 $14,008 $17,886 SOM Each of the listed accounts has a normal balance per the general ledger. An examination of the ledger and journal reveals the following errors. 1. Cash received from a customer in payment of its account was debited for $570, and Accounts Receivable was credited for the same amount. The actual collection was for $750. 2. The purchase of a computer on account for $620 was recorded as a debit to Supplies for $620 and a credit to Accounts Payable for $620. 3. Services were performed on account for a client for $890, Accounts Receivable was debited for $890, and Service Revenue was credited for $89. 4. A debit posting to Salaries and Wages Expense of $700 was omitted. 5. A payment of a balance due for $309 was credited to Cash for $309 and credited to Accounts Payable for $390. 6. The payment of a $600 cash dividend was debited to Salaries and Wages Expense for $600 and credited to Cash for $600.
Correcting these inaccuracies balances the debit and credit sides, creating a trial balance. The debit side is $3,410 and the credit side is $4,051, resulting in a $641 discrepancy. The trial balance needs an adjustment entry of $641 on either the debit or credit side, depending on the account.
To correct the errors in the trial balance:
1. Increase Cash by $180 and decrease Accounts Receivable by $180.
2. Decrease Supplies by $620 and increase Equipment by $620.
3. Increase Accounts Receivable by $890 and increase Service Revenue by $890.
4. Increase Salaries and Wages Expenses by $700.
5. Decrease Cash by $309 and decrease Accounts Payable by $81.
6. Decrease Salaries and Wages Expenses by $600 and decrease Cash by $600.
The adjusted trial balance will have equal debit and credit totals, resolving the imbalance.
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Folkways manufacturers dolls with traditional dress from different areas of the Middle East. Since the company was founded 5 years ago, it has sourced the dolls' clothing from a small, family-owned tailoring company. Recently, the company was acquired by a larger clothing manufacturer and the prices for their doll clothes have tripled. What strategy might Folkways consider to avoid these increased costs? 0.5 marks) Forward Integration Backward Integration Horizontal Integration Market Penetration Market Development Product Development Unrelated Diversification Divestiture Innovation QUESTION 17 Pharmaco, a drug company, introduced a new ointment called Heat to the market a year ago. It is formulated to alleviate arthritis pain. Its target market is men and women over 50 with age-related aches and pains. This is a huge population but Heat is not selling well. What strategy might Pharmaco follow to increase its sales? Forward Integration Backward Integration Horizontal Integration Market Penetration Market Development Product Development Unrelated Diversification Divestiture Innovation
To avoid increased costs for doll clothes, Folkways may consider backward integration by bringing the doll clothing production in-house or finding alternative sources for cost-effective clothing. For Pharmaco to increase sales of its arthritis ointment Heat, it may consider market development by targeting new customer segments or product development by introducing variations of the ointment or packaging.
Folkways, faced with increased costs for doll clothes due to the acquisition by a larger clothing manufacturer, can consider backward integration. By bringing the production of doll clothing in-house or finding alternative suppliers with lower costs, Folkways can regain control over the supply chain and reduce expenses, thereby avoiding the impact of increased prices.
For Pharmaco, struggling with low sales of its arthritis ointment Heat, a potential strategy to increase sales could be market development. Pharmaco can explore new customer segments or geographical markets that could benefit from the product. By identifying and targeting specific subgroups within the population over 50 with age-related aches and pains, Pharmaco can expand its reach and potentially increase sales.
Another strategy Pharmaco could consider is product development. This involves introducing variations of the arthritis ointment Heat or exploring packaging options that appeal to the target market. By offering different strengths or formulations of the ointment, or packaging options that enhance convenience or user experience, Pharmaco can attract more customers and address their specific needs.
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Brier Company, manufacturer of car seat covers, provided the following standard costs for it product.
Inputs standard quantity Standard Cost standard cost($) per Unit
Direct materials 7.1 pounds 5 per pound 35.50
Direct labour 0.8 hours 17 per hour 13.60
Variable overheads 0.8 hours 7 per hour 5.60
The company reported the following in 2022 May:
Original budgeted output 4 700 units Actual output 4 500 units Actual direct labour hours 3 610 hours Actual cost of direct labour $65 341 Purchases of raw materials 36 500 pounds Actual price paid for raw materials $186 150 Raw materials used 34 150 pounds Actual variable overhead cost $24 909 Variable overhead is applied on the basis of direct labour hours.
The Calculation for labour price variance=Actual direct labor hours * (Actual labor rate - Standard labor rate) = 3,610 hours * ($18 - $17) = $3,610. Calculation for actual cost per pound of raw materials=Actual price paid for raw materials / Actual quantity purchased = $186,150 / 34,150 lbs = $5.45
UCalculation for variable overhead rate variance=Actual direct labor hours * (Actual variable overhead rate - Standard variable overhead rate) = 3,610 hours * ($7.06 - $7) = $1,088 FCalculation for variable overhead efficiency variance=Standard variable overhead rate * (Actual direct labor hours - Standard direct labor hours) = $7 * (3,610 hours - 3,760 hours) = $203 UCalculation for direct material price variance=(Actual quantity purchased * Actual price per unit) - (Actual quantity purchased * Standard price per unit) = ($186,150 / 34,150 lbs * 34,150 lbs) - ($186,150 / 36,500 lbs * 34,150 lbs) = $1,350 FCalculation for direct material quantity variance=(Actual quantity used - Standard quantity allowed) * Standard cost per unit = (34,150 lbs - 31,820 lbs) * $5 = $1,337 UCalculation for direct labor rate variance=Actual direct labor hours * (Actual labor rate - Standard labor rate) = 3,610 hours * ($18 - $17) = $101 UCalculation for direct labor efficiency variance=Standard labor rate * (Actual direct labor hours - Standard direct labor hours) = $17 * (3,610 hours - 3,760 hours) = $350 UCalculation for total standard cost of direct materials=Standard cost per unit * Actual output = $35.50 * 4,500 units = $159,975Calculation for actual cost per pound of raw materials=Actual price paid for raw materials / Actual quantity purchased = $186,150 / 34,150 lbs = $5.45
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Theory without experience is lame and experience without theory
is blind. What is your assessment of the growth theory formulated
either as a meta-heuristic "4-formula framework" or as an
integrat
The quote "Theory without experience is lame and experience without theory is blind" emphasizes the importance of combining both theoretical frameworks and practical experience.
In the context of growth theory, it is essential to have a balance between theoretical frameworks, such as the meta-heuristic "4-formula framework," and real-world implementation. The 4-formula framework provides a structured approach to understanding and analyzing growth dynamics. However, it must be complemented by real-world experience to validate its assumptions and ensure its practical relevance. Integrating theory with experience allows for a more comprehensive assessment of growth theory, enabling policymakers and researchers to develop more effective strategies that are both grounded in theory and informed by real-world observations.
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QUESTION 2 50 MARKS Macro Hardware Limited manufactures two types of products, a laptop and an iPod and sells them in a very competitive market. Both products are funky light-weight products that are
The laptop and iPod are distinct products with different characteristics and target markets. The laptop is a versatile computing device with advanced features and functionalities, catering to professionals, students, and general consumers who require computing power on the go.
On the other hand, the iPod is a portable music and multimedia player, primarily targeting music enthusiasts and individuals seeking a compact entertainment device.
Manufacturing both products involves various stages. The laptop production process includes sourcing high-quality components, assembling the hardware, installing the operating system and software, and conducting quality checks. The iPod manufacturing process comprises sourcing electronic components, assembling the device, and testing its functionality and performance. Both products require skilled labor, quality control measures, and adherence to industry standards to ensure customer satisfaction.
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Macro Hardware Limited manufactures two types of products, a laptop and an iPod and sells them in a very competitive market. Both products are funky light-weight products that are appealing to tech-savvy consumers. Macro Hardware Limited faces intense competition from other manufacturers in the industry. Let's take a closer look at the manufacturing and sales aspects of the laptop and iPod to understand their market dynamics.
Marketing Section 1. As a manager in charge, examine the situation. thoroughly by stating clearly your position on this issue and how the decision and its consequence may affect the organization's cash flow. 2. Critically evaluate the decision as to whether the organization should maintain the status que ir head to introduce a new product. 3. Since the product seems to be at the maturity the problem stage, suggest any 4 Gikely Cause of 4. Describe the strategies you will adopt to rejuvenate- your product should in case it gets to the declining. stage.
As a manager in charge, examine the situation. thoroughly by stating clearly your position on this issue and how the decision and its consequence may affect the organization's cash flow.
The situation in this context is whether or not the organization should maintain the status quo or head to introduce a new product. Maintaining the status quo would mean that the organization will continue to produce the same product and employ the same marketing strategy. However, introducing a new product will require a new marketing strategy. The decision and its consequence may affect the organization's cash flow positively or negatively, depending on the outcome of the decision to be made. For instance, if the decision to maintain the status quo is made and there are changes in the market, the organization may lose its market share and negatively impact its cash flow. Position on the issue. It is advisable for the organization to introduce a new product. This is because in business, maintaining the status quo may not be the best approach, especially if the market is highly competitive.
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QUESTION 6 Which of the following statements is true when projects with IRRS greater than the entity's cost of capital are accepted? O The projects will make additional returns over and above the cost of finance. O The projects will return the cost of finance. All of the statements are true. The projects will enhance the wealth of the owners.
When projects with Internal Rates of Return (IRRs) greater than the entity's cost of capital are accepted, they will make additional returns over and above the cost of finance, enhancing the wealth of the owners.
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a financial metric used to assess the profitability of an investment project. It represents the discount rate at which the net present value (NPV) of the project's cash flows is zero. The cost of capital, on the other hand, refers to the rate of return required by investors to finance the project.
When projects with IRRs greater than the entity's cost of capital are accepted, it means that the expected returns from the projects exceed the cost of finance. In other words, the projects are expected to generate additional returns above and beyond what is required to meet the financing costs. This additional return represents a profit or gain for the entity.
Accepting such projects can contribute to enhancing the wealth of the owners because the projects are generating returns that are higher than the cost of capital. By generating additional profits, the projects increase the overall value of the entity, resulting in an increase in the wealth of the owners or shareholders. Therefore, the statement "The projects will enhance the wealth of the owners" is true in this context.
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QUESTION 3 a. Determine if supply and demand decisions have benefited or harmed firms. b. Discuss how having a good understanding of demand may assist a manager.
a. Supply and demand decisions can both benefit and harm firms depending on various factors such as market conditions, pricing strategies, and product differentiation.
b. Having a good understanding of demand can assist a manager by enabling them to make informed decisions regarding production levels, pricing strategies, product development, and resource allocation.
a. Supply and demand decisions can have both positive and negative impacts on firms. When the demand for a firm's product or service is high and exceeds supply, it creates a favorable situation where firms can increase prices and generate higher profits.
Additionally, understanding demand patterns can help firms anticipate market trends, adjust production levels accordingly, and avoid excess inventory or shortages.
However, supply and demand decisions can also harm firms. If the demand for a product decreases due to changes in consumer preferences or market conditions, firms may face declining sales and profitability.
Moreover, intense competition and price wars can negatively impact firms' profit margins. In addition, inaccurate forecasting of demand may lead to overproduction or underproduction, resulting in inefficiencies and financial losses.
b. Having a good understanding of demand is crucial for managers as it allows them to make informed decisions and devise effective strategies. By analyzing demand patterns, managers can identify the target market, segment customers, and tailor marketing efforts accordingly. Understanding demand fluctuations helps managers adjust production levels, optimize inventory, and avoid excess costs or shortages.
It enables them to allocate resources efficiently, align production capacities with market demands, and minimize waste.
Furthermore, a deep understanding of demand aids in pricing strategies. Managers can set competitive prices by considering consumer preferences, price elasticity, and competitor behavior.
It helps in identifying opportunities for product differentiation, developing new products, and staying ahead of market trends.
Overall, a good understanding of demand empowers managers to make data-driven decisions, adapt to changing market conditions, and maximize the firm's performance and profitability.
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Question 2 (15 points): a. What is the relationship between reliability and validity? (3 points) a) One of the methods to assess reliability is split-half reliability. Explain how this method works. (
The relationship between reliability and validity can be established as follows:Reliability refers to the extent to which a measurement instrument consistently produces the same results each time it is used to assess a specific phenomenon. In contrast.
validity refers to the degree to which a measuring tool can accurately assess the target it is intended to assess. A measure can be considered valid if it is consistent and accurate in the information it provides about a particular phenomenon.The split-half reliability method is one of the techniques that assesses the reliability of measurement tools.
This method entails splitting the measurement instrument into two parts, usually randomly, and then computing the scores for each part separately. Then, the scores from the two halves are compared, and if they are found to be highly correlated, the measure can be said to be reliable.The process for split-half reliability method includes the following steps:1. Split the measurement instrument into two halves2. Compute scores for each half3. Correlate the scores from both halves of the measure to determine the reliability of the measure.4. Use statistical techniques such as Cronbach's alpha to establish the degree of correlation between the two halves of the measure.
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Relationship between reliability and validity: Reliability is all about consistency while validity refers to accuracy.
The consistency of the measurement process, which involves the degree of precision or consistency of an instrument, is referred to as reliability. The extent to which the instrument evaluates what it is meant to evaluate is referred to as validity. Therefore, reliability and validity are two interdependent aspects of any instrument used to measure, test, or assess human behavior. Split-half reliability method: Split-half reliability is a measure of the consistency of an assessment method. Split-half reliability is determined by comparing the scores on two halves of a test. If a test yields the same or similar scores every time it is taken, it is referred to as reliable. It is a way of assessing whether or not the test questions are reliable, and it entails splitting the questions in half and comparing the two halves' scores. It is a simple method for determining the test's internal consistency. The procedure for calculating split-half reliability is simple: the questions are split into two sets, and the scores for each set are compared to see how consistent they are. In a test with 50 questions, for example, the first 25 questions might be compared to the second 25 questions. In most instances, the scores for the two halves should be close to the same, indicating that the test is consistent.
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Question 2
2.1 Identify Tshidi Udjo's leadership style and discuss the reasons for your answer.
2.2 Peter needs to constantly motivate his thirteen subordinates to ensure that the goals of Dellipo constructions are achieved. Briefly describe the motivation process Peter needs to follow to motivate his subordinates.
2.3 There are three fundamental approaches that Bingi can follow when making an ethical choice between various options and to defend difficult decisions. Discuss the three approaches to ethical decisions making Bingi can follow at Dellipo constructions.
2.4 Discuss the three approaches Tshidi can use, to manage diversity in Dellipo constructions.
Tshidi can establish diversity councils to encourage collaboration and diversity management throughout the organization.
2.1 Leadership style is a kind of personality that determines a leader's management style. Tshidi Udjo's leadership style is democratic. She is inclusive of her team members' contributions and opinions, and encourages team members to take part in the decision-making process. In addition, she promotes open communication and emphasizes the importance of collaboration among team members. Tshidi is aware of the strengths and limitations of her team members, and she uses them in the decision-making process. She trusts her team members to complete their tasks and she monitors their progress and performance. Her ability to motivate and engage her team members is critical to her success as a leader.
2.2 To motivate his subordinates, Peter must follow the motivation process, which consists of the following steps: identifying needs, setting goals, creating incentives, and evaluating performance. Identifying the needs of his subordinates is the first step in motivating them. By recognizing their requirements, Peter can motivate them to complete their tasks. Peter should establish clear goals that his subordinates must accomplish to meet Dellipo Constructions' objectives. He should create incentives to motivate his subordinates. Incentives may take the form of bonuses, promotions, or other benefits. Finally, evaluating his subordinates' performance to identify areas for improvement is necessary.
2.3 The three fundamental approaches to ethical decision-making Bingi can follow at Dellipo constructions are consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism is an ethical approach that emphasizes the consequences of actions rather than the intentions behind them. Deontology is an ethical theory that stresses the importance of following rules and principles regardless of the consequences. Virtue ethics is an ethical approach that emphasizes the importance of moral character and virtues in decision-making.
2.4 The three approaches Tshidi can use to manage diversity in Dellipo constructions are cultural competence, diversity training, and diversity councils. Cultural competence refers to the ability to work effectively with people from different cultures. Tshidi can ensure that her team members have the necessary skills and knowledge to work effectively with people from different cultures. Tshidi can implement diversity training programs to increase awareness and understanding of different cultures, which can improve team members' communication and collaboration. Lastly, Tshidi can establish diversity councils to encourage collaboration and diversity management throughout the organization.
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Prepare a checklist for determining a manager's level
of support for training in Sheraton Hotel.
This checklist helps assess a manager's level of support for training in Sheraton Hotel by evaluating their awareness, communication, resource allocation, collaboration, participation, and recognition efforts.
Checklist for Determining a Manager's Level of Support for Training in Sheraton Hotel:
Awareness and Understanding, Communication and Promotion, Resource Allocation, Collaboration and Support, Participation and Role Modeling, Evaluation and Feedback, Recognition and Rewards.
It provides a framework to identify areas where additional support or improvement may be needed and ensures that managers play an active role in fostering a culture of learning and development within the organization.
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symmetric information and/or imperfect information can cause two forms of market failure: 1) adverse selection and 2) moral hazard. Asymmetric information is where one party in the transaction has more information than the other party in the transaction. Imperfect information is a situation in which neither party has perfect information about the good/service being exchanged in a transaction. Such goods and services are sometime referred to as "experience goods." In the late 1990s, car leasing was very popular in the United States. A customer would lease a car from the manufacturer for a set term, usually two years, and then have the option of keeping the car. If the customer decided to keep the car, the customer would pay a price to the manufacturer, the "residual value," computed as 60% of the new car price. The manufacturer would then sell the returned cars at auction. In 1999, the manufacturer lost an average of $480 on each returned car. (The auction price was, on average, $480 less than the residual value.) Also see the help provided in the discussion preparation. Instructions For your discussion post, address the following within the context of the above scenario: Why was the manufacturer losing money on this program? Was this a problem of adverse selection or moral hazard? What should the manufacturer do to stop losing money?
The manufacturer was losing money on the car leasing program because of the problem of adverse selection. The customers who were most likely to lease the cars were those who knew they would not want to keep the car after the lease period ended. They would lease the car for the two-year period and then return it,
eaving the manufacturer with a used car that it would have to sell at auction, typically for a lower price than the residua selection is a market failure that occurs when the buyers or sellers in a transaction have more information about the quality of the product or service than the other party. This can lead to the selection of lower quality products or services in the market. In this scenario,
the customers who leased the cars knew that they would not want to keep the cars, which meant that the manufacturer was left with used cars that it had to sell at auction, typically for a lower price than the residual value.To stop losing money, the manufacturer could do the following:Increase the residual value of the cars, so that the cost of buying back the cars is lower.Reduce the lease period to one year, so that the cars are returned more quickly, and there is less depreciation in their value.Reduce the number of cars being leased, so that the manufacturer is not left with too many used cars to sell at auction.rs or sellers in a transaction have more information about the quality of the product or service than the other party. This can lead to the selection of lower quality products or services in the market. In this scenario,
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An entity offers a customer loyalty program. The program operates as follows: for each $1 spent, the customer earns one point. For each 2.000 points earned, the customer receives a $15 voucher than can be used against future purchases. Management estimates that the voucher redemption rate will be 70%. Data for the first two years of the program are as follows:
Year
20x5 20x6
Sales
20x5: $2,750,000
20x6: 4,500,000
Vouchers Redeemed
20x5: 1,100
20x6: 1,600
Required –
Prepare the journal entries for the customer loyalty program for the two years.
These journal entries reflect the recognition of sales revenue, the recognition of expenses related to loyalty points earned by customers, and the recognition of the liability for vouchers to be redeemed.
The journal entries for the customer loyalty program for the two years can be summarized as follows:
Year 20x5:
To record sales: Debit Accounts Receivable for $2,750,000 and credit Sales Revenue for $2,750,000.
To record points earned by customers: Debit Loyalty Points Expense for the estimated value of points earned (based on $1 spent = 1 point) and credit Loyalty Points Payable for the same amount.
To record voucher liability: Debit Voucher Liability for the estimated value of vouchers to be redeemed (based on 70% redemption rate) and credit Deferred Revenue for the same amount.
Year 20x6:
To record sales: Debit Accounts Receivable for $4,500,000 and credit Sales Revenue for $4,500,000.
To record points earned by customers: Debit Loyalty Points Expense for the estimated value of points earned (based on $1 spent = 1 point) and credit Loyalty Points Payable for the same amount.
To record voucher liability: Debit Voucher Liability for the estimated value of vouchers to be redeemed (based on 70% redemption rate) and credit Deferred Revenue for the same amount.
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Explain what factors cause shifts of the aggregate demand curve in the open economy model. 2) Explain the macroeconomic effects of a tax cut according to the Ricardian Equivalence proposition. Include in your answer the IS-LM graph that shows the effects of this tax cut.
1) Factors that cause shifts of the aggregate demand curve in the open economy model
The factors that cause shifts of the aggregate demand curve in the open economy model are as follows:
Changes in government spending
Changes in investment spending
Changes in the net exports (NX) component of aggregate demand
Changes in consumer spending
2) Macroeconomic effects of a tax cut according to the Ricardian Equivalence proposition
Ricardian Equivalence theory is a hypothesis that proposes that consumers can anticipate future taxes and will save when the government cuts taxes, resulting in no real economic stimulus. The basic concept of the Ricardian Equivalence theory is that a tax cut has no impact on economic output in an economy as long as people anticipate future tax rises to pay off the debt incurred from the tax cut.
A tax cut raises disposable income, causing consumption to rise. The increase in consumption will shift the IS curve to the right. When the IS curve shifts to the right, the interest rate and income both increase. The LM curve shifts upward, as the interest rate has increased. In the IS-LM diagram, the impact of a tax cut is shown as follows: The initial equilibrium is point E, where the IS and LM curves intersect. When the government introduces a tax cut, the IS curve moves to the right (IS’). This raises interest rates (r’) and income (Y’), but the effects are mitigated by the LM curve shift upward. Hence, the new equilibrium point is E’. The impact of the tax cut is a permanent increase in interest rates and no change in output (GDP) level. Therefore, the macroeconomic effects of a tax cut according to the Ricardian Equivalence proposition suggest that the stimulus created by tax cuts is offset by a reduction in private savings, and the overall result is no net increase in aggregate demand. The multiplier effect of tax cuts is negated in the Ricardian Equivalence proposition. Hence, it is also known as the permanent income theory of consumer spending.
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2. [25 MARKS] Two firms, A and B, compete in a market for which demand is fixed, and made up of 100 consumers. Each consumer is willing to buy at most one unit of good and willing to pay maximum $10 for it. The game is sequential. In the first stage, firm A decides about its production capacity (i.e. how many units of the good it can produce). In the second stage, firm B sets its price. Finally, in the third stage, firm A sets its own price. Firm B has unlimited capacity. The product is homogeneous and we assume that if the firms set the same price, market demand will be shared equally. The marginal cost of production equals to 99 cents. None of the companies can sell (by law) at a price lower than one dollar. Which strategies will firm A and B play?
In the given sequential game between firm A and firm B, firm A will set its production capacity to 100 units, and firm B will set its price at $1. Firm A will then set its price also at $1.
Firm A's optimal strategy is to set its production capacity to match the total market demand, which is 100 units in this case. By producing the maximum capacity, firm A aims to capture the entire market share and prevent firm B from gaining any customers.
Firm B, knowing that firm A will produce the entire market demand, faces the decision of setting its price. However, firm B is constrained by the law, which prohibits selling the product at a price lower than one dollar. Therefore, firm B will set its price at the minimum allowable price of $1.
This strategy of firm A producing the full market capacity and both firms setting their prices at $1 leads to a Nash equilibrium, where neither firm has an incentive to deviate from their chosen strategy.
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Consider the following data: (Click the icon to view the data.) Requirement Compute the customer lifetime value for Customer 421 based on the data above for the first six years of the customer relationship. Costs (Ct) were incurred to promote customer retention to a rate of 0.9 in years 1 through 6. Begin by determining the general formula for calculating customer lifetime value (CLV). (Abbreviation not already defined: Cost of capital = i) F" (Mt – C4) * (retention rate) - 1 CLV= Σ (1 + i)" - Initial acquisition cost t= 1 Next calculate the discounted net cash flows for each year and in total. (Round all amounts in your calculation to four decimal places, X.XXXX.) Discounted Requirement Compute the customer lifetime value for Customer 421 based on the data above for the first six years of the customer relationship. Costs (Ct) were incurred to promote customer retention to a rate of 0.9 in years 1 through 6. Next calculate the discounted net cash flows for each year and in total. (Round all amounts in your calculation to four decimal places, X.XXXX.) Discounted t net cash flows 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Х Data table Customer 421 $800 6 0.9 0.1 Initial acquisition cost n = number of years retained r = retention rate for each of the n years retained Cost of capital Mt = margin from customer in year t M M2 $270 320 M3 345 370 M4 M5 ME 395 CA 430 90 80 C2 C3 80 CA 80 СЫ 70 C6 70
The following is the formula for computing the customer lifetime value:CLV = Σ [(Mt – Ct) * (Retention rate) – 1] / (1 + i)t(Initial acquisition cost)Where,Mt – margin from the customer for the year t.CT – costs incurred to retain the customer in year t.Retention rate – rate of customer retention.
Margin from the customer is equal to revenue minus the cost of goods sold. In the given table, the margin from the customer can be calculated by subtracting COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) from the revenue. Thus, the following table is drawn as per the data given:Year Margin from customer (Mt) 1 $800 2 $520 3 $345 4 $270 5 $430 6 $470In the given table, the costs incurred to promote customer retention to a rate of 0.9 in years 1 through 6 are already given. Therefore, the given data can be used to calculate the customer lifetime value for the customer 421 based on the data above for the first six years of the customer relationship.CLV = [(800 - 800 * 0.1) / (1 + 0.1)] + [(520 - 80) / (1 + 0.1)²] + [(345 - 80) / (1 + 0.1)³] + [(270 - 80) / (1 + 0.1)⁴] + [(430 - 70) / (1 + 0.1)⁵] + [(470 - 70) / (1 + 0.1)⁶] – 800CLV = $2,504.44 (rounded to two decimal places)
Now, the discounted net cash flows for each year and in total are calculated:Year Discounted Net Cash Flow 1 $727.27 2 $427.61 3 $248.59 4 $142.32 5 $251.39 6 $246.26 Total $2,043.44Therefore, the discounted net cash flows for each year and in total are calculated to be $727.27, $427.61, $248.59, $142.32, $251.39, $246.26, and $2,043.44 respectively (rounded to four decimal places).
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kindly answer from question 5 to question 14
Question #1 (100 Marks) Tiny Toons was established on January 1, 2022 - capitalized though the issuance of common shares for $85,000. Tiny Toons produces miniature, plastic cartoon characters Their 20
Tiny Toons is a company that was founded on January 1, 2022, and it raised $85,000 by issuing common shares. The company specializes in producing miniature plastic cartoon characters.
These characters are popular among collectors and enthusiasts. They are carefully designed and crafted to resemble well-known cartoon characters from various shows and movies. The attention to detail and quality of the products have contributed to Tiny Toons' success in the market. The company has a total of 20 main characters in its product lineup, each with its own unique design and charm. These characters are loved by both children and adults alike. Tiny Toons' dedication to creating high-quality and visually appealing cartoon characters has earned them a loyal customer base. With their expertise in plastic molding and production, Tiny Toons continues to innovate and bring joy to fans of cartoon characters worldwide. Tiny Toons is a company that was established on January 1, 2022, through the issuance of common shares worth $85,000. The company specializes in manufacturing miniature plastic cartoon characters that are loved by collectors and enthusiasts. These characters are carefully designed and crafted to resemble popular cartoon characters from various shows and movies. With a total of 20 main characters in their product lineup, Tiny Toons caters to a wide range of preferences. Their attention to detail and commitment to quality have contributed to their success in the market. Both children and adults appreciate the charm and appeal of these miniature cartoon characters. Through their expertise in plastic molding and production, Tiny Toons continues to bring happiness and delight to fans of cartoon characters worldwide.
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Assume that a bond will make payments every six months as shown on the following timeline (using six-month periods): Period 0 1. 49 50 Cash Flows $19.93 $19.93 $19.93 $19.93+$1,000 a. What is the matu
The maturity of the bond is 25 years if bond will make payments every six months as shown on the given timeline.
The maturity of the bond can be determined by examining the timeline of cash flows provided.
From the given information, we can see that the bond will make payments every six months, starting from Period 1 and continuing until Period 50. Each payment is $19.93, except for the final payment in Period 50, which is the sum of $19.93 and $1,000.
Since each period represents six months, we can calculate the total number of years until maturity by dividing the last period number (50) by 2.
Therefore, the maturity of the bond is 25 years.
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The complete question is:
"Assume that a bond will make payments every six months as shown on the following timeline (using six-month periods): Period 0 1. 49 50 Cash Flows $19.93 $19.93 $19.93 $19.93+$1,000 a. What is the maturity of the bond in(in years)?"
Which of the following is the primary purpose of preparing a statement of added value?
Multiple Choice
To show the costs in addition to gross payroll that the company incurs related to its labor force
To show the distribution of added value by the company among shareholders
To calculate the net taxable income of the company
To show the value added to products while at production
The primary purpose of preparing a statement of added value is to show the distribution of added value by the company among shareholders. The added value statement measures a company's economic value and shows the distribution of value to stakeholders. The correct option is B .
The added value statement is intended to reveal the company's overall impact, as well as its primary economic effects. It shows how value is added to products during production, how a company distributes value among its stakeholders, and how a company's economic activity affects society.The added value statement shows how much of the company's revenue is derived from selling goods and services, as well as the amount of value the company has added to the products. The added value statement also shows the amount of money paid to employees and the amount of money paid to shareholders and the amount of money paid to the government for taxes.The primary purpose of preparing a statement of added value is to show the distribution of added value by the company among shareholders. The added value statement measures a company's economic value and shows the distribution of value to stakeholders. An added value statement is a method of disclosing the economic impact of a company, which reveals the value that has been added to the company's product or service by its employees. It also shows the distribution of added value among stakeholders. Therefore, the correct option is To show the distribution of added value by the company among shareholders.
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U.S. trade policies with regard to sugar import restrictions reflect the fact that OA. U.S. sugar cane farmers have significant political power. OB. the U.S. imports most of the sugar consumed in the country. OC. there are gains from trade that the U.S. captures by engaging in free trade in sugar. OD. the U.S. has a comparative advantage in sugar production and therefore exports most of its sugar crop. O E. there would be no gains from trade available to the U.S. if it engaged in free trade in sugar.
OA. U.S. sugar cane farmers have significant political power.The U.S. trade policies with regard to sugar import restrictions reflect the fact that U.S. sugar cane farmers have significant political power.
This is because U.S. trade policies often incorporate protectionist measures to safeguard the interests of domestic sugar producers. The U.S. sugar industry has historically enjoyed protection through import restrictions, such as tariffs and quotas, that limit the amount of foreign sugar entering the U.S. market. These policies aim to support domestic sugar cane farmers by shielding them from competition with lower-cost sugar producers in other countries.The political influence of U.S. sugar cane farmers is attributed to various factors, including their concentrated presence in certain regions, strong lobbying efforts, and the significance of the sugar industry to local economies.While other factors may also play a role in shaping U.S.
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fama's llamas has a weighted average cost of capital of 8.4 percent. The company's cost of equity is 11 percent, and its pretax cost of debt is 5.8 percent. The tax rate is 25 percent. What is the company's target debt-equity ratio?
The target debt-equity ratio is the ratio of total debt to total equity. To calculate the target debt-equity ratio, we need to first calculate the cost of debt and the cost of equity. Calculations:
To calculate the cost of debt: After-tax cost of debt =
Pretax cost of debt × (1 - Tax rate)= 5.8% × (1 - 25%)= 5.8% × 0.75= 4.35%
Therefore, the cost of debt after tax is 4.35%.
To calculate the cost of equity:
Cost of equity = Risk-free rate + β (Market risk premium) Given that cost of equity = 11% and after-tax cost of debt = 4.35%,
We can calculate the target debt-equity ratio using the formula:
WACC = E / V × Re + D / V × Rd × (1 - T)
Where, WACC = Weighted Average Cost of Capital E = EquityD = DebtV = Total value of the firm = Cost of Equity
Rd = Cost of DebtT = Tax Rate
We are given that WACC = 8.4%, Re = 11%, Rd = 4.35% and T = 25%.
We need to find D / V, i.e., the proportion of debt to the total value of the firm.8.4% = E / V × 11% + D / V × 4.35% × (1 - 25%)8.4% = E / V × 11% + D / V × 3.2625%11% - 8.4% = D / V × 3.2625%2.6% = D / V × 3.2625%D / V = 2.6% / 3.2625%D / V = 0.7987
Therefore, the target debt-equity ratio is 0.7987 or 0.8 (approx).
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When the Social Security Administration holds U.S. Treasury Bonds
there is a balanced budget.
interagency borrowing has occurred and the government owes itself.
the gross public debt has increased.
an entitlement has occurred.
When the Social Security Administration holds U.S. Treasury Bonds, interagency borrowing has occurred, and the government owes itself. When the Social Security Administration (SSA) holds U.S. Treasury Bonds, it means that the SSA has invested its surplus funds into these bonds.
This represents interagency borrowing within the government, where one agency (SSA) lends money to another agency (U.S. Treasury). As a result, the government owes itself because the Treasury, which is responsible for managing the nation's finances, issues bonds to the SSA. This arrangement does not directly impact the balanced budget. The budget is considered balanced when government revenues match or exceed government spending. However, interagency borrowing does affect the overall financial position of the government. It increases the gross public debt, which refers to the total amount of money that the government owes to external parties (such as individuals, institutions, and foreign governments) and itself (in this case, owed to the SSA).
It's important to note that the Treasury Bonds held by the SSA represent an entitlement program. Social Security is a government program that provides income support to eligible individuals, and the SSA invests the surplus funds into Treasury Bonds to help fund future Social Security benefits.
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What is your vision of Sustainability in Business
What were your main leanings
What do you think are the main benefits and challenges of
incorporating Sustainability in a Business Strategy?
What do yo
Sustainability in business refers to the integration of environmental, social, and economic considerations into business practices to create long-term value.However, challenges such as resource constraints, regulatory complexities, and resistance to change need to be addressed for successful implementation.
Sustainability in business is the vision of integrating sustainable practices into all aspects of an organization's operations. It involves considering the environmental, social, and economic impacts of business activities and striving for long-term value creation. Adopting sustainability in a business strategy requires a shift towards more responsible and ethical practices, such as reducing carbon emissions, conserving resources, promoting social equity, and fostering stakeholder engagement.
The main benefits of incorporating sustainability in a business strategy are multi-fold. Firstly, it enhances the reputation and brand image of the organization, attracting environmentally and socially conscious customers. Secondly, sustainability practices often lead to cost savings through energy efficiency, waste reduction, and streamlined operations. Additionally, it helps in managing risks associated with environmental regulations, climate change, and supply chain disruptions. Furthermore, sustainability drives innovation by encouraging the development of eco-friendly products and services and creating new market opportunities.
However, there are challenges in implementing sustainability in business strategies. Organizations may face resource constraints in terms of financial investments, technology, and skilled workforce. There may also be regulatory complexities and uncertainties that require careful navigation. Resistance to change from internal stakeholders and the need for cultural and organizational shifts can pose challenges. Furthermore, measuring and monitoring the impact of sustainability initiatives and aligning them with business objectives can be complex.
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Discuss vertical and horizontal integration in a supply
chain. How does the integration work and why is it so important for
a supply chain? (10 marks)
Vertical integration is the process in which a company expands its supply chain by acquiring companies or building its facilities.
In contrast, horizontal integration occurs when a company expands its operations at the same level of the supply chain, such as adding new products or services. The combination of both forms of integration in a supply chain results in a fully integrated supply chain.Varieties of vertical integrationVertical integration is divided into three categories based on the degree of control that a company has over its production or distribution operations. These three types are backward, forward, and balanced integration.Backward integrationBackward integration occurs when a company begins to manufacture the materials required for production. Raw materials, for example, can be produced by a business that normally purchases them from suppliers.Forward integrationForward integration occurs when a company enters the distribution industry by acquiring or constructing its distribution system. A manufacturer, for example, may sell its products to a wholesaler, who then sells them to retailers, who then sell them to the end customer.Balanced integrationThe term "balanced integration" refers to the ability of a company to balance both forward and backward integration to optimize supply chain performance. This integration approach takes into account the importance of manufacturing quality raw materials and the ability to distribute products to consumers effectively. The balanced integration model considers both forward and backward integration when determining the most efficient method of conducting business.
Benefits of vertical integration in a supply chainVertical integration results in several advantages in a supply chain, including the following:Improved quality controlA vertically integrated company can control every aspect of its production and distribution. As a result, the company can better monitor its goods' quality, ensuring that they meet or exceed customer expectations.Cost savingsA vertically integrated company can reduce costs by producing and distributing its products rather than outsourcing the work to suppliers.
Furthermore, vertical integration improves communication and collaboration between departments, reducing costs related to miscommunication, delays, and product recalls.The importance of horizontal integrationHorizontal integration aids in the development of a more effective supply chain by expanding the company's operations to include new products or services. Horizontal integration results in a better distribution system and a broader customer base. It improves supply chain efficiency and streamlines the production process by enabling companies to combine efforts and resources to expand their reach and produce products that cater to consumers' needs.
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Accounting 301- Homework #1 Due on Sunday, May 29, before midnight. Dear students, Please hand write and submit a scanned copy or a picture of your homework in D2L under "Assignments" tab. Do not email me your homework. Do not type your homework. Let me know if you have any questions.
The East Company manufactures several different products. Unit costs associated with Product ORD203 are as follows:
Direct materials $50
Direct manufacturing labor 8
Variable manufacturing overhead 10
Fixed manufacturing overhead 23
Sales commissions (2% of sales) 5
Administrative salaries 9
Total $105
1) Calculate the following: a- Direct manufacturing cost per unit
b- Indirect(overhead) manufacturing cost per unit
c- Conversion cost per unit
d- Prime cost per unit
e- Period cost per unit
f- Variable manufacturing cost per unit
g- Fixed manufacturing cost per unit
h- Non-manufacturing cost per unit
2) Axle and Wheel Manufacturing currently produces 1,000 axles per month. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
Direct materials $200
Direct manufacturing labor 30
Variable manufacturing overhead 60
Fixed manufacturing overhead 40
Total manufacturing costs $330
The plant has capacity for 2,000 axles.
Required: a. What is the total cost of producing 1,000 axles?
b. What is the total cost of producing 1,500 axles?
c. What is the per unit cost when producing 1,500 axles?
3) Stark Manufacturing Company had the following account balances for the 2021.
Revenue $3,000,000
Work-in-process inventory (January 1) 140,400
Work-in-process inventory (December 31) 171,000
Finished goods inventory (January 1) 540,000
Finished goods inventory (December 31) 510,000
Direct materials inventory (January 1) 10,000
Direct materials inventory (December 31) 32,000
Direct materials purchase 400,000
Indirect materials used 84,000
Direct manufacturing labor 480,000
Indirect manufacturing labor 186,000
Property taxes on manufacturing plant building 28,800
Salespersons' company vehicle costs 12,000
Depreciation of manufacturing equipment 264,000
Depreciation of office equipment 123,600
Miscellaneous plant overhead 135,000
Plant utilities 92,400
General office expenses 305,400
Marketing distribution costs 30,000
Required: Calculate the following: a. Cost of direct materials used
b- Cost of goods manufactured
c- Cost of goods sold
d- Gross margin
f-Operating income
4) Wayne Manufacturing Company had the following information for the 2021.
Selling price $30
Direct materials cost per unit 4
Indirect materials cost per unit 3.20
Direct manufacturing labor per unit 4.8
Indirect manufacturing labor cost per unit 2
Salespersons' company vehicle costs per unit 1.65
Annual property taxes on manufacturing plant building 28,000
Annual Depreciation of manufacturing equipment 264,000
Annual Depreciation of office equipment 118,000
Miscellaneous plant overhead per unit 1.35
Plant utilities per unit .92
General office expenses per unit 1.08
Annual Marketing costs 30,000
Tax rate 30%
Calculate the following: a- Contribution margin per unit
b- Contribution margin percentage
c- How many units does Wayne Company have to sell to break even?
d- How many units does Wayne Company have to sell to make operating income of $55,000?
e- How many units does Wayne Company have to sell to make operating income of $46,200?
f- Calculate the operating leverage when expected sale is 60,000 units.
g- Calculate the margin of safety in units if expected sale is 70,000 units.
The direct manufacturing cost per unit when direct manufacturing labor is 8 is calculated as $ 58.
Manufacturing cost is the amount of expenses of all assets consumed during the time spent making an item. There are three categories of manufacturing costs: direct costs for materials, direct costs for labor, and manufacturing overhead It is a consider all out conveyance cost.
Direct manufacturing cost per unit = Direct materials + Direct manufacturing labor
= 50+8 = $58
Part B
Indirect(overhead) manufacturing cost per unit = Variable manufacturing overhead + fixed manufacturing overhead
= 10+23 = $33
Part C
Conversion cost per unit = Direct manufacturing labor + Indirect(overhead) manufacturing cost per unit
= 8+33 = $41
Part D: prime cost per unit = direct materials +Direct manufacturing labor
= 50+8 = $58
Part E : period cost per unit = Sales commissions+Administrative salaries
= 5+9 = $14
Where are the costs of manufacturing?Normally, producing costs are introduced in the pay articulation as discrete details. As a matter of fact, when you are representing stock, you should try to incorporate all assembling costs in the expenses of work-in-process stock and completed merchandise stock.
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Stock options for which the exercise price exceeds the average
market price are anti-dilutive and, accordingly, are excluded from
the calculation of Dilutive EPS.
True or False?
The fact that stock options for which the exercise price exceeds the average market price are anti-dilutive and, accordingly, are excluded from the calculation of Dilutive EPS, is true. Because when a company has dilutive securities, such as stock options, the formula for calculating EPS becomes more complicated.
The term 'dilutive earnings per share (EPS)' refers to the calculation of EPS that includes all potentially dilutive securities.
Diluted EPS is a more conservative measure of earnings per share since it accounts for all potentially dilutive securities. Anti-Dilutive stocks. Anti-dilutive securities are stocks that raise earnings per share (EPS) if they are converted into common stock.
A stock option would be considered anti-dilutive if the exercise price exceeds the average market price of the stock. The reason for this is that when the exercise price exceeds the average market price, there is no incentive to exercise the option, and therefore it will never become a common stock.
As a result, it won't dilute earnings per share (EPS) any further.Therefore, the statement "Stock options for which the exercise price exceeds the average market price are anti-dilutive and, accordingly, are excluded from the calculation of Dilutive EPS" is true.
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Wrongful Discharge pg. 456 Stefan Sorril, a health teacher at Madison Middle School and a triathlete, appeared shirtless and showed off his "ripped" body as an extra on an episode of a new reality TV show. A week after the show aired, school officials called him into the district office and asked for his resignation. Sorril later claimed that he was pressured and coerced into resigning. He said the school officials had informed him that--as as result of his appearance on the show--he would no longer be offered tenure (a senior academic's contractual right not to be terminated without just cause). Sorril subsequently sued for wrongful discharge. (See Employment at Will.) (a) Discuss whether Sorril was an employee at will and how that status would affect his claim. (b) Determine if Sorril can assert any of the exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine. (c) Decide whether the school district should be held liable for wrongful discharge and explain its reasoning.
(a) The status of Sorril as an employee at will affects his claim by giving the school district the right to terminate him without just cause.
(b) The covenant-of-good-faith exception - An employee has a right to believe that they will not be terminated in bad faith. If the employer terminates the employee without following the principles of good faith, the employee can seek legal action.
(c) The school district should have no right to terminate an employee who has not violated any laws or policies.
(a) Sorril was an employee at will, as he was not under any contractual obligation with the school. Being an employee at will, Sorril could be discharged for any reason that is not illegal or violative of public policy. Therefore, the status of Sorril as an employee at will affects his claim by giving the school district the right to terminate him without just cause.
(b) Sorril can assert the following exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine: Public-policy exception- An employee has a right not to be discharged for a reason that violates public policy. For instance, it is illegal to terminate an employee for serving on a jury or reporting illegal conduct within the workplace. Implied-contract exception - An implied contract can be formed between an employer and an employee. An implied contract can arise from the statements or actions of the employer. A company handbook can be considered an implied contract. If the employer breaches this contract by terminating the employee without following the specified process, the employee can seek legal action. The covenant-of-good-faith exception - An employee has a right to believe that they will not be terminated in bad faith. If the employer terminates the employee without following the principles of good faith, the employee can seek legal action.
(c) The school district should be held liable for wrongful discharge. Stefan Sorril was a health teacher, and his appearance on the reality show did not affect his performance as a teacher. As such, the reason for his dismissal was not reasonable. Therefore, Sorril's discharge was wrongful and in violation of the public-policy exception. The school district should have no right to terminate an employee who has not violated any laws or policies.
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CONSERVATION OF RISK, IMPLIES THAT A. The mix of senior and subordinated debt does not affect the firm's weighted average cost of capital b.All of the provided answer chices are correct c.the mix of senior debt and preferred stock does not affect the firm's weighted average cost of capital d.the mix of commen stock and preferred stock not affect the firm's weighted average cost of capital
Option (b), Conservation of risk implies that all of the provided answer choices are correct. The statement "Conservation of risk" reflects the concept that in a financial market, the risks and rewards are passed from one party to the other and not destroyed but instead maintained (conserved).
Therefore, the effect of debt and equity financing on the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is determined by the risk associated with the various financing options.
A firm's WACC is determined by the risk associated with its financing options, so the mix of senior and subordinated debt does affect the firm's WACC. Similarly, the mix of senior debt and preferred stock does affect the firm's WACC since the risk associated with these financing options are different. Finally, the mix of common stock and preferred stock not affect the firm's WACC. Therefore, all of the provided answer choices are correct (option B). In conclusion, conservation of risk implies that in a financial market, the risks and rewards are passed from one party to the other and not destroyed but instead maintained (conserved), so a firm's WACC is determined by the risk associated with its financing options.
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