With cloning by restriction digest and ligation, you cut open a plasmid (backbone) with compatible restriction enzymes before inserting a linear DNA fragment (insert).
DNA is organised into lengthy frameworks within eukaryotic cells known as chromosomes. These chromosomes are copied during DNA replication prior to the typical cell division, giving each daughter cell a full complement of chromosomes. The majority of the DNA in eukaryotic creatures (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) is stored as nuclear DNA in the cell nucleus, however some is also stored as mitochondrial DNA or chloroplast DNA. Circular DNA chromosomes are solely stored in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, which includes bacteria and archaea. Within eukaryotic chromosomes, chromatin proteins like histones compress and arrange DNA. These condensing structures regulate how proteins and DNA interact, which helps to regulate the transcription of specific DNA sequences.
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which of the following best summarizes the events of excitation-contraction coupling? choose the best answer. view available hint(s)for part a which of the following best summarizes the events of excitation-contraction coupling? choose the best answer. muscle action potentials initiate calcium signals that activate a contraction-relaxation cycle. the actin filament slides towards the sarcomere and the muscle contracts. an acetylcholine signal from the motor neuron is converted into an electrical signal in the muscle fiber. cross-bridges release and the muscle relaxes.
Muscle action potentials initiate calcium signals that activate a contraction-relaxation cycle is the best summary of the events of excitation-contraction coupling. Option A is correct.
Excitation-contraction coupling is a complex process that involves the coordinated interaction of several cellular and molecular events, leading to muscle contraction and relaxation.
The process begins when an action potential travels down a motor neuron and releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction. ACh binds to receptors on the muscle fiber, which opens ion channels, allowing sodium ions (Na⁺) to enter the muscle cell, generating an end-plate potential.
The end-plate potential triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels on the muscle cell's plasma membrane. This allows calcium ions (Ca²⁺) to flow into the cell, causing a local increase in intracellular calcium concentration.
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--The given question is incorrect, the correct question is
"Which of the following best summarizes the events of excitation-contraction coupling? choose the best answer. A) muscle action potentials initiate calcium signals that activate a contraction-relaxation cycle. B) the actin filament slides towards the sarcomere and the muscle contracts. C) an acetylcholine signal from the motor neuron is converted into an electrical signal in the muscle fiber. D) cross-bridges release and the muscle relaxes."--
Identify the shape of the bacteria
The shape of the bacteria in the picture is a rod or cylinder type (Bacillus).
What are bacillus bacteria?This bacillus bacteria is the type that most often makes up the Firmicutes group or often called the group of gram-positive bacteria. These bacteria are shaped like rods or cylinders similar to drug capsules.
Bacillus bacteria generally live freely in nature and some live as parasitic groups that are pathogenic. These bacteria can live even in a state without oxygen, so they are called facultative anaerobic bacteria.
There are other types of bacterial shapes such as balls and when they join they form chains or clusters like grapes. There are also spiral-shaped bacteria.
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What type of bond between the complementary bases of DNA stabilizes the double helix structure?A. covalentB. ionicC. hydrogenD. nuclear
Between such a hydrogen atom in one molecule as well as an electronegative atom in another, hydrogen bonds are weak connections that can form. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary base pairs together in a DNA double helix.
A base from one strand pairs complementary with a base from the other to form hydrogen bonds between the two strands. The stability of the DNA double helix is caused by stacking between neighbouring bases and pairing between complementary strands. Between complimentary bases, hydrogen bonds exist. The two DNA strands that are antiparallel to one another are joined by this complementary base pairing. While there are only two hydrogen molecule between A and T, there are three between G and C.
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What do proteins do for living organisms? (Choose all that apply.)
cause muscles to contract
carry oxygen
provide structure and support to cells
repair cells
The functions of proteins in living organisms include carrying oxygen, providing structure and support to cells and repairing cells.
What is the role of proteins in an organism?The role of proteins in an organism are diverse but they can be categorized in a wide sense as enzymatic or structural functions, which are fundamental to carrying out metabolic activities in the cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the role of proteins in an organism can be classified as functional and enzymatic and they are key to sustaining life in the cells.
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suggest some factors that should be considered when choosing materials for making a product use one examples of product to illustrate answer
There are several factors that should be considered when choosing materials for making a product, including:
Cost: The cost of the materials should be considered in order to determine if they are within the budget for the project.
Strength and Durability: The materials used should be able to withstand the intended use of the product and the conditions in which it will be used.
Manufacturing Process: The materials should be compatible with the manufacturing process used to create the product.
Regulatory Compliance: The materials used should comply with any relevant regulations and standards, such as those related to safety and the environment.
Aesthetics: The appearance of the materials should be considered in order to ensure that they match the desired aesthetic for the product.
Availability: The materials should be readily available in the required quantities and at a reasonable lead time.
Sustainability: The environmental impact of the materials and their production should be considered in order to ensure that the product is sustainable and has a minimal impact on the environment.
Example: Product - Water Bottle
When choosing materials for a water bottle, one must consider the following factors:
Cost: The material should be affordable and not significantly increase the cost of the water bottle.
Strength and Durability: The water bottle should be able to withstand the pressure of being filled with liquid and the wear and tear of daily use.
Manufacturing Process: The material should be compatible with the process used to manufacture the water bottle, such as blow molding or injection molding.
Regulatory Compliance: The material should comply with any regulations related to food safety and be free of harmful substances that could leach into the water.
Aesthetics: The material should be aesthetically pleasing and match the desired design of the water bottle.
Availability: The material should be readily available in the required quantities and at a reasonable lead time.
Sustainability: The material should be environmentally friendly, easily recyclable and have a minimal impact on the environment.Materials that can be considered for making a water bottle include:
Plastic
Each of these materials has its own pros and cons and the final decision would depend on the consideration of all the factors mentioned above.
Systematists have used a wide variety of traits (characters) to reconstruct the phylogenies of particular groups of organisms. Which of the following types of characters are used to estimate a phylogeny? Systematists have used a wide variety of traits (characters) to reconstruct the phylogenies of particular groups of organisms. Which of the following types of characters are used to estimate a phylogeny? a. amino acid sequence characters b. behavioral characters c. morphological characters and DNA sequence characters d. DNA sequence characters e. morphological characters My answer was behavioral characters but it is wrong. Please explain the answer of this question thanks
Morphological characters and DNA sequence are used to estimate a phylogeny.
The choice of how to translate observations into characteristics is of utmost relevance in systematics because characters are the fundamental units utilized to define hypotheses of homology for all phylogenetic investigations.
A phylogenetic tree, also called a phylogeny, is a diagram that shows the evolutionary branches from which various species, creatures, or genes have descended from one another.
Morphological traits include modifications to an animal's external appearance as well as the shape and structure of its interior organs and bones. A snowshoe hare, for instance, has broad back feet for easy movement and a white coat for stealth, making it more than ready for the winter climate.
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structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue are called
Homologous structures are ones that grow from the same embryonic tissues but have different mature forms.
What develops from the same embryonic tissue are structures?In male and female foetuses, undifferentiated embryonic tissues grow into various structures. Homologous structures are those that develop from the same tissues in males and females.
What are structures that might serve the same purpose yet come from various embryonic origins?Analogous structures in evolutionary biology are those that have corresponding or similar functions but do not share the same evolutionary ancestry. In other words, despite deriving from various branches of evolution, species use these biological traits for the same purpose.
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Classify each description as applying to either heterochromatin or euchromatin
-highly compressed form of chromatin
-the form chromatin takes most often when transcription is not occurring
-the expanded form of chromatin
-the form chromatin takes most often during transcription
Euchromatin and heterochromatin are two distinct structural and functional regions found on chromosomes. It is a chromatin form that is not tightly packed. Almost 90% of the total human genome is present.
In contrast to euchromatin, which is less condensed, gene-rich, and more readily transcribed, heterochromatin is highly condensed, gene-poor, and transcriptionally silent. Heterochromatin is the region of the chromosome that is relatively compressed and has a black stain from a DNA-specific dye. Euchromatin is referred to as the region of the chromosome that is abundant with genes that actively take part in transcription.
DNA in the nucleus is condensed into a form called heterochromatin. The protein involved in gene expression cannot access them because they are so tightly organised.
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which types of kernels have the parental phenotypes? which types of kernels have recombinant or non-parental phenotypes? how many of them are there?
Homozygous kernels have parental phenotypes, whereas heterozygous kernels have recombinant phenotypes. Each is available in pairs.
The seed of a plant is referred to as the "kernel" in genetics. According to the genes they acquire from each parent, kernels during genetic crossings may exhibit various phenotypes.
Kernels that exhibit the same traits as one or both of their parents are said to have parental phenotypes. Recombinant or non-parental phenotypes are features that arise from the mixing and recombination of genetic material from both parents and are displayed by kernels.
Genetic crosses can produce two parental kinds and two recombinant types of kernels, giving rise to a total of four different types of kernels. The dominant homozygote and the recessive homozygote are the parental kinds, whilst the two heterozygotes make up the recombinant types.
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the sodium/potassium pump contributes to: group of answer choices the energy conversation of the cell maintaining concentrations gradients through life the readiness to respond of the membrane
The sodium/potassium pump contributes to Option D is correct All the above option.
The sodium/potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell in the opposite direction of their concentration gradients. This process necessitates the use of energy, which is obtained through the hydrolysis of ATP. As a result, the sodium/potassium pump contributes to the cell's energy conversion.
The pump also helps to maintain concentration gradients across the cell membrane, which are necessary for many cellular processes such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and nutrient uptake.
Furthermore, the sodium/potassium pump influences the membrane's readiness to respond to stimuli. The pump aids in the establishment and maintenance of the resting membrane potential, which is required for the initiation of action potentials, which are electrical signals used for communication in the nervous system.
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Correct form of question is :
1. The sodium/potassium pump contributes to:
a.The energy conversation of the cell
b.Maintaining concentrations gradients through life
c.The readiness to respond of the membrane
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Does vasodilation cause shivering?
Vasodilation is a response to too much heat, in which more blood can reach near the skin and consequently lose its heat to the air, so it generally does not cause you to shiver.
What is vasodilation?Vasodilation is the medical term for the dilatation of blood vessels. The smooth muscle cells in the artery walls, particularly those of the bigger veins, arteries, and smaller arterioles, relax as a result of this. The opposite of the process is called vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.
When blood arteries enlarge, increasing blood flow, there is a decrease in vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output[more information is needed]. Dilation of arterial blood vessels decreases blood pressure as a result. There is a chance for both intrinsic and extrinsic reactions. Additionally, the response may be global or restricted to a specific organ depending on the metabolic needs of a given tissue, such as during strenuous exercise.
Vasodilators are substances found in nature and drugs that expand blood arteries.
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in genetics a factor controlling a trait that always shows up in offspring is called
In genetics, a factor controlling a trait that always shows up in offspring is called a dominant gene.
A dominant gene masks the effects of a recessive gene, meaning that if an individual inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other, the dominant gene will determine the offspring phenotype (observable trait) expressed. For example, if a plant has a dominant gene for tallness and a recessive gene for shortness, the plant will be tall because the dominant gene masks the effects of the recessive gene. If two plants that are heterozygous for tallness (carrying both dominant and recessive genes) are crossed, there is a 50% chance that each offspring will inherit the dominant gene and be tall.
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What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?
Answer:
hemoglobin
Explanation:
when we process new stimuli based on our past experiences, we are using ______processing.
Bottom-up processing is used when we interpret new stimuli in light of our prior knowledge, thus the correct answer is bottom-up processing.
According to the principle of "bottom-up processing," perceptions start with an external input and progress upward until an internal image of the thing is formed. This procedure suggests that we only assemble the sensory elements that comprise our perceptual experience using information from our senses.
To perceive the world, we must convert ambient energy into cerebral messages, a process known as sensation. In the subsequent phase of the process, known as perception, our brains interpret these sensory facts.
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there are 10 particles of a on the left and 10 particles of b on the right. what is the maximum total multiplicity for the whole container after the gas particles are allowed to diffuse across the membrane
Smaller particles have a greater rate of diffusion through cell membranes than larger particles hole container after the gas particles are allowed to diffuse across the membrane is 20
The net movement of particles from a location of high concentration to a region of low concentration is known as diffusion. Through the membrane, this motion occurs.
The nature of the membrane through which diffusion occurs, as well as the size, shape, and nature of the particles, all affect the rate of diffusion.
Smaller particles have a greater ability to travel quickly and disperse quickly than larger particles. Larger particles can't disperse easily, thus proteins like channel and carrier proteins are needed to allow for diffusion through the membrane. Once the concentration gradient no longer exists, particles will continue to diffuse due to random motion.
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Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that can cause infections in broken skin. A single S. aureus cell gets into a wound on someone's foot. An S. aureus cell divides by binary fission approximately every 30 minutes. S. aureus has 2.8 x 106 base pairs in its genome. Mutations occur at a rate of 1 per 1010 base pairs per generation. Therefore, approximately 0.0028 mutations will occur per cell in the population. At the end of 12 hours, how many mutations will be present in the population of S. aureus in the wound on the foot?__________________
At the end of 12 hours, .0336 mutations will be present in the population of S. aureus in the wound on the foot.
Generation produced in 12 hours
12*60/30 = 24 generations.
Mutation in 1 generation is - .0028
Mutation after 12 hours - 12* .0028 = .0336
In most cases, an infection can be prevented by the skin and mucous membranes. S. aureus, however, could infect underlying tissues or the bloodstream if these defences are broken (for example, skin damage from trauma or mucosal damage from a viral infection). It is generally accepted that Staphylococcus aureus divides over three successive division cycles in three alternating orthogonal planes. The molecular mechanism ensuring this geometry of division has remained elusive despite the fact that this mode of division was proposed more than 40 years ago. 14
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reproduces by binary fission, a process in which the daughter cells do not completely separate from the parents and cells group together. S. aureus is a frequent component of the skin microflora on humans, particularly in the nose.
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that can cause infections in broken skin. A single S. aureus cell gets into a wound on someone's foot. An S. aureus cell divides by binary fission approximately every 30 minutes. S. aureus has 2.8 x 106 base pairs in its genome. Mutations occur at a rate of 1 per 1010 base pairs per generation. Therefore, approximately 0.0028 mutations will occur per cell in the population. At the end of 12 hours, how many mutations will be present in the population of S. aureus in the wound on the foot?
A .0336
B .0219
C .7891
D .0267
most cases of hookworm infection are acquired by ingestion of adult forms in contaminated food or water. group of answer choices true false
The statement "most cases of hookworm infection are acquired by ingestion of adult forms in contaminated food or water" is false.
Hookworm infection is usually acquired when the larvae of the hookworm penetrate the skin, usually through the feet, while walking or standing in contaminated soil. Once inside the body, the larvae migrate to the lungs and then to the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms and attach to the intestinal wall. The eggs produced by the adult worms are then passed in the feces and can contaminate soil, creating a cycle of infection. In rare cases, hookworm infection can also be acquired by ingestion of the eggs.
Ingestion of adult forms of the hookworm is not a common mode of transmission.
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Suppose that a large group of young rabbits is born from this cross. Use the Punnett square as a model to describe the probable genetic variation of the offspring.
Punnett squares are easy ways of getting the expected genotypes and phenotypes among the progeny. The probable genetic variation of the offspring is 50% heterozygous, Hh, and 50% homozygous recessive, hh
What is a Punnett square?The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.
Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.
As we can see in the exposed example, the cross was done between an heterozygous individual expressing a dominant trait and a homozygous recessive individual.
From this cross, we expect the progeny to be
1/2 = 50% heterozygous Hh expressing the dominant phentoype. 1/2 = 50% homozygous recessive hh expressing the recessive phenotype.The probable genetic variation of the offspring is 50% heterozygous, Hh, and 50% homozygous recessive, hh.
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A single bacterium was living in the piece of food that you just ate. Why don't you get sick straight away?
Answer:
A single bacterium may not cause illness unless it multiplies to a sufficient amount in the body and overwhelm the immune system. The body's natural defense mechanisms, such as the digestive system and the immune system, often prevent harmful bacteria from causing illness.
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Who uses the citarum’s water? For what?
• What types of people and how many rely on water from this river? What
do they use its water for?
This refers to a river, located in West Java Indonesia. It is the world's most polluted river. The river stretches for 300 kilometres and provides crucial water supply for local livelihoods. Along the riverbed, however, are also located 2000 industrial facilities, mostly from the textile industry.
The Citarum River is the main source of water for millions of people in West Java, Indonesia. The water is used for various purposes, including irrigation for rice fields, industrial activities, and domestic use. The river also supports fisheries and provides a habitat for various aquatic species. However, due to pollution and mismanagement, the water quality has deteriorated, and its use has become a significant health and environmental concern.
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what substances move down in translocation? select all that apply. A. translocation = the movement of water, dissolved minerals, and food molecules in a plant. B. Sugar and organic substances C.the broad portion of the leaf that carries out
The correct answer is option B: sugar and organic substances are moved down in translocation.
The movement of water, dissolved minerals, and food molecules within a plant is known as translocation. Since it is through this process that nutrients and water are transferred from the roots to the leaves, it is crucial for the life of the plant.
Translocation is a very efficient mechanism; the force of transpiration pushes the water up the plant and the capillarity of the vascular system helps the water flow upwards. The sugar and other organic materials created in the leaves during photosynthesis are then transported to the plant's roots.
This is accomplished by moving the sugar and organic molecules through the plant's vascular system through a process known as phloem transport.
Additionally, this procedure aids in the transfer of nutrients between plant parts and their storage for later use. Without translocation, no plant would be able to live and generate food for humans. Translocation is an essential step for plant existence.
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Assuming that each %f these possesses 3 cell wall which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments? Select one: nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules cyanobacteria methanogens extreme thermophiles extreme halophiles'
Of the options given, the prokaryotes that are expected to be the most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments are the ones with the most cell wall layers.
The options that have multiple cell walls are nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules, methanogens, and extreme thermophiles. Cyanobacteria and extreme halophiles have only one cell wall.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules are symbiotic bacteria that live in the roots of plants and provide nitrogen to their host plants. Methanogens are prokaryotes that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct and are found in anaerobic environments such as the digestive tracts of animals. Extreme thermophiles are prokaryotes that thrive in high-temperature environments.
The presence of multiple cell walls in these prokaryotes suggests that they have evolved to withstand extreme environmental conditions. The additional layers of cell walls may provide an extra level of protection from osmotic stress, making these prokaryotes more resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments.
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at least one month annually turfgrasses should not be mowed so that seed can be produced. (true or false)
The crown, which generates new tillers, stem (rhizomes, stolons), and adventitious roots, is the turf's vital organ. The crown of the turfgrass of as the plant's heart because of the development of these structures.
What of the following turfgrasses is a warm-season variety?Numerous warm-season grasses are utilised as turfgrasses and may be well suited for use in the Mediterranean region. These grasses include seaside paspalum, bahiagrass, or st. augustinegrass.
How is turfgrass multiplied?Any grass can be multiplied in at most two different ways: first, by seed, and second, through cuttings from the parent plant. A tuft of bunch grass can be separated into several smaller parts, one of which will develop quickly. One joint of a rootstock or runner can readily produce a new plant in creeping grasses.
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the lymphatic capillaries reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries.
False, as the lymphatic capillaries do not reabsorb as much as 20% of the fluid lost by the blood capillaries, as only 17 litres is reabsorbed back into the capillaries, which leaves 3 behind in tissues.
The fluid which is reabsorbed back into the capillaries is only about 17 litres and whereas the 3 litre is released back into the blood and therefore the volume of blood remains constant.
The role of lymphatic vessels is to collect interstitial fluid, once it gets to interstitial vessels it is known as lymph.
lymphatic capillaries are the smallest lymph vessels, which have veins.
lymphatic capillaries becomes thick when lymph is present.
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What is the first stage of meiosis during which a cell is considered haploid?
Answer: Prophase II is the first stage of meiosis.
Explanation:
When a hair cell stereocilia bend away from the kinocilium, voltage-gated calcium channels open when the membrane potential of the hair cell increases. it does not release neurotransmitters. it releases neurotransmitters. it generates an action potential to communicate with the auditory nerve.
The correct statement is it releases neurotransmitters when a hair cell stereocilia bends away from the kinocilium, and voltage-gated calcium channels open when the membrane potential of the hair cell increases.
This influx of calcium ions can trigger the release of neurotransmitters from the base of the hair cell, which can then stimulate nearby auditory nerve fibers to send signals to the brain.
Therefore, the correct statement is "it releases neurotransmitters."
The release of neurotransmitters by hair cells is a critical step in the process of converting sound waves into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sound.
Hair cells do not generate action potentials themselves, but they can cause nearby neurons to generate action potentials through the release of neurotransmitters.
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the body stores excess energy from food as ________.
The body stores excess energy from food as fat.
What causes the body to store surplus energy?
If you consume too many calories, your body stores the extra energy as fat or glycogen to utilize later. These substances are stored in your muscles, liver, and fat cells. Your body's fat reserves grow over time when you consistently consume too many calories, which leads to weight gain.
It turns out that storing energy in fat is far more effective. Protein and carbohydrates comprise only 4 calories per gram, compared to roughly 9 for fat. This distinction is considerably more pronounced in live tissue. Very little water is present in tissue-stored fat.
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explain how the food processing in the digestive system align with the law conversation of Matter / Mass
According to the rule of conservation of mass, It can only be changed from one form to another and cannot be generated or destroyed. All physical and chemical processes, including food digestion in the human body, are covered by this regulation.
Food is mechanically and chemically disassembled into its constituent pieces throughout the digestive process. First, the meal is digested and combined with saliva, which has enzymes that start the breakdown of carbs. The meal subsequently passes down the oesophagus and into the stomach, where it is further digested by digestive enzymes and stomach acid. The overall mass of the meal stays constant throughout the digesting process. Yet, when the meal is broken down into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use, its original shape is changed. While the overall mass of the food doesn't change but the varied forms it takes throughout digestion, this transformation of the food is consistent with the rule of conservation of mass.
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100 POINTS! I need help on this please and as fast a possible.
Answer:
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia
Explanation:
What does the school of behaviorism defined psychology as?
The school of behaviorism defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior.
The school of behaviorism, developed in the early 20th century by psychologists such as John Watson and B.F. Skinner, defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior. According to the behaviorists, behavior is determined by the environment and can be shaped and modified through classical and operant conditioning. They rejected the idea of unconscious mental processes and inner states, such as thoughts and emotions, as the proper subject matter of psychology. Instead, they believed that psychology should focus solely on observable and measurable behavior. The behaviorists' approach to psychology dominated the field for several decades and continues to influence the study of learning and behavior.
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