A drug that targets ribosomes in prokaryotic invaders is known as an antibiotic. Antibiotics work by inhibiting the protein synthesis machinery of bacteria, leading to their death.
Here are some potential pros and cons of using such a drug to kill a prokaryotic invader:
Pros:
Antibiotics are usually effective against a broad range of bacterial infections, and in many cases, they are the only effective treatment option. Antibiotics have saved countless lives and have been crucial in the management of many infectious diseases. Antibiotics are relatively easy to administer and are available in a variety of formulations, including oral, topical, and intravenous. Antibiotics can be produced on a large scale and are relatively inexpensive.
Cons:
Overuse of antibiotics can lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, which can make it difficult to treat infections in the future. Antibiotics can also kill beneficial bacteria in the body, which can lead to secondary infections and other complications. In rare cases, antibiotics can cause allergic reactions, gastrointestinal distress, and other adverse effects. Antibiotics may not be effective against all types of bacteria, and the effectiveness of a particular antibiotic may vary depending on the specific strain of the bacteria.
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if a plant species self-pollinates frequently what would you expect to happen to the frequency of the deleterious recessive a allele in the population over evolutionary time?
If a plant species self-pollinates frequently, the frequency of the deleterious recessive allele in the population over evolutionary time should decrease.
Frequent self-pollination can result in inbreeding depression brought on by the manifestation of deleterious recessive mutations or lower species health brought on by the breeding of closely related individuals. This is why many flowers that might self-pollinate have a built-in mechanism to prevent it, or at the very least make it a secondary option. Thus, the frequency decreases.
Self-pollination is a kind of pollination in which pollens from the anther arrives at the stigma of the another or same flower on the same plant body. When the anthers arrive at the stigma of the same flower, it is called autogamy. Or when they arrive at a different flower of the same plant, then it is called geitonogamy.
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what is the layer that is located deep to the dermis and is not part of the skin?
The subcutaneous tissue, also known as the hypodermis or subcutis, is the skin's deepest layer. Although it isn't a true component of the skin, it aids in holding the skin to the bones and muscles.
Subcutaneous tissue, also known as the hypodermis or subcutis, is the layer of skin that is the thickest. Despite the fact that it isn't technically a component of the skin, it aids in holding the skin to the bones and muscles. The skin's nerves and blood supply are also provided by subcutaneous tissue. Fat, connective tissue, and elastin, an elastic protein that aids tissues in regaining their original shape after stretching, make up the majority of the hypodermis. The body is well insulated by the large levels of fat, which helps keep a person from overheating. The fat layer protects by cushioning the bones and muscles.
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What is an error that can occur during separation meiosis?
An error that can occur during separation of meiosis is Nondisjunction, it is a failure of chromosomes to split, resulting in daughter cells with an aberrant number of chromosomes.
Humans are prone to meiotic nondisjunction mistakes, which result in aneuploidy, a condition in which the total number of chromosomes in a cell is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. Aneuploidy normally includes a single chromosome, but in rare cases, more than one.
Aneuploidy affects around 0.6% of newborns and roughly 70% of spontaneous abortions. In spontaneous abortions, trisomy for all chromosomes has been reported, demonstrating that nondisjunction for each chromosome does occur.
Nondisjunction can occur during meiosis I or meiosis II. If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I, all four meiotic products are chromosomally defective. Two of the four meiotic products will have two copies of the chromosome implicated in the nondisjunction event, and two of the four meiotic products will have no copies of that chromosome.
Furthermore, in germ cells containing two copies of the chromosome, the copies will not be identical, while being homologous. In nondisjunction errors in meiosis I, homologous chromosomes do not split, while sister chromatids do in meiosis II.
As a result, each germ cell containing an additional chromosome will have both a maternally and a paternally derived chromosome. Without recombination, one chromosome would be totally maternal and the other fully paternal.
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what is the megagametophyte also know as in angiosperm reproduction?
The megagametophyte, or female or egg-producing gametophyte, is also known as an embryo sac in angiosperms. An ovule, which is housed within the ovary of a flower, is where the embryo sac develops primarily.
The mature embryo sac is a seven-celled, eight-nucleate structure in the majority of angiosperms. In honor of the genus Polygonum, this form of embryo sac is also known as the Polygonum-type (knotweed or smartweed). This form of embryo sac is considered to exist in the majority of angiosperms (about 70%). The term polygonum-type describes both the embryo sac's development course as well as its ultimate form.
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Consider the diagram of reproduction of yeast cells. Yeast can reproduce both asexually and sexually. During sexual reproduction, alpha or a cells produce ‘a-factor’, which signals the presence of an a cell to neighbouring α cells and the a cells also respond to α factor. Each cell grows a projection towards the opposite cell and this response of haploid cells to the mating factors of the opposite mating type allows for conjugation between a and α cells, but not between cells of the same mating type. What is the advantage to this type of reproduction?
Sexual reproduction boosts genetic diversity while asexual reproduction allows for an increase in the number of clonal individuals, hence option D is correct.
How do yeasts reproduce?The benefit of an asexual-sexual style of reproduction, such as that which takes place in yeast cells, stems from the fact that
Our findings corroborate the idea that the benefit of sexuality resided in the eradication of harmful mutations because sex boosts mean fitness in an environment to which the populations were well suited, but not in an environment to which new adaptation occurred.
Therefore, producing large numbers of cells in a short period of time.
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The given question is incomplete, so the most probable complete question is,
Consider the diagram of reproduction of yeast cells. Yeast can reproduce both asexually and sexually. During sexual reproduction, alpha or a cells produce ‘a-factor’, which signals the presence of an a cell to neighbouring α cells and the a cells also respond to α factor. Each cell grows a projection towards the opposite cell and this response of haploid cells to the mating factors of the opposite mating type allows for conjugation between a and α cells, but not between cells of the same mating type. What is the advantage of this type of reproduction?
A) Survival of the fittest.
B) The production of diploid cells.
C) Genetic variation in the gene pool.
D) Producing large numbers of cells in a short period of time.
which cell in the brain filters blood plasma to produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells are specialized cells in the brain that are responsible for filtering blood plasma to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ependymal cells are located in the walls of the brain's ventricles and have hair-like structures called cilia that help circulate the CSF and remove waste products from the brain. The production and circulation of CSF by ependymal cells play a critical role in maintaining the chemical environment of the brain, providing mechanical support and protection to the brain and spinal cord, and carrying out various essential functions. The CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord provides nutrients and oxygen to the brain, removes metabolic waste products, and helps regulate brain blood flow and pressure. The ependymal cells play an important role in brain function and health by producing and circulating the CSF that is crucial for maintaining the brain's normal physiological functions.
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n a population with two alleles b and b, the allele frequency of b is 0.7. if this population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium. what is the frequency of heterozygotes, homozygous dominant, and homozygous recessives? g
The frequency of heterozygotes is 0.42, the frequency of homozygous dominant is 0.49, and the frequency of homozygous recessive is 0.09 in this population.
Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, where p is the frequency of the dominant allele (b) and q is the frequency of the recessive allele (b).
Given that the frequency of the b allele is 0.7, then the frequency of the B allele (p) would be:
p = 0.7
q = 0.3
So, using the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
Frequency of heterozygotes (Bb):
2pq = 2(0.7)(0.3) = 0.42
Frequency of homozygous dominant (BB):
p^2 = (0.7)^2 = 0.49
Frequency of homozygous recessive (bb):
q^2 = (0.3)^2 = 0.09
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how is photosynthesis similar in c4 and cam plants
Photosynthesis is similar in C4 and CAM plants in that they both have mechanisms for minimizing photorespiration.
Photorespiration is a process that occurs in plants when they take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, which is the opposite of what occurs during photosynthesis. Both C4 and CAM plants have adapted to minimize this process in order to maximize their photosynthesis efficiency.
C4 plants have a specialized anatomy that allows them to separate the initial carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle, which reduces the amount of photorespiration that occurs. CAM plants, on the other hand, have a specialized mechanism that allows them to take in carbon dioxide at night and store it until the daytime when it can be used for photosynthesis. This allows them to minimize photorespiration during the day when temperatures are higher and the potential for photorespiration is greater.
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when an enzyme obeys the michaelis-menten kinetics, and when the substrate concentration is much greater than km, which statement is true?
The statement that is true when the substrate concentration is much greater than Km is that the reaction rate is at its maximum and is independent of the substrate concentration.
When an enzyme obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the substrate concentration is much greater than the Michaelis constant (Km), the enzyme is said to be saturated with substrate.
Now, rather than the presence of a substrate, the pace of the reaction is constrained by the enzyme's rate of turnover.
The turnover rate of the enzyme is also known as the maximum velocity of the reaction (Vmax). At high substrate concentrations, the enzyme reaches its Vmax, and the reaction rate becomes constant because all the enzyme molecules are occupied with the substrate.
Therefore, the statement that is true when the substrate concentration is much greater than Km is that the reaction rate is at its maximum and is independent of the substrate concentration.
In other words, increasing the substrate concentration beyond this point will not increase the reaction rate any further, because the enzyme is already working at its maximum capacity.
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compare and contrast stomata with the pores found in liverworts.
Answer:
Compare and contrast stomata with the pores found in liverworts. Stomata allow CO2 to diffuse and can close to minimize water loss. Liverwort pores allow gas exchange and cannot be closed if conditions become dry. if this not right i'm sorry
Explanation:
you make 180 liters of filtrate per day but create only 1.8 liters of urine. what happens the water in the filtrate to account for the concentration of solutes in the urine?
The water in the filtrate is absorbed by the nephron tubules in the kidneys. The tubules have different sections that allow them to reabsorb different solutes and water from the filtrate, depending on the needs of the body.
In this case, the tubules are reabsorbing a large proportion of the water, while also selectively allowing certain solutes to pass into the urine. This process of selective reabsorption not only creates the concentration of solutes in the urine but also creates the osmotic pressure required for the urinary bladder to concentrate and store the urine until it is ready to be eliminated from the body. As the water is reabsorbed, it becomes a part of the body's fluid balance and is redistributed throughout the body in the form of blood.
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Which cell in the brain filters blood plasma to produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus cells are ependymal cells that have been modified to surround the capillary loops that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
The choroid plexus is a complex network of capillaries lined with specialized cells that perform a variety of functions. One of its main functions is the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via the ependymal cells that line the ventricles.
Choroid plexus epithelial cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a process involving the transfer of Na(+), Cl(-), and HCO(3)(-) from the blood to the ventricles. This creates an osmotic gradient that promotes H(2)O secretion. A network of blood vessels and cells within the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces). Blood vessels are lined with a thin layer of cells that form the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Can I have help please
1) Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that affects the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.
2) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3) Smoking is the leading cause of COPD and is responsible for 80-90% of all cases of the disease.
4) Nicotine is a stimulant
5) Nicotine causes the CNS to be alerted.
6) Carbon monoxide is obtained form incomplete combustion
7) CO can combine with hemoglobin and cause poisoning
What is emphysema?In emphysema, the walls of the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, causing them to lose their elasticity and ability to expand and contract properly. This leads to the formation of larger air spaces in the lungs and a reduction in the total surface area available for gas exchange.
As a result, the lungs become less effective at exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide, leading to difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and other symptoms.
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suppose a father is heterozygous for type a blood. a mother is heterozygous for type b blood. what would be the phenotypic ratio for blood types of their children?
The possibility of all the offspring having all A, B, AB, and O blood types will be 1:1:1:1.
Heterozygous A is AO
Heterozygous B is BO
Prunnett square ratio for blood
A O
B AB B
O A O
Possibilities for offspring are:
AO 25%
BO 25%
AB 25%
OO 25%
The chances that the children will be AB and OO, respectively, are 25% and 25%. Due to this, there is a 50% chance that the child will have an ABO blood type that is different from either parent's. Although there are other blood groups, you just mentioned the ABO blood types of each parent, therefore I'm guessing you're only concerned with the ABO group. The ratio will be 1:1:1:1.
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what stage of action potential is when the polarity of the cell switches from negative to positive?
Hyperpolarization is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane, while depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive).
A cell's membrane potential changes during hyperpolarization to become more negatively charged. It is a depolarization's opposite. By requiring more stimuli to raise the membrane potential to the action potential threshold, it prevents action potentials.
K+ (a cation) efflux through K+ channels or Cl- (an anion) influx through Cl- channels are frequent causes of hyperpolarization. The suppression of Na+ or Ca2+ currents, on the other hand, will likewise cause a hyperpolarization if a cell has those currents at rest. The hyperpolarization state is produced by this voltage-gated ion channel response. Immediately after an action potential is generated in neurons, the cell goes into a hyperpolarized state.
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When a cell needs to make a protein, special parts within the nucleus read the DNA and use that information to produce messages in the form of ___________
When a cell needs to make a protein, special parts within the nucleus read the DNA and use that information to produce messages in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA molecule carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, which are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. The ribosomes use the information contained in the mRNA to build the protein molecule.
What are the main differences between domain bacteria and archaea?
Archaea and Bacteria are two types of microorganisms classified as prokaryotes. Archaea were previously classified as bacteria, but this is no longer the case because it has been shown that they have distinct biochemistry and evolutionary histories.
Archaea are single-celled organisms with particular features that distinguish them from the other two kingdoms of life, namely Eukaryota and Bacteria.
They utilise a variety of energy sources and exhibit a wide range of chemical reactions in metabolism. They are classified into nutritional classes based on their reactions and carbon and energy sources.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that live in a variety of settings. The nucleoid of bacterial DNA is a twisted thread-like substance. They even have a cellular structure that performs a variety of cyclic tasks ranging from energy transfer to protein transport.
Bacterial cells are made up of two parts: an inner cell membrane and an exterior cell wall. Some bacteria, such as mycoplasmas, do not have a cell wall.
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the gingko trees in forest lawn their leaves over a 24 hour period during autumn. days on these information all the ginkgo trees will use their leaves over the course of lone day. these statement are an example of
These statements are an example of a factual description of the behavior of ginkgo trees in Forest Lawn during autumn.
Specifically, it describes the phenomenon of ginkgo trees shedding their leaves over a 24-hour period and suggests that all the trees in the forest will go through this process in a single day. It is possible that this information may be based on observations or data collected by researchers or naturalists who have studied the behavior of ginkgo trees in this particular forest.
Ginkgo trees are a type of tree that is native to China and is also commonly found in other parts of the world. They are characterized by their unique fan-shaped leaves and are considered to be a living fossil, as they are one of the oldest tree species in the world.
Ginkgo trees are also known for their hardy nature and resistance to pests and diseases, making them a popular choice for landscaping and ornamental use in many parts of the world. In addition, ginkgo trees have also been used in traditional medicine for centuries and are believed to have various health benefits.
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Which phrase best describes a biogeochemical cycle?
Answer:
A cycle that continuously cycles chemical elements and water that are needed by organisms through an ecosystem.
select the statement that correctly describes the roles of histone and nonhistone proteins found in chromatin?
DNA is wound around histone proteins in order to regulate gene expression. Each nucleosome is made up of eight histone proteins called histone octamers that are shaped like spools and wrap around DNA.
Chromatin each cell's nucleus is crammed full of tightly packed DNA. As seen in the video, DNA binds to histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are little loops of DNA.
DNA forms nucleosomes, often known as the "beads on a string configuration," by wrapping around histone proteins (euchromatin). A 30-nanometer fiber made of nucleosome arrays in their smallest configuration is wrapped in multiple histones (heterochromatin).
One of the primary causes of histone protein methylation, demethylation, and acylation, which start the transcriptional process, is epigenetic changes. All of the aforementioned modifications result in a shift in the proportion of lysine to arginine residues, which is the primary factor affecting chromatin structure as needed.
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The Complete question is
select the statement that correctly describes the roles of histone and nonhistone proteins found in chromatin?
A. combination of amino acid modifications in the histone tails.
B. coding sequences in the messenger RNAs for histone proteins.
C. combination of histone proteins found within the nucleosome.
D. proportion of arginine and lysine amino acids in the histone proteins.
How does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap in a tap on the back?
Stronger stimuli (the slap) cause more neurons to fire and more neurons to fire more frequently than weaker stimuli (the tap).
Your nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (the sensory and motor nerves). The names help to visualize it: the brain and spinal cord serve as hubs, while sensory and motor nerves extend out to provide access to all areas of the body. Simply put, sensory nerves transmit information about our surroundings to the brain via the spinal cord. The brain relays information to the motor nerves, which assist us in performing actions. It's like having a massive inbox and outbox for everything.
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This diagram orders biological systems from least complex (at the beginning) to most complex (at the end):
Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome
Which systems include abiotic factors?
A.
Ecosystem and biome only
B.
Community and ecosystem only
C.
Population and community only
D.
Community, ecosystem, and biome only
Answer: A. Ecosystem and biome only
Explanation: Abiotic factors refer to non-living components of an ecosystem. These factors include things like temperature, sunlight, water, soil composition, and air quality.
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their abiotic environment, which means it consists of both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors.
A biome, on the other hand, is a large geographical area characterized by a specific set of abiotic factors, such as climate and soil type. It includes multiple ecosystems within it.
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in the disease myasthenia gravis, the body produces antibodies against receptors for acetylcholine (ach). as a result, not all ach can find a receptor. based on your knowledge of how muscle contraction occurs, what key symptoms would you expect to see and why?
Motor neurons emit a neurotransmitter called ACh, which binds to ACh receptors on muscle cells. This binding sets off a chain of events that cause muscles to contract.
How do ACh receptors behave in myasthenia gravis?The immune system produces antibodies that attack the ACh receptor (AChR), a docking site for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which causes myasthenia gravis (ACh). ACh is broken down by an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and some treatments block this enzyme while others focus on the immune system.
What impact will ACh receptor antibodies have on the neuromuscular junction?A failure in neuromuscular transmission results from the antibodies' depletion of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. A fraction of myasthenia patients, however, have antibodies to muscle specific kinase.
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which of these factors is associated with sustainable farming
intensive farming
drip irrigation
overly irrigated soil
pesticide resistance
Drip irrigation is associated with sustainable farming. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is sustainable farming?Sustainable farming methods aim to preserve and enhance soil fertility while also protecting the environment and increasing the Earth's natural resource base. Sustainable agriculture has several objectives, including Increasing profitable agricultural income.
Intensive farming, overly irrigated soil, and pesticide resistance are not associated with sustainable farming, while drip irrigation is associated with it. Therefore, option B is correct.
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stiff heart valves lead to a condition known as and if the valves do not close properly, it is known as . both of these conditions can lead to .
Both of these conditions can lead to problems with blood flow in the heart and potentially cause significant health issues.
Stiff heart valves lead to a condition known as stenosis, and if the valves do not close properly, it is known as regurgitation.
Stenosis occurs when the heart valve becomes stiff and is unable to open fully, leading to a narrowing of the valve opening. This narrowing can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood through the valve, leading to an increase in pressure in the heart and potentially causing damage to the heart muscle over time. Symptoms of stenosis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
Regurgitation, also known as insufficiency or incompetence, occurs when the heart valve does not close properly and allows blood to flow backward through the valve. This can cause the heart to work harder to compensate for the decreased efficiency of the valve and can also cause damage to the heart muscle over time. Symptoms of regurgitation may include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs or abdomen.
If left untreated, both stenosis and regurgitation can lead to more severe heart conditions such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or damage to other organs in the body. Treatment for these conditions may include medication, lifestyle changes, or surgery to repair or replace the damaged heart valve.
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which of the following is an example of a generalized trait: group of answer choices hooves in horses wings in bats opposable thumbs in humans all of these
"Opposite thumbs in humans" is an occurrence of a generic attribute.
Explain about the generalized trait?A trait is a feature that is genetically determined in science. Some characteristics include green eyes or just being shorter than average.
A characteristic is a significant aspect of someone's personality and appearance in more generic usage.Generalization enables the student to use the lessons they've learned in class and put them into practise in their everyday surroundings. Generalization can be defined as the transfer of knowledge from specific parameters to so much broader ones, to put it simply.It is considered that a study has strong generalizability if its findings may be applied broadly to a wide range of individuals or circumstances. If the outcomes are only applicable to a very small population or a very particular circumstance.Thus, "Opposite thumbs in humans" is an occurrence of a generic attribute.
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(a) the double-strand breaks occur along the dna backbone. describe the process by which the breaks occur.
Physical connections made during crossing over are necessary for the proper detachment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can occur as a result of endogenous processes like DNA replication and repair as well as exogenous agents like radiation and specific chemicals. Cells purposefully create additional DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) throughout meiosis in order to start homologous recombination, which accurately segregates chromosomes by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes. A single-strand break can be repaired by using the unharmed strand as a template. Homologous recombination is a frequent form of repair for double-strand breaks. Two identical Genetic molecules exchange genetic material in this instance. Chemicals can be employed to undo the harm.
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please help...i am literally crying of frustration that i dont understand...
Pyruvic acid forms lactic acid in the absence of oxygen in skeletal muscles, it is called anaerobic respiration.
What is anaerobic respiration?Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration that does not require oxygen or takes place in a lack of oxygen. It gives short-term energy and produces only 2 ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Without the use of oxygen, glucose is broken down during anaerobic cellular respiration. The chemical process gives the cell glucose energy. Lactic acid, which can cause excruciating muscle cramps, is created during fermentation instead of carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in skeletal muscles.
Pyruvate oxidizes NADH to produce lactic acid, which regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to swiftly produce additional ATP.
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what is a pollen grain? it is the microsporangium of a seed plant surrounded by a tough coat of sporopollenin.
The pollen grain is a seed plant's microsporangium that is protected by a hard sporopollenin coat.
Seed plants produce pollen, which is a collection of microspores that typically takes the form of fine dust. Seed plants produce pollen, which is a collection of microspores that typically takes the form of fine dust. A variety of pressures cause each pollen grain, a small body with a specific shape and structure, to be moved from the male structures of seed-bearing plants to the female structures, where fertilization takes place (such as wind, water, insects, etc.). The anthers of flowering plant stamens create pollen in angiosperms. Pollen is composed of a reproductive cell and one or more vegetative cells.
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Which taxon includes only organisms that can successfully interbreed?
Species, in biology, classification comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding.
The genetic species idea, like the biological species concept, takes into account whether individuals are capable of interbreeding as well as the degree of genetic diversity across populations of that species, but it may also be used to determine when the species started.
Subspecies are groupings in the early stages of speciation; individuals from different subspecies occasionally interbreed, but they generate a large number of sterile male offspring. Individuals in the second stage are known as incipient species or semispecies; individuals in these groups seldom interbreed, and all male progeny are infertile.
Natural selection divides incipient species into sister species, which do not mate but are essentially identical in morphology, or structure and shape. Sibling species eventually diverge into morphologically (and taxonomically) distinct species.
Because it is sometimes difficult to discern between subspecies and stable species, additional criteria using a historical, or phylogenetic, dimension has been devised. A species is distinguished from another in this form when there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.
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