In a Combination reaction two or more substances combine to form a new single substance.
combination reaction is also known as synthesis reaction, where two or more substance react with each other to form a single and a new substance.
example, A+B = AB, where A and B both are reactants and AB is the new compound which is formed.
real life examples could be solid sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid sodium chloride.
metals can also react with oxygen to form metal oxide, this example of combination reaction.
This is synthesis reaction as the substance formed in this kind is newly synthesized.
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Explain why bacteria are so good at causing food poisoning or spoilage under ideal conditions.
Answer:
Bacteria are so good at causing food poisoning or spoilage because they are very efficient at multiplying and producing toxic substances in certain environments. Bacteria require moisture, nutrients, and warm temperatures to grow, and when these conditions are present in food, bacteria can rapidly multiply, leading to food spoilage or illness.
Explanation:
Foods that are most likely to cause food poisoning or spoilage include perishable items such as meats, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. Bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, as well as molds and yeasts, can cause food poisoning. These bacteria produce harmful substances, such as toxins, which can make people sick.
It is important to store, handle, and prepare food in a safe and hygienic manner to prevent bacteria from multiplying and causing illness or spoilage. Proper cooking and refrigeration can help to slow down or stop the growth of bacteria in food, while proper food handling and storage can help to prevent contamination.
1. bottle disease is an autosomal recessive condition that is lethal in childhood. it affects 1 / 10 000 in a specific population. what is the chance that the sibling of an affected individual will have an affected child with an unaffected person from the same population?
Thr chances that the sibling of an affected individual will have affected with bottle disease child with an unaffected person from the same population is 1/300.
SyndromeIn very young children, bottlemouth syndrome is a specific type of tooth decay. It is brought on by extended exposure to milk or sweet liquids. For naps and night, kids at risk for bottlemouth syndrome bring bottles of milk or juice.White patches on the teeth's surface or along the gum line, as well as dental sensitivity and pain, are early signs of baby bottle tooth decay. Baby bottle tooth decay can progress to more severe symptoms, such as brown or black spots on teeth, bleeding or swollen gums, fever, and poor breath.More than 50% of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youngsters have baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD), a preventable dental condition.For more information on autosomal recessive disease kindly visit to
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3. Pilihan ganda30 detik1 ptQ. A nerve fiber is a ________ elongated process, usually an axon or a peripheral process.Pilihan jawabansingledoubletriplequadruple
One long extension (axon) in sending impulses and typically several branches (dendrites) in receiving impulses make up the big cell body that makes up a nerve cell (or neuron).
The dendrite of one cell receives impulses from of the axon that travel across a synapse, or the junction among two nerve cells. The component of a nerve (neuron) known as the axon, also known as a nerve fibre, is responsible for carrying nerve impulses out from the neuron body. Typically, a neuron contains one axon which connects it to other neurons, muscle cells, or glandular cells. Some axons may extend all the way from of the spinal cord to the tip of a toe, for instance. An axon is a lengthy fibre that emerges from the neuron's cell body. It sends nerve impulses outside of the cell body.
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A scientist is investigating mutations. she observes a mutation where one or more nucleotides are inserted into a sequence of dna. the scientist claims that this insertion mutation will affect genetic variability. Is the scientist correct? why or why not?
A researcher is looking at mutations. She notices a mutation in which a DNA sequence has had one or more nucleotides added. This insertion mutation, according to the expert, will impact genetic diversity. The researcher is right.
Yes, the scientist is correct. Insertion mutations can have a significant impact on genetic variability by altering the DNA sequence and potentially leading to changes in the resulting protein.
These changes can affect the structure, function, and activity of the protein, which can in turn affect the traits and characteristics of an organism. Therefore, insertion mutations can contribute to genetic diversity within a population, which is important for the survival and evolution of species.
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What happen if you keep freshwater fishin sea water and why?
It will be exposed to extremely concentrated water if fresh water fish are kept in sea water. As a result, fish usually expel water. Fish may become dehydrated and pass away. This results fromB
As a result of osmosis. Water constantly transitions between diluted and concentrated solutions. Here, the water is concentrated outside while the fish body is diluted. So, water will transfer from the fish's body to the ocean. To understand why freshwater fish cannot survive in seawater, one must first comprehend the osmosis process. Osmosis is the transfer of liquid molecules from a low concentration solute to a high concentration solute through a semipermeable membrane. A semipermeable membrane is a wall with tiny gaps that can let liquid molecules through but can also stop the passage of concentrated substances like salt or sugar.
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How does a zygote develop into a multicellular organism?
A multicellular organism grows from a single cell (the zygote) into a diverse collection of cell types organized into tissues and organs.
Cell division, body axis formation, tissue and organ development, and cell differentiation are all aspects of development (gaining a final cell type identity).A human or other multicellular organism goes through an amazing transformation during development, one that is at least as dramatic as a caterpillar transforming into a butterfly. Over the course of hours, days, or months, the organism develops from a single cell called a zygote (the result of sperm and egg meeting) into a massive, organized collection of cells, tissues, and organs. As an embryo grows, its cells divide, grow, and migrate in specific patterns to form a more complex body.That body requires well-defined axes in order to function properly (such as head vs. tail). It also requires a specific collection of many-celled organs and other structures that are positioned along the axes and connected in the proper ways. As an organism develops, its cells must specialize into a variety of functionally distinct types.
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Recognize 5. (Circle) the animals that are vertebrates. lion squid crab salamander tortoise shark ostrich frog butterfly snake octopus spider bee Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. (t)rich (b)Jeff Rotman/Stockbyte/Getty Images
If you have too much glucose molecules will you be able to excersise normally
Having an elevated level of glucose in your bloodstream can affect your ability to exercise normally, especially if it is a result of uncontrolled diabetes.
What is diabetes?Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
The two main types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin injections or use an insulin pump to manage their blood sugar levels.
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. People with type 2 diabetes can manage their condition with a healthy diet, physical activity, and oral medications, although some may eventually need insulin injections.
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what is the medical term that means pertaining to the formation of blood cells?
The medical term is Hematopoiesis.
It is the process of blood cell formation and this occurs in the bone marrow. This term comes from Hemato- which is a Greek word meaning blood and Poiesis in Greek means creation or production. The bone marrow produces some white blood cells, all red blood cells and platelets. Its purpose is to produce blood for the living organism and replenish blood lost.
What is hematopoiesis?It is the process of blood formation.
What is blood?It is a connective tissue of the body.
What is platelet?It is a type of blood cell needed in blood clotting.
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axons from the are bundled together to form the . group of answer choices bipolar cells; optic chiasm photoreceptors; optic nerve rods and cones; optic chiasm ganglion cells; optic nerve
The retina, optic nerve, optic chaism, optic tract, (LGN) lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, and striate cortex make up its course.
Axons with closely clustered ganglion cells make up the optic nerve. The axon is a single nerve cell's means of carrying impulses out of the cell. Each axon, which can be as long as 20 cm, sends information to different hormones, muscles, and neurotransmitters. The optic nerve is made up of axons from retinal ganglion cells. A specific pathway in the body is responsible for receiving and processing visual information. This pathway is made up of cells and synapses that transport visual data from the external environment to the brain for processing. This is the method by which the eyes take in and process visual information.
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a biopsy of the leg muscles of a runner indicates that she has higher than average ldh activity and lower than average myoglobin levels and mitochondrial volume. from what kind of runner was this sample likely taken?
The sample was most likely taken from Sprinter. Thus, a is the correct option.
Higher than normal LDH levels usually mean you have some type of tissue damage or disease. Conditions in which elevated LDH levels can be seen include Anemia, Kidney disease, Lung disease etc
Clinicians most commonly order muscle biopsy as a diagnostic procedure, used to evaluate patients with weakness suspected to be caused by muscle disease.
The gold standard test to assess mitochondrial respiration is muscle biopsies; however, biopsies are not always a feasible approach in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). A muscle biopsy is also used to diagnose a neuromuscular disorder like Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, or Huntington's disease.
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The correct question is:
A biopsy of the leg muscles of a runner indicates that she has higher than average LDH activity and lower than average myoglobin levels and mitochondrial volume. What kind of runner was this sample likely taken?
a. Sprinter
b. Long distance runner
Is fiber a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide? What is it found in? What is it made up of?i
Many plant-based foods, such as fruits, and vegetables, include fibre, an indigestible carbohydrate. Starch, modified starch, resistant starch, and fibre are all members of the polysaccharides category. The chemical structure of sugar alcohols, also known as polyols.
Is fiber a carbohydrate?Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes are the main sources of fibre. It aids in maintaining regularity, but it also has numerous other health advantages, especially for those who have diabetes or prediabetes.Unlike dietary fibre, functional fibre needs to be shown to provide a physiological advantage. The presence of beta-glycosidic linkages in polysaccharide fibre distinguishes it from other polysaccharides (as opposed to alpha-glycosidic bonds).Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose; disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose; and polysaccharides include starch and fibre. Sugars, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides are the three main types of carbohydrates.
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which statements describe catabolic and anabolic reactions? select the two answers that are correct. catabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones. catabolic reactions remove chemical bonds and result in larger substances being broken down into smaller ones. anabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones. anabolic reactions remove chemical bonds and result in larger substances being broken down into smaller ones. catabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in the formation of tissues and the enzymes used in digestion.
Catabolic reactions remove chemical bonds and result in larger substances being broken down into smaller ones. Anabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones. Thus, the correct options are B and C.
What are Metabolic reactions?Metabolic reaction is the total sum of all the biological reactions which are taking place in any living cell, which are absolutely controlled by the biocatalysts, enzymes. These chemical reactions are of two types which include breaking down reactions, catabolism, e.g., cell respiration and synthesizing reactions, anabolism, e.g., photosynthesis.
Catabolic reactions are the chemical reactions which include removal of chemical bonds and results into larger substances being broken down into smaller substances, for example cellular respiration. Anabolic reactions are the chemical reactions which include addition of chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones such as photosynthesis.
Therefore, the correct options are B and C.
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the blank 1 gland is considered the master gland of the endocrine system.
The pituitary gland is regarded as the endocrine system's master gland.
The gland is a pea-sized organ near the base of the brain. It creates hormones that control a variety of bodily processes, including the endocrine glands' ability to make other hormones.
It releases hormones that control mood, sexual function, reproduction, tissue growth, and metabolism.
The pituitary gland serves as the endocrine system's control centre by releasing hormones that tell other endocrine glands to start producing their own hormones.
The thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes are just a few of the bodily organs that can be impacted by the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland.
Assuring that all of the body's hormones are in balance and operating together, it is a crucial component of the homeostatic system.
If the pituitary gland is not working properly, it can lead to hormonal imbalances throughout the body, resulting in a range of health issues.
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the scientific term used for a spherical shaped bacterium is
"Coccus" is the name given to a bacterium with a spherical form in science (plural: cocci).
CoccusThe name "coccus," which describes these bacteria as having a berry-like or round fruit-like shape, is derived from the Greek. Cocci can be found in a range of settings, including soil, water, and the human body. They can also appear alone or in clusters. Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are a few examples of bacteria with the cocci form.Depending on the species, cocci can be found alone, in pairs, in chains, or in clusters. For the purpose of researching bacterial biology and evolution as well as detecting and treating bacterial illnesses, it is critical to comprehend the shape and structure of bacteria.learn more about Coccus here
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the two types of microscopic drug examinations typically conducted are morphology and microcrystalline. the two types of microscopic drug examinations typically conducted are morphology and microcrystalline. true
True. Morphology and microcrystalline examinations of drugs at the microscopic level are the two most common types.
To identify particular a drug substance, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or infrared spectrophotometry are frequently used. Depending on the sample used, different types of drug tests include:
The most frequent type of drug test is urine drug testing (UDT). A specimen of your urine is needed (pee). Most frequently, alcohol, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates/opioids, cocaine, and marijuana are found in urine drug tests (THC).Blood drug testing: Medical professionals typically use this kind of test in crisis situations.Drug testing using hair follicles: Data on material use over time can be obtained from a hair sample.The main purpose of breath drug testing is to identify recent alcohol consumption. A breath alcohol level is the outcome (BrAC).Drug testing through sweat: During a sweat test, you wear a water - absorbing pad on ones skin, which is collected and evaluated after just a set period of time.Learn more about “ microcrystalline ” visit here;
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Complete Question-
The two types of microscopic drug examinations typically conducted are morphology and microcrystalline. True or False?
the study of the nature of knowledge is: group of answer choices ontology axiology metatheory epistemology
Epistemology. The philosophical examination of the nature, history, and boundaries of human knowledge is known as epistemology.
The phrase is derived from the Greek words epistem ("knowledge") and logos ("reason"), which is why the subject is also sometimes called "the theory of knowledge." In Western philosophy, epistemology has a rich history dating back to the ancient Greeks and trying to continue up to the present.
Most people want to understand the world in which they live, and many of them develop theories of various types to do so. The majority of people are likely to give up on their attempts at some point and be satisfied with whatever level of knowledge they have been able to achieve because plenty of aspects of the world defy simple explanation.
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to change a lipid into a glycolipid, what structure needs to be added?
To change a lipid into a glycolipid, a carbohydrate is the structure that needs to be added. Glycolipids are a type of lipid that contains a carbohydrate group attached to their hydrophilic head.
This carbohydrate group is typically composed of one or more sugar residues, which are attached to the lipid portion of the molecule via a glycosidic bond. The addition of this sugar group to the lipid molecule changes its overall properties and can affect its solubility, interactions with other molecules, and biological functions. Glycolipids are found in cell membranes and are involved in a variety of important cellular processes, including cell recognition and signalling. Glycolipids play important roles in cell recognition, cell signalling, and host-pathogen interactions. For example, gangliosides are a type of acidic glycolipid that are abundant in nerve cells and are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Another example is the ABO blood group antigens, which are glycolipids that determine an individual's blood type and are involved in immune recognition and compatibility.
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Water is the trigger for the embryo to begin the enzymatic breakdown of the starchy endosperm TRUE OR FALSE
True. Water is necessary for the embryo to initiate the enzymatic breakdown of the starchy endosperm.
What is enzymatic ?Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, or agents that cause or speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the energy required for a reaction to occur, making it more likely and faster for the reaction to take place. Enzymes are found in all living organisms and are responsible for the majority of biological reactions that take place in them. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning that they only act on certain molecules and substrates, and they can only catalyze one particular reaction. They are also very efficient, and can catalyze reactions that would otherwise take a very long time to occur. Enzymes are essential for life,
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Identify the shape of the bacteria
It is rod shaped bacteria
What are rods, bacilli, and cocci?
Although bacteria can take on a wide range of shapes, the most often researched species tend to be either spherical (named cocci, singular coccus), or cylindrical (called rods or bacilli) (singular bacillus). Rods and cocci are actually the extremes of a spectrum.
Similar to the streamlined body of a fish, a boat, or an airplane, a rod-shaped cell has a body that would be ideal for swimming. The frictional resistance will be larger for a spherical body. The majority of the flagellated motile bacteria are rod-shaped, which lends support to this concept. It contains a large number of rod-shaped bacteria, including Shigella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli.
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what is the proteome? what is a method is used to determine the proteome of an organism? what type of information can we gain from it? what are some potential applications of determining the proteome of an organism?
The proteome refers to the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism, tissue, or cell at a specific time. It includes all the proteins encoded by an organism's genome as well as any modifications and interactions that occur after translation.
One method used to determine the proteome of an organism is mass spectrometry, which involves ionizing and measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of proteins to identify them. This method can be coupled with liquid chromatography to separate complex protein mixtures prior to analysis.
By determining the proteome of an organism, researchers can gain insight into the biological processes and functions that are active at a given time. This information can be used to identify potential drug targets or biomarkers of disease, as well as to understand the mechanisms underlying normal and pathological cellular processes.
Applications of proteomics include drug discovery, disease diagnosis and prognosis, and personalized medicine. For example, identifying the proteome of cancer cells can lead to the development of targeted therapies that selectively kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.
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With respect to abo and rh blood groups, there are __________ different blood types.
With respect to abo and rh blood groups, there are eight different blood types.
In general , 4 main blood groups or types of blood – A, B, AB and O is found. The blood group you carry is determined by the genes that you acquire from your parents. These blood types can become each of two RhD positive or RhD negative, that in total makes up to 8 blood groups.
Also , There exists 5 main Rh antigens on the surface of red cells – C, c, D, E, e. Out of which Rh D is the most important of all. And these D antigen on the red cell gives you the positive (+) and if it is lacking it gives negative (-) after the letter A, B, AB or O.
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Which event does NOT happen during ventricular diastole?
Throughout ventricular diastole, the second heartbeat is NOT audible. The greatest option in this situation is D.
Diastole is the time between the myocardium's inability to shorten and contract and its recovery from rest. Relaxation is brought on by a variety of energetically taxing processes, such as calcium release from troponin C, dissociation of the action-myosin cross-bridge, phosphorylation of phospholamban, calcium sequestration into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, sodium/calcium exchanger-induced calcium extrusion from the cytoplasm, and extension of the 23-27. There must be enough energy available and the ability to replenish it for the process to run at a rate and scale that are both adequate. 24-27 Active ventricular relaxation is regulated by the speed and regularity of these cellular activities.
The complete question is:
Which event does NOT happen during ventricular diastole?
(A). Blood is pushed into the ventricles by the contracting atria.
(B). Atrioventricular valves close because of the contracting ventricles.
(C). Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles.
(D). The second sound of the heart is heard.
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Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic ________ .
Answer:
capillaries
Explanation:
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what is the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria
C) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 will be the order.
1. Cyanobacterial origin.
2. Where chloroplasts came from.
3. The mitochondria's lineage.
4. Multicellular eukaryotes first appeared.
5. The start of plant-fungal symbioses.
The Ediacaran fauna comes first, then comes the earliest indication of terrestrial arthropods, then comes the origin of mammals, and so on. This is the proper order of evolutionary milestones in animals (extinction of large, nonflying dinosaurs).
The proper progression is therefore: Formation of monomeric units, Fabrication of polymers or macromolecules, Aggregation of Organic Molecules in mitochondria , Formation of Non-Cellular Form of Life, Development of Cellular Form of Life.
These include significant geological occurrences, climatic changes, the spread of animals into new habitats, adjustments to ecosystems, shifts in the placements of continents, and significant extinctions.
Therefore, "Precambrian, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic" is the appropriate selection.
(What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in
the evolution of life on Earth?
1. Origin of mitochondria.
2. Origin of multicellular eukaryotes.
3. Origin of chloroplasts.
4. Origin of cyanobacteria.
5. Origin of fungal-plant symbioses.
A) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
B) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
C) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5
D) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
E) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5)
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explain the difference between a mutation in a somatic cell vs a mutation in a gamete
Somatic mutations—which take place in a single bodily cell and are not inherited—are (only tissues derived from mutated cell are affected) Germline mutations can be passed on to progeny since they arise in gametes.
Difference Gametes, often known as sperm and eggs, are our sex cells or somatic cells, which are our body cells. A diploid genome is found in somatic cells. As a result, they inherit two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. On the other hand, haploid genomes are produced by a process known as meiosis that results in the formation of gametes.An organism's offspring may inherit a mutation if it arises in a germ-line cell (a cell that will develop into gametes, such as egg or sperm cells). Therefore, each and every cell in the growing embryo.For more information on mutation kindly visit to
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Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.
A) The menstrual phase of the cycle is from day 1 to day 8.
B) During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.
C) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone.
D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
C) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone is correct statement for uterine cycle.
The menstrual phase, follicular phase (also known as the proliferative phase), and luteal phase are three of the phases that make up the menstrual cycle (or secretory phase). The uterus sheds its lining during the menstrual phase, which typically lasts from day 1 to day 5 of the cycle. The proliferative phase, which normally lasts from day 6 to day 14, is when the follicle matures and starts to release more hormone. During this time, estrogen levels increase. The endometrial lining is growing during this period, and the follicle is being stimulated. Finally, progesterone levels increase as the follicle starts to generate more hormone during the secretory phase, which normally lasts from day 15 to day 28. If fertilization does place, a hormone released by the egg helps to keep the corpus luteum healthy. These are the phases of uterine cycle.
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The plant life of a given region, habitat, or geological stratum irrespective of the numerical strength of each species is called-
A. Vegetation
B. Community
C. Flora
D. Population
Answer:
C. Flora
Explanation:
Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms gut flora or skin flora.
the trait represented in the following pedigree is expressed only in the males of the family. is the trait y linked? why or why not? if you believe that the trait is not y linked, propose an alternative explanation for its inheritance.
The trait shown in the pedigree below is only expressed in the family's male members and is not Y linked.
Even though only the males in the family exhibit the trait represented in the pedigree, it is not Y linked because the requirement for Y linked inheritance is that the affected male always has the father and can only have the son. Sons of another affected male are unaffected.
The 4th individual male of the second generation in the pedigree below is unaffected despite having an affected father, and the 6th and 7th individuals are affected but their father is unaffected.
As a result, the trait does not meet the requirements for Y linked inheritance and is not Y linked inheritance.
The characteristic is not X linked because it does not follow the rules of criss-cross inheritance, nor is it autosomal dominant since it does not meet the rules of male to male, female to female, female to male, and male to female inheritance in autosomal dominant inheritance.
The characteristic is inherited autosomally recessively. However, because the females in this lineage are carriers, the trait exclusively manifests in males and not females. One mutant gene may be present in the parents of the afflicted person. The fifth and sixth married pair in a lineage had afflicted sons in the second generation, making the fifth and sixth person heterozygous. The folks that are impacted have homozygous condition.
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below -
The trait represented in the following pedigree is expressed only in the males of the family. is the trait y linked? why or why not? if you believe that the trait is not y linked, propose an alternative explanation for its inheritance. ( for reference please see the picture below)
A. it is Y linked inheritance
B. It is not Y linked inheritance
C, It is X linked inheritance
D. It is autosomal inheritance
The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping. A) plants. B) parasites. C) asexual organisms. D) animals that migrate. E) sympatric populations.
C) Asexual organisms cannot be grouped using the biological species concept.
Asexual organisms cannot be grouped using the biological species idea because it only pertains to sexually reproducing organisms. Organisms that reproduce asexually are not considered to be biological species. As this idea is predicated on the mating of many species, it cannot be applied to asexual organisms because their DNA variations are what cause them to reproduce. So, it is difficult to apply the physiological species idea to long-extinct animals for whom there are no longer any available reproductive data. Applying the biological species idea to groups for which little is known about their reproductive biology or behaviour can also be challenging.
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