Holderness Incorporated, a merchandising company, had sales of $266,000 in April. The company incurred selling expenses of $18,500 and administrative expenses of $29,500 during the month. The cost of merchandise purchased was $164,000, and the beginning and ending balances of the merchandise inventory account were $38,500 and $52,500, respectively.
To determine the gross profit for the month, we need to calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS) by considering the beginning inventory, purchases, and ending inventory. The formula for COGS is Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Ending Inventory. In this case, the COGS is $38,500 + $164,000 - $52,500 = $150,000.
To calculate the gross profit, we subtract the COGS from the sales revenue: $266,000 - $150,000 = $116,000. The gross profit represents the amount left after deducting the cost of goods sold from the sales revenue and reflects the profitability of the company's core operations.
Therefore, in April, Holderness Incorporated had a gross profit of $116,000.
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I buy $4000 worth of gold and keep it in a storage place. After a year I sell it for $5500. What is the taxable income associated with the sale, if I pay $500 for storage? O A 3000 OB 1500 O C. 500 O D. 4000 OE 1000
The taxable income associated with the sale is $1,500.
To calculate the taxable income, we need to consider the cost basis and any deductible expenses. In this case, the cost basis is the amount spent to purchase the gold, which is $4,000. The deductible expense is the storage fee of $500.
Calculate the capital gain.
Sale Price - Cost Basis = Capital Gain
$5,500 - $4,000 = $1,500
Deduct the storage fee from the capital gain.
Capital Gain - Deductible Expense = Taxable Income
$1,500 - $500 = $1,000
The taxable income associated with the sale is $1,000.
Capital gains are calculated by subtracting the cost basis (the initial purchase price) from the sale price of an asset. In this case, the cost basis is $4,000, and the sale price is $5,500, resulting in a capital gain of $1,500. However, before determining the taxable income, we need to deduct any deductible expenses related to the sale. The storage fee of $500 is considered a deductible expense and can be subtracted from the capital gain. Therefore, the taxable income associated with the sale is $1,000.
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Suppose that the current limit order book of Tesla shares are as follows: a) A new market order arrives to buy 500 shares of Tesla. What will be the average price that this market order is executed?
The average price at which the market order to buy 500 shares of Tesla is executed will depend on the current order book and the available sell orders.
To determine the average execution price of the market order, we need to consider the available sell orders in the limit order book. The limit order book contains the prices and quantities at which market participants are willing to buy or sell a security.
When a market order to buy 500 shares of Tesla arrives, it will be matched with the existing sell orders in the order book. The execution price will depend on the prices at which the sell orders are listed.
The average execution price will be determined by the available sell orders and their respective quantities. If there are enough sell orders to fulfill the market order of 500 shares, the average execution price will be based on the prices of those sell orders.
However, if there are not enough sell orders to fulfill the entire market order, the market order will be partially executed at the available prices, and the average execution price will be based on the weighted average of the executed prices.
It's important to note that the order book is dynamic and constantly changing as new orders are placed and executed. Therefore, the average execution price of the market order will depend on the specific state of the order book at the time the market order is received.
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which of these groups could be viewed as a mixed or hybrid organization? a. a group advocating for clean air and water b. groups fighting discrimination on the basis of disability in employment and housing c. a group that focuses on maintaining agricultural subsidies d. a multinational corporation focused on lowering taxes e. labor unions that seek workers' compensation packages for members
Based on the given options, the group that could be viewed as a mixed or hybrid organization is option B: groups fighting discrimination on the basis of disability in employment and housing.
This group can be considered mixed or hybrid because it combines advocacy for a specific cause (fighting discrimination on the basis of disability) with multiple aspects and approaches. They not only advocate for the rights of disabled individuals in employment and housing but also work towards creating awareness, providing support, and promoting inclusivity in various sectors of society. They may engage in activities such as lobbying for policy changes, conducting education and training programs, providing legal assistance, and collaborating with other organizations to achieve their objectives.
In conclusion, groups fighting discrimination on the basis of disability in employment and housing can be viewed as a mixed or hybrid organization due to their multifaceted approach and involvement in various activities aimed at addressing and eliminating disability discrimination.
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please write in 4-6 bullet points.
what is the economic importance of Sudan and Jordan arable
land?
The economic importance of Sudan and Jordan arable land are agricultural production, employment opportunities, food security, foreign exchange, and investment opportunities.
Sudan and Jordan are two countries that have a significant amount of arable land. Arable land refers to the land that is suitable for agriculture and can be used for growing crops. Here are some of the economic importance of Sudan and Jordan's arable land such as agricultural production, the arable land in Sudan and Jordan is essential for agricultural production, which is an essential economic activity in both countries. These countries export crops such as cotton, sesame, and wheat, which provide revenue for the country's economy.
Employment opportunities, agriculture also provides employment opportunities for people living in rural areas where the majority of the arable land is located. This, in turn, helps to reduce poverty levels. Food security, the production of crops helps to ensure that there is enough food to feed the population in both countries. This is crucial for ensuring food security.
Foreign exchange, the export of crops such as cotton and sesame provides foreign exchange, which is crucial for the economic development of these countries. Investment opportunities, the arable land in Sudan and Jordan also provides investment opportunities for individuals and companies interested in investing in agriculture. This helps to boost the country's economy. So therefore the economic importance of Sudan and Jordan arable land are agricultural production, employment opportunities, food security, foreign exchange, and investment opportunities.
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Letter from: Lucy Johnson Executive Secretary
April 25, 2022
Ronnoco Mining, Inc.
Re: Formal Complaint Against Unfair Treatment in the Workplace
Dear Human Resources Manager,
I am writing to file a formal complaint against my manager, Mrs. Joan Smith. I feel that I am being given unfair treatment because of my race.
I have been working as an executive secretary at Ronnoco Insurance for the past 3 years, and I have received nothing but commendations for my work. However, as someone who cares about this company, I feel it is my duty to report unfair treatment towards me that I have received from a fellow employee, named Mrs. Joan Smith.
On April 20, 2022, around 2:45 pm, Mrs. Smith made a comment saying "Lucy will never get promoted because we don't want black people as managers". This statement was also heard by three people namely; Michael Nolt (Finance department), Francis Cleaver (IT department), and Samara Riley (Logistics Department). Mrs. Smith is directly in charge of promotions in the office and I fear that with her in charge, I will never reach my career goals in this company.
I request that you look into this issue as soon as you can and investigate it thoroughly as I wouldn't want to be in a work environment that sees my race before my performance. I also ask that promotion processes in the office be made as transparent as possible to prevent any form of unfairness.
Thank you for your assistance,
Yours sincerely,
Lucy Johnson
Executive Assistant – Ronnoco Mining Inc."
Question –
What will be the steps in your investigation and what will you be most concerned with?
When conducting an investigation regarding Lucy Johnson's claim of unfair treatment at work due to her race, there are a few critical steps to follow. The following will be the steps in the investigation and what will be most concerned with:
Step 1: Acknowledge the complaint: To begin, the Human Resources Manager should recognize Lucy's concern and take the matter seriously. It is critical to note that, in her official complaint, she indicated that she is a valuable employee who has received nothing but positive feedback throughout her three years with the organization. It indicates that she is a reputable person with a good work ethic.
Step 2: Conduct an investigation: To investigate Mrs. Johnson's allegation, the HR Manager should first meet with her to gather more information about what occurred. The Human Resources Manager should request to hear from the three persons who heard the comment by Mrs. Joan Smith, to gather additional information on the matter
.Step 3: Consult with the Legal Team: The Human Resources Manager should consult with the company's legal team to determine whether Mrs. Johnson's allegations violate the law.
Step 4: Inform Mrs. Johnson of the outcome: The HR Manager must inform Lucy of the result of the investigation. If her claim is found to be accurate, disciplinary measures should be taken against Mrs. Joan Smith.
Step 5: Take action: Taking corrective action is the fifth step in the investigation process. Any changes or disciplinary action should be taken to resolve the complaint, such as offering additional training to the manager, or considering hiring an external consultant to educate staff on diversity and inclusion practices. In conclusion, the most crucial concern when conducting an investigation is to follow the company's procedures and ensure that the employee is protected. The aim of the inquiry is to examine the claim and determine if the conduct of Mrs. Joan Smith is in violation of the company's policies and values. The investigation process must be conducted with utmost care, sensitivity, and confidentiality.
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Your younger sister, Linda, will start college in five years. She has just informed your parents that she wants to go to Hampton University, which will cost \( \$ 44,000 \) per year for four years (
Your parents will need to invest approximately $14,682.91 each year for the next five years to have the necessary funds for Linda's education at Hampton University.
To calculate how much more your parents will have to invest each year for the next five years, we can use the concept of present value and future value.
Given:
Cost of attending Hampton University per year: $17,000
Time until Linda starts college: 5 years
Annual investment made by parents for the past 5 years: $2,000
Interest rate: 10%
First, let's calculate the future value of the investments made by your parents for the past 5 years. We can use the future value of an ordinary annuity formula:
Future Value = Payment × ((1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Periods - 1) / Interest Rate
Future Value = $2,000 × ((1 + 0.10)^5 - 1) / 0.10
Future Value = $2,000 × (1.61051 - 1) / 0.10
Future Value = $2,000 × 0.61051 / 0.10
Future Value = $12,210.20
The future value of the investments made by your parents for the past 5 years is $12,210.20.
Now, let's calculate the additional investment needed for the next 5 years.
Total cost of Linda's education: $17,000 × 4 = $68,000
Remaining amount to be funded: $68,000 - $12,210.20 = $55,789.80
To find out how much your parents need to invest each year for the next 5 years to accumulate $55,789.80, we can use the present value of an ordinary annuity formula:
Present Value = Payment × (1 - (1 + Interest Rate)^(-Number of Periods)) / Interest Rate
$55,789.80 = Payment × (1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-5)) / 0.10
Solving this equation for Payment, we find:
Payment = $55,789.80 × 0.10 / (1 - (1 + 0.10)^(-5))
Payment ≈ $55,789.80 × 0.10 / 0.37908
Payment ≈ $14,682.91
Therefore, your parents will need to invest approximately $14,682.91 each year for the next five years to have the necessary funds for Linda's education at Hampton University.
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Answer the questions below as it relates to Targeting by Decile Grid: The Market Basket consists of the top 5 companies in the 3D printer business. In Q4 2019, the total number of 3D printers sold within the Market Basket was 10,000. Your company sold 2,000 printers which represent a 20% Market Share of this Market Basket. Assume that the Marketing Department has determined it will focus its efforts on 1,000 target accounts (customers) Using your knowledge of Targeting by Decile (3 Rows of 10 Columns (boxes) each); Title the first row AND complete the 10 columns in this row Title the second row AND complete the 10 columns in this row Title the third row AND complete the 10 columns in this row (the information in these 10 columns is NOT known with specific certainty but make it DIRECTIONALLY CORRECT)
The companies are listed alphabetically as placeholders, and the actual prioritization may vary based on various factors such as market analysis, customer data, and business strategies.
Title: Targeting by Decile Grid
Row 1: High Priority Accounts
Column 1: Company A
Column 2: Company B
Column 3: Company C
Column 4: Company D
Column 5: Company E
Column 6: Company F
Column 7: Company G
Column 8: Company H
Column 9: Company I
Column 10: Company J
Row 2: Medium Priority Accounts
Column 1: Company K
Column 2: Company L
Column 3: Company M
Column 4: Company N
Column 5: Company O
Column 6: Company P
Column 7: Company Q
Column 8: Company R
Column 9: Company S
Column 10: Company T
Row 3: Low Priority Accounts
Column 1: Company U
Column 2: Company V
Column 3: Company W
Column 4: Company X
Column 5: Company Y
Column 6: Company Z
Column 7: Company AA
Column 8: Company BB
Column 9: Company CC
Column 10: Company DD
The specific information in the 10 columns of each row is not known with certainty, but the general direction of prioritization is provided. The companies are listed alphabetically as placeholders, and the actual prioritization may vary based on various factors such as market analysis, customer data, and business strategies.
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You are a contractor working for company C. This company builds computer chips, and it needs to buy a lot of silicon, which is the main material used to fabricate these chips. Your work, as a contractor, is to buy the amount of silicon needed (in kg ) from other companies, and sell it to company C. However, and since the pandemic started, the price of silicon has been very volatile. So, your task is to determine the max commission you can get from selling (x)kg of silicon to company C considering that several companies are selling silicon it at a different price per kg. For example: given two lists S=[a,b,c,d], and P=[$20,$90,$50,$30] where S represents a list of companies (subcontractors) selling silicon, and P the list of prices per (k) kilograms of silicon offered from these companies, where k=(i+1), and i represents the index of every price in P. Your goal is to find the maximum profit for selling 3 kg of silicon to company C if it is guarantied that you'll get a commission of 20% from this profit From the data given in this problem we can infer that: - Subcontractor company a offers 1 kg of silicon at a price of $20 - Subcontractor company b offers 2 kg of silicon at a price of $90 - Subcontractor company c offers 3 kg of silicon at a price of $50 - Subcontractor company d offers 4 kg of silicon at a price of $30 So, using the above offers from all the subcontractors, you (the contractor) can compute the maximum profit of selling 3 kg of silicon to company C using the following logic: 1. You buy 3 kg of silicon from company "c" at a total price of $50 2. You buy 1 kg of silicon from company "a" and 2 kg of silicon from company "b" at a total price of $20+$90=$110 3. You buy 1 kg+1 kg+1 kg of silicon from company "a" at a total price of $20+$20+$20= $60 4. You buy 3 kg out of 4 kg of silicon from company "d" at a total price of 4kg
3kg
($30)=$22.5 Therefore, from all the transactions, the one that provides the maximum profit is transaction (2) where you can buy 3 kg of silicon for $110. Once the silicon you got is sold to company C for the same price you bought it, and after 20% of commission is applied, you'll get a profit of $22 for this transaction 3. (1.75 points) Based on your pseudocode from part 2, compute the complexity and the Big O (worst case) time complexity of your algorithm. Show all your work to get credit for this problem.
Part 2 of the question can be found here. The given pseudocode in the previous answer for computing the maximum profit is as follows: `def get_max_profit(silicon, prices, quantity):max_profit = -1 for i in range(len(silicon)):
for j in pseudoSince there are three nested loops, the time complexity of the algorithm will be O(n^3), where n is the length of the input list `silicon`.So, the complexity of the algorithm is cubic, and the Big O time complexity of the algorithm in the worst-case scenario is O(n^3).
code(i+1, len(silicon)): for k in range(j+1, len(silicon)): if (silicon[i]+silicon[j]+silicon[k] =
= quantity): temp_profit
= sum([prices[i],prices[j],prices[k]]) if temp_profit > max_profit: max_profit
= temp_profitreturn max_profit*0.8`Computing the complexity and Big O time complexity of the above algorithm
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Asset Ahas an erpected return of 11% and a standard deviation of 12%. Asset B has an expected retum of 12% and a standard deviation of 22%. If the correlation Asset A has an expected return of 11% and a standard deviation of 12%. Asset B has an expected return of 12% and nd a standard deviation of 22%. If the corretation between A and B is 093, ahat is the evpected retum for a porttolo comp iolio comprised of 60 percent Asset A and 40 percent Asset B? Submit your answer as a percentage and round to fwo decimal places (Ex. 0.00\%6)
The expected return for the portfolio composed of 60% Asset A and 40% Asset B is approximately 11.40%. This means that, on average, we can expect a return of around 11.40% from the portfolio based on the given asset allocations and their respective expected returns.
Asset A expected return = 11%
Asset B expected return = 12%
Portfolio allocation: 60% Asset A and 40% Asset B
To calculate the expected return of a portfolio, we use a weighted average approach. We multiply the expected return of each asset by its respective allocation in the portfolio and then sum the results.
Expected return of the portfolio:
Expected return = (Weight A * Return A) + (Weight B * Return B)
Weight A = 60% (0.60) - the allocation of Asset A in the portfolio
Weight B = 40% (0.40) - the allocation of Asset B in the portfolio
Return A = 11% (0.11) - the expected return of Asset A
Return B = 12% (0.12) - the expected return of Asset B
Calculating the expected return of the portfolio:
Expected return = (0.60 * 0.11) + (0.40 * 0.12)
Expected return = 0.066 + 0.048
Expected return ≈ 0.114
Converting the decimal to a percentage:
Expected return ≈ 11.40%
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cements ignments des cussions abus om rary Research urse Evaluation U Question 12 6 pts Based on the corporate valuation model, the value of ABC Company's. operations is $1,308 million. The company's balance sheet shows $80 million in accounts receivable, $60 million in inventory, and $100 million in short-term investments that are unrelated to operations. The balance. sheet also shows $90 million in accounts payable, $120 million in notes payable, $340 million in long-term debt, $53 million in preferred stock, $180 million in retained earnings, and $800 million in total common equity. If ABC Company has 36 million shares of common shares outstanding. what is the best estimate of the stock price per share? Round your answer to two decimal places of dollar, but ignore dollar and million in your answer, e.g., xx.xx. (Hint: Refer to numerical examples in Corporate Valuation Model.)
The best estimate of ABC Company's stock price per share is approximately $36.33.
In order to calculate the stock price per share using the corporate valuation model, we need to subtract the company's total liabilities from its total equity and divide the result by the number of outstanding shares.
First, we calculate the company's total liabilities by summing the accounts payable, notes payable, long-term debt, and preferred stock, which amounts to $603 million ($90 million + $120 million + $340 million + $53 million).
Next, we calculate the company's total equity by summing the retained earnings and total common equity, which amounts to $980 million ($180 million + $800 million).
Subtracting the total liabilities from the total equity gives us $377 million ($980 million - $603 million).
Finally, we divide the result by the number of outstanding shares, which is 36 million.
Therefore, the best estimate of the stock price per share is approximately $36.33 ($377 million / 36 million).
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Identify if the following transactions generates a credit or a debit in the American balance of payments accounts. Explain how each transaction would be classified (current account, capital account, or financial account). Explain whether it constitutes as a cash outflow or a cash inflow in the American balance of payment accounts,
a) An American computer manufacturer purchases $50 hard disk from a Malaysian company,
Answer: Debit, Current account (U.S. good import), cash outflow of $50 [EXAMPLE]
b) An U.S. tourist to Japan sells his iPod to a local resident worth $100.
c) The U.S. central bank sells $500 million of its holdings of U.S. Treasury bonds to a British financial firm.
d) A French owner of Apple shares receives $10,000 in dividend payments.
e) Germany provides research grants to American scientist to work on vaccine research
f) The U.S. government forgives a $50 million debt owed by a developing country.
(b) Debit, Current account (U.S. service export), cash inflow of $100.
In this transaction, the U.S. tourist is selling his iPod to a local resident in Japan.
Since the iPod is considered a U.S. asset being sold abroad, it is recorded as a U.S. service export. The transaction generates a debit in the balance of payments accounts because it represents an outflow of a U.S. asset. However, in terms of cash flow, it constitutes a cash inflow of $100 to the U.S. as the tourist receives payment for the sale.
c) Debit, Financial account (U.S. financial asset export), cash inflow of $500 million
In this transaction, the U.S. central bank is selling $500 million of its holdings of U.S. Treasury bonds to a British financial firm. Since U.S. Treasury bonds are financial assets, the transaction is recorded in the financial account of the balance of payments. The sale of the bonds represents an outflow of U.S. financial assets, resulting in a debit. However, in terms of cash flow, it constitutes a cash inflow of $500 million to the U.S. as the British financial firm pays for the bonds.
d) Credit, Current account (U.S. primary income), cash inflow of $10,000
In this transaction, the French owner of Apple shares receives $10,000 in dividend payments. Dividend payments represent income generated by the ownership of financial assets. Since the French owner is receiving income from his Apple shares, it is recorded as a credit in the current account under primary income. In terms of cash flow, it constitutes a cash inflow of $10,000 to the U.S. as the French owner receives the dividend payment.
e) Credit, Current account (U.S. secondary income), cash inflow (grant amount)
In this transaction, Germany provides research grants to American scientists for vaccine research. Research grants fall under secondary income, as they are unrequited transfers. The transaction represents a credit in the current account as the U.S. receives the grant. In terms of cash flow, it constitutes a cash inflow equal to the grant amount.
f) Credit, Current account (U.S. secondary income), no cash flow impact
In this transaction, the U.S. government forgives a $50 million debt owed by a developing country. Debt forgiveness is considered a secondary income and is recorded as a credit in the current account. However, in terms of cash flow, there is no impact because the debt forgiveness means the developing country no longer needs to make the payment.
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Walter White is a notorious producer of methamphetamine. He is very precise and requires exactly 1 pound of Chemical X and 3 pounds of Chemical Y in each batch that he makes. Any ratio other than 1:3 yields an imperfect batch that Walter insists on throwing away. (a) (4) Write down a possible utility function for Walter as a function of q, and q, if his utility is equal to the number of batches that he makes - be careful with the coefficients here. (b) (3) Graphically illustrate a few of Walter White's indifference curves based on your utility func- tion in part (A). Which property of indifference curves do Walter's violate? (c) (4) If Walter has Y to spend on ingredients and prices are p, and py, what is Walter's demand for each product? (d) (4) Based on your answer to (C), how many batches can Walter produce if Y = $1,000, p = $40, and p = $20? (e) (3) At his optimal bundle that you calculated in part (D), what is Walter's MRS: how many pounds of Chemical Y would he be willing to sacrifice for one more pound of Chemical X?
Walter's utility function: U(q, q) = q, indifference curves violate transitivity, demand for each product depends on budget and prices, Walter can produce 25 batches, MRS is 3 pounds of Chemical Y for one more pound of Chemical X.
What are the components of Walter White's utility function, indifference curves, demand for each product, the maximum number of batches he can produce given specific budget and prices, and his marginal rate of substitution?The given question presents a scenario involving Walter White, a methamphetamine producer, and various aspects of his decision-making process.
Part (a) asks for a utility function that represents Walter's satisfaction as the number of batches he makes, with careful consideration of coefficients.
Part (b) requires graphical representation of indifference curves based on the utility function, highlighting any violations of indifference curve properties.
Part (c) involves determining Walter's demand for each product based on his budget constraint and prices.
Part (d) asks for the maximum number of batches Walter can produce given specific budget and price values.
Finally, part (e) inquires about Walter's marginal rate of substitution (MRS), representing the willingness to sacrifice Chemical Y for one more pound of Chemical X at the optimal bundle calculated in part (d).
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which of the following tax rates applies to an individual taxpayer in the 32% marginal tax rate bracket? type of gain/loss tax rate collectibles gain 32% unrecaptured section 1250 gain 32% short-term gain 28% long-term gain 15%. g
The tax rate that applies to an individual taxpayer in the 32% marginal tax rate bracket varies based on the type of gain or loss. For collectibles gain, the tax rate is 32%.
For unrecaptured section 1250 gain, the tax rate is also 32%. However, for short-term gains, the tax rate is 28%. Lastly, for long-term gains, the tax rate is 15%.
To summarize:
- Collectibles gain: 32% tax rate
- Unrecaptured section 1250 gain: 32% tax rate
- Short-term gain: 28% tax rate
- Long-term gain: 15% tax rate
These tax rates are applied based on the type of gain or loss incurred by the individual taxpayer. It's important to consult with a tax professional or refer to the official IRS guidelines for specific and accurate information regarding tax rates and brackets.
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This article analysis will involve answering several questions (stated below) that require the comprehension of Chapter #19 – Management Accounting Concepts & Principles and Chapter #22 – Cost Behaviour and Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis.
Two articles must be analyzed in this assignment entitled, "Are self-serve check-out machines killing jobs?" and "Time To Write The Obituary For The Fast Food Worker?" These articles are included in the following pages.
Based on the two articles, "Are self-serve check-out machines killing jobs?" and "Time To Write The Obituary For The Fast Food Worker?", it appears that opinion is split regarding the loss of jobs if self-serve check-out machines or self-serve kiosks are implemented. Some believe cashier’s jobs will be lost and some believe they will not.
Considering you have read and reviewed both articles, and based on your comprehension of chapter #s’ 19 & 22, answer the questions as stated below. Please answer the three questions below in a WORD document, single spaced, and 2 pages maximum. Please do not submit more than two pages in answering all three questions.
Questions:
Are the self-serve check-out machines / self-service kiosks, mostly a fixed cost or a variable cost?
Would a McDonald’s employee taking orders at the counter be considered to be a fixed cost or a variable cost? Explain.
How does the change to using self-serve check-out machines to process a customer’s payment or self-service kiosks to take a customer’s order, instead of using employees to process a customer’s payment and take a customer’s order, change a company’s breakeven point in units (customers)? Why?
Self-serve check-out machines and self-service kiosks can be considered mostly fixed costs. A McDonald's employee taking orders at the counter would be classified as a variable cost. The implementation of self-serve check-out machines and self-service kiosks changes a company's breakeven point in units (customers) by increasing the breakeven point.
Self-serve check-out machines and self-service kiosks are mostly considered fixed costs. These machines and kiosks have a one-time cost associated with their purchase, installation, and maintenance. Once they are implemented, their costs do not directly vary with the number of customers or transactions. The cost remains relatively constant regardless of the volume of business.
On the other hand, a McDonald's employee taking orders at the counter would be considered a variable cost. The wages paid to the employee vary with the number of customers served. If the number of customers increases, the cost of employing more staff would also increase to accommodate the higher demand. Similarly, if the number of customers decreases, the cost of labor would decrease as fewer employees would be required.
The change to using self-serve check-out machines or self-service kiosks instead of employees to process payments and take orders has an impact on a company's breakeven point in units (customers). By implementing self-service technology, the fixed costs associated with machines and kiosks are incurred upfront, but the variable costs associated with labor decrease significantly. This leads to an increase in the company's breakeven point.
Since fixed costs remain the same regardless of the number of customers, the breakeven point shifts to a higher number of customers. The company needs to serve more customers to cover the fixed costs of implementing and maintaining the self-serve technology. Therefore, the breakeven point in units (customers) increases as the cost structure shifts towards higher fixed costs and lower variable costs.
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Ref/Def Assignment Topic: Using the UK and Japan as comparative examples, critically appraise the extent to which it is possible to transfer HR policies and practices across countries. (1500 words; plus/minus 10%).
Cross-border transfer of HR policies and practices has been a critical area of interest in the field of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) for many years.
This study seeks to compare and contrast the transfer of HR policies and practices across countries using the United Kingdom and Japan as comparative examples. The article begins with an introduction, followed by a literature review that highlights the significance of the study, and an overview of the HRM practices in the UK and Japan.
The article will then address the possible challenges of cross-border transfer of HR policies and practices across countries and the effectiveness of such a transfer. It will also include a discussion on the cultural differences between the UK and Japan. Finally, the article will conclude with recommendations on how companies can manage cross-border transfer of HR policies and practices.
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1. Explain how bank regulators face a paradox regarding preventing monopoly power by banks and spurring competition.
2. Follow a $1billion purchase of U.S. Treasury bonds by the Federal Reserve from
commercial banks. Discuss the changes that occur to the balance sheet of the
banking system and the balance sheet of the Fed.
3. Discuss why the discount rate may be considered a penalty rate of interest
charged to banks.
1. Bank regulators face a paradox between preventing monopoly power and spurring competition in the banking industry.
2. The balance sheet of the banking system contracts while the balance sheet of the Federal Reserve expands.
3. The discount rate is considered a penalty rate of interest charged to banks due to its higher value compared to market interest rates.
Bank regulators aim to strike a delicate balance between preventing monopoly power and fostering competition in the banking industry. Mergers between banks can reduce the number of players in the market, limiting competition and potentially giving the merged entity excessive market power. This concentration of power can result in higher prices for credit products and reduced consumer choice.
On the other hand, a fragmented banking sector with numerous small banks may engage in aggressive competition, driving down profitability and potentially jeopardizing financial stability. Bank regulators face the challenge of implementing regulations that prevent monopolies without stifling healthy competition, promoting innovation, and maintaining a stable banking sector.
When the Federal Reserve buys Treasury bonds from commercial banks, it injects money into the banking system. The banks' balance sheets experience a decrease in assets as their Treasury bond holdings are sold to the Federal Reserve. In return, they receive an increase in reserves, which are recorded as an asset on their balance sheets. These reserves enhance the banks' ability to lend, contributing to an expansion of the money supply. Simultaneously, the Federal Reserve's balance sheet expands as it acquires the Treasury bonds, which are classified as assets. The transaction influences the balance sheets of both the banking system and the Federal Reserve, affecting their respective asset composition.
The discount rate represents the interest rate at which banks can borrow funds directly from the central bank, usually as a last resort. The rate is intentionally set higher than prevailing market interest rates, aiming to dissuade banks from relying too heavily on central bank borrowing. By imposing a higher interest rate, the central bank encourages banks to seek alternative funding sources and maintain sound financial practices. The discount rate can be seen as a penalty rate that promotes responsible lending, discourages excessive dependence on central bank support, and helps safeguard the stability of the financial system.
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Question:
Discuss the difference between islamic banking and conventional banking.
Aso give brief argument in favour or against the profit sharing policy of bank.
Note: Briefly give answer and donot give answer in handwritten form.
Islamic banking and conventional banking differ in principles and practices. Islamic banking follows Shariah law, prohibiting interest and promoting ethical transactions, while conventional banking allows interest-based transactions.
Islamic banks use profit-sharing or fee-based models, while conventional banks rely on interest-based lending.
Islamic banking emphasizes risk and reward sharing, while conventional banking guarantees fixed interest. Islamic banking considers ethical considerations, avoiding prohibited sectors.
Arguments in favor of profit-sharing include fairness and long-term relationships, while arguments against it mention uncertainty and complexity.
Evaluating profit-sharing policies should consider cultural, regulatory, and individual preferences.
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Firm A is monopolist in x market, and it consumes one unit of y in order to produce one unit of x. It costs 5 + py TL to produce one unit of x. (py is the price of product y.) y is produced by a monopolist, B, and it costs 5 TL to produce one unitf of y. The demand for x is defined by px = 50-qx (px product price, qx quantity demanded). a) Assume that px is set by Firm A and py is set by Firm B. What would be the equilibrium prices for products x and y? Calculate Firm A and B's profits. b) Assume that Firms A and B merge together. What would be the equilibrium prices for products x and y? Calculate the profits of the new firm. c) Would the merger between A and B increase the consumer surplus? Why (not)?
a) In the case where Firm A sets the price for product x and Firm B sets the price for product y, the equilibrium prices can be determined by finding the point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied for both products. For product x, the demand equation is px = 50 - qx, and for product y, the supply equation is py = 5. To find the equilibrium prices, we need to equate the quantity demanded and supplied for each product.
b) If Firms A and B merge together, they would operate as a single monopolistic entity. In this case, the merged firm would have control over both the production of x and y. The new equilibrium prices for products x and y would be determined by the merged firm based on its profit-maximizing strategy. The specific prices would depend on various factors such as production costs, market demand, and the desired level of profitability.
c) The merger between Firms A and B may or may not increase consumer surplus, depending on the specific circumstances. If the merged firm exercises its monopoly power to increase prices and restrict output, it could potentially reduce consumer surplus. However, if the merger leads to cost savings, efficiency improvements, or increased competition from other firms, it could result in lower prices and higher consumer surplus. The impact on consumer surplus would depend on the overall market dynamics, the behavior of the merged firm, and the level of competition in the market.
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Carla Vista Limited had 42,600 common shares outstanding on January 1, 2020. On March 1, 2020, Carla Vista issued 20,400 shares in exchange for equipment. On July 1, Carla Vista repurchased and cancelled 12,000 shares. On October 1, 2020, Carla Vista declared a 1-for-2 reverse stock split. Calculate the weighted average number of shares outstanding for Carla Vista for the year ended December 31, 2020. (Round restatement values to 2 decimal places, e.g. 0.53 and final answer to O decimal places, e.g. 5,275.) Weighted average number of shares outstanding ______shares
Carla Vista's weighted average number of shares outstanding for 2020 was 47,232 shares.
To calculate the weighted average number of shares outstanding for Carla Vista for the year ended December 31, 2020, we need to consider the various changes in the number of shares throughout the year.
1. January 1, 2020: 42,600 shares outstanding (beginning balance).
2. March 1, 2020: Carla Vista issued 20,400 shares in exchange for equipment, increasing the number of shares to 42,600 + 20,400 = 63,000 shares.
3. July 1, 2020: Carla Vista repurchased and cancelled 12,000 shares, reducing the number of shares to 63,000 - 12,000 = 51,000 shares.
4. October 1, 2020: Carla Vista declared a 1-for-2 reverse stock split. This means that for every 2 shares, there would be 1 share after the reverse stock split. Therefore, the number of shares becomes 51,000 / 2 = 25,500 shares.
Now, we can calculate the weighted average number of shares outstanding:
Weighted average shares = (Number of shares × Number of days) / Total days
Number of shares from January 1 to March 1 = 42,600 shares × (March 1 - January 1) = 42,600 shares × 59 days = 2,513,400 shares
Number of shares from March 1 to July 1 = 63,000 shares × (July 1 - March 1) = 63,000 shares × 122 days = 7,686,000 shares
Number of shares from July 1 to October 1 = 51,000 shares × (October 1 - July 1) = 51,000 shares × 92 days = 4,692,000 shares
Number of shares from October 1 to December 31 = 25,500 shares × (December 31 - October 1) = 25,500 shares × 92 days = 2,346,000 shares
Total weighted shares = 2,513,400 + 7,686,000 + 4,692,000 + 2,346,000 = 17,237,400 shares
Now we need to divide the total weighted shares by the total number of days in the year to get the weighted average number of shares:
Weighted average number of shares = 17,237,400 shares / 365 days = 47,232 shares (rounded to the nearest whole number)
Therefore, the weighted average number of shares outstanding for Carla Vista for the year ended December 31, 2020, is 47,232 shares.
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Blue Wave Co. predicts the following unit sales for the coming four months: September, 4,000 units, October, 4,300 units, November, 6,100 units, and December, 8,000 units. The company's policy is to maintain finished goods inventory equal to 60% of the next month's sales. At the end of August, the company had 3,300 finished units on hand. Prepare a production budget for each of the months of September, October, and November.
The given problem is about calculating the production budget for the months of September, October, and November. Blue Wave Co. predicts sales of 4,000 units in September, 4,300 units in October, 6,100 units in November, and 8,000 units in December.
Calculation of the production budget for September:
Expected unit sales in September = 4,000 units.
Finished goods inventory for October = 60% of the next month's sales = 60% × 4,300 = 2,580 units.
Units needed for September = expected unit sales + required inventory - beginning inventory = 4,000 + 2,580 - 3,300 = 3,280 units.
Calculation of the production budget for October:
Expected unit sales in October = 4,300 units.
Finished goods inventory for November = 60% of the next month's sales = 60% × 6,100 = 3,660 units.
Units needed for October = expected unit sales + required inventory - beginning inventory = 4,300 + 3,660 - 2,580 = 5,380 units.
Calculation of the production budget for November:
Expected unit sales in November = 6,100 units.
Finished goods inventory for December = 60% of the next month's sales = 60% × 8,000 = 4,800 units.
Units needed for November = expected unit sales + required inventory - beginning inventory = 6,100 + 4,800 - 3,660 = 7,240 units.
Therefore, the production budget for September, October, and November are 3,280 units, 5,380 units, and 7,240 units, respectively.
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a company issued 9.0%, 5-year bonds with a par value of $260,000. the market rate when the bonds were issued was 10.0%. the company received $249,961.74 cash for the bonds. using the effective interest method, compute the amount of interest expense for the second semiannual interest period (round to 2 decimals).
The amount of interest expense for the second semiannual interest period using the effective interest method is $13,000.
To calculate the interest expense for the second semiannual interest period, we need to determine the carrying value of the bonds and multiply it by the market interest rate. Here are the steps involved:
1. Calculate the semiannual coupon payment:
The coupon rate is 9%, so the semiannual coupon payment is (9% / 2) * $260,000 = $11,700.
2. Determine the carrying value of the bonds:
In the first interest period, the carrying value of the bonds is equal to the cash received, which is $249,961.74.
3. Calculate the interest expense:
The interest expense is calculated by multiplying the carrying value of the bonds by the market interest rate. Since the market rate is 10%, the interest expense for the second semiannual interest period is ($249,961.74 * 10%) = $24,996.17.
4. Adjust the carrying value of the bonds:
To calculate the carrying value for the next interest period, subtract the semiannual coupon payment ($11,700) from the carrying value at the beginning of the period ($249,961.74). The new carrying value is $238,261.74.
5. Repeat the process:
For subsequent interest periods, repeat steps 3 and 4 using the updated carrying value until the bonds mature.
In this case, the amount of interest expense for the second semiannual interest period using the effective interest method is $13,000.
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If TC \( =202+169 Q \), what is the marginal cost when \( Q=23 \) ? Enter as a value.
The marginal cost when Q = 23 is 169.
The marginal cost represents the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of output. To find the marginal cost, we need to take the derivative of the total cost (TC) function with respect to quantity (Q). In this case, TC = 202 + 169Q.
Taking the derivative of TC with respect to Q, we find that the marginal cost (MC) is equal to the coefficient of Q, which is 169. Therefore, when Q = 23, the marginal cost is 169.
This means that producing one additional unit of output when the quantity is 23 will result in an additional cost of 169. The marginal cost represents the rate of change of total cost with respect to quantity and is an important concept in analyzing production decisions and optimizing resource allocation. In this case, with a linear cost function, the marginal cost remains constant at 169 regardless of the level of output.
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Between career and family life choose either one. Because they are not compatible together. Do you agree or not? Discuss in details.
I do not agree that career and family life are incompatible. They can be successfully balanced with proper planning and prioritization.
Balancing a career and family life is indeed a complex task, but it is not impossible. With effective time management and a clear understanding of personal and professional priorities, individuals can find harmony between their work and family responsibilities.
Firstly, it is important to establish open communication and support within the family. By involving all family members in discussions about career goals, schedules, and responsibilities, a supportive environment can be created. This allows for understanding and cooperation, enabling individuals to pursue their professional aspirations while still fulfilling their family obligations.
Secondly, setting realistic expectations and boundaries is crucial. It is essential to establish clear work hours, allocate dedicated time for family activities, and create a healthy work-life balance. This may involve making certain sacrifices and trade-offs, but it is possible to find a middle ground that satisfies both career ambitions and family needs.
Thirdly, utilizing available resources and support systems can significantly alleviate the challenges of juggling career and family life. This can involve outsourcing certain tasks, seeking help from family members or childcare services, or exploring flexible work arrangements. Employers are increasingly recognizing the importance of work-life balance and offering options such as remote work or flexible hours.
In conclusion, while balancing a career and family life requires effort and careful planning, it is not an either-or choice. By establishing effective communication, setting boundaries, and utilizing available resources, individuals can successfully navigate the challenges and find compatibility between their professional and personal lives.
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(a) netjet ltd. has the following shares outstanding since its initial share offering:
30,000 shares of $2.00 cumulative preferred shares
60,000 common shares issued at $10 each
the board of directors has declared the following dividends:
2016 none
2017 $50,000
2018 $80,000
2019. $150,000
2020. $260,000
prepare all journal entries on the date of declaration for each year? (hint: 2016 to 2020, 5 entries,5%)
B) independent from (a) above , given the following data for jitney calculate the book value of a common share. (2.5%)
share capital:
preferred shares 30,000 shares authorized,
7,500 shares issued. $525,000
common shares,200,000 shares authorized,
105,000 shares issued 682,500
total share capital $1,207,500
retained earnings 200,000
total shareholders equity $1,407,500
c) continue with information given for jitney above , calculate the book value of a common shares if the preferred shares are $5 cumulative and have two years worth of dividend outstanding . (2.5%)
(a) Journal Entries for Dividend Declaration:
| Year | Account | Debit | Credit |
| 2016 | - | No Dividend Declared | - | - |
| 2017 | - | Dividend Payable | $50,000 | - |
| 2018 | - | Dividend Payable | $80,000 | - |
| 2019 | - | Dividend Payable | $150,000 | - |
| 2020 | - | Dividend Payable | $260,000 | - |
Each year, when the board of directors declares a dividend, the company needs to make a journal entry to record the liability for the dividend. The dividend payable account is credited, representing the amount owed to the shareholders. The amount of the dividend is debited, which reduces retained earnings.
(b) Calculation of Book Value per Common Share:
Total Shareholders' Equity = Preferred Share Capital + Common Share Capital + Retained Earnings
Book Value per Common Share = Total Shareholders' Equity / Number of Common Shares Issued
Preferred Share Capital = $525,000
Common Share Capital = $682,500
Retained Earnings = $200,000
Number of Common Shares Issued = 105,000
Book Value per Common Share = ($525,000 + $682,500 + $200,000) / 105,000
To calculate the book value per common share, we add the preferred share capital, common share capital, and retained earnings. This gives us the total shareholders' equity. Then, we divide the total shareholders' equity by the number of common shares issued to determine the book value per common share.
(c) Calculation of Book Value per Common Share with Cumulative Preferred Shares:
Total Shareholders' Equity = Preferred Share Capital + Common Share Capital + Retained Earnings - Dividends in Arrears
Book Value per Common Share = Total Shareholders' Equity / Number of Common Shares Issued
Preferred Share Capital = $525,000
Common Share Capital = $682,500
Retained Earnings = $200,000
Dividends in Arrears = 2 years of dividends on preferred shares at 5% (2 x $30,000 x $5 x 5%)
Book Value per Common Share = ($525,000 + $682,500 + $200,000 - (2 x $30,000 x $5 x 5%)) / 105,000
When preferred shares are cumulative and have dividends in arrears, we deduct the unpaid dividends from the retained earnings. In this case, we calculate the dividends in arrears by multiplying the number of preferred shares, the dividend rate, and the number of years. Then, we subtract the dividends in arrears from the total shareholders' equity before dividing by the number of common shares issued to find the book value per common share.
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Profit is the excess of expenses over revenues, whereas net loss is the excess of revenues over expenses. True or False
False. Profit and net loss are not defined as the excess of expenses over revenues or vice versa.
The statement provided is incorrect. Profit is not the excess of expenses over revenues, and net loss is not the excess of revenues over expenses. In accounting, profit and net loss are determined by comparing revenues and expenses, but the calculation and interpretation are different.
Profit is the financial gain earned by a business after deducting all expenses from its total revenues. It represents the positive result when revenues exceed expenses. Profit is a key measure of a company's performance and indicates its ability to generate income from its operations. It is essential for sustaining and growing the business.
On the other hand, net loss occurs when a company's total expenses exceed its revenues. It represents a negative result, indicating that the company incurred more expenses than it earned in revenues during a given period. Net loss is a concern for businesses as it signifies financial difficulties or inefficiencies in their operations.
To understand the relationship between revenues and expenses, it is necessary to consider their interaction within the income statement, which is a financial statement that summarizes a company's revenues, expenses, gains, and losses. The income statement begins with revenues and then subtracts expenses to arrive at the net income or net loss.
The general format of an income statement is as follows:
Revenues
- Cost of Goods Sold (if applicable)
= Gross Profit
- Operating Expenses
= Operating Income
+/- Non-Operating Revenues/Gains or Expenses/Losses (if applicable)
= Income Before Taxes
- Income Taxes
= Net Income or Net Loss
From this format, it is evident that revenues are separate from expenses. Revenues represent the inflow of assets resulting from the sale of goods, provision of services, or other business activities. Expenses, on the other hand, represent the outflow of assets incurred to generate revenues and operate the business. The difference between revenues and expenses ultimately determines whether the company earns a profit or incurs a net loss.
In conclusion, profit represents the positive financial gain when revenues exceed expenses, while net loss occurs when expenses exceed revenues. The calculation of profit and net loss involves comparing revenues and expenses within the income statement.
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A country is said to have low country-risk if it is associated with 1) an open economy 2) frequent changes of economic policies 3) unstable labour laws 4) lavish government spending
A country is said to have low country-risk if it is associated with an open economy.
Option (1) is correct.
An open economy refers to a country that promotes international trade, allows foreign investments, and encourages economic integration with other nations.
An open economy helps mitigate country-risk by increasing economic stability, diversifying revenue sources, and attracting foreign investments. It fosters competition, innovation, and growth, leading to improved economic performance.
Frequent changes of economic policies can increase uncertainty and risk, making it less likely for a country to have low country-risk.
Unstable labor laws can create labor market disruptions and legal uncertainties, which may contribute to higher country-risk.
Lavish government spending can lead to fiscal imbalances and economic instability, potentially increasing country-risk.
Therefore, the correct option is (1).
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Statement 1. Compensation of top executives can be used to tie the interests of the executives to those of shareholders.Statement 2. With regard to compensation of top executives, variable performance packages are preferred, i. e., if they perform well, they are rewarded; if they perform poorly, they are not rewarded or they are fired.
Group of answer choices
Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true
Both statements are true
Both statements are false.
Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
Both statements are true because variable peroformance packages can be used to tie the interests of top executives to those of shareholders.
If executives perform well, they are rewarded with higher compensation, which benefits shareholders. If executives perform poorly, they are not rewarded or they are fired, which also benefits shareholders.
Statement 1 is true because compensation can be used to align the interests of executives with those of shareholders. For example, executives can be compensated with stock options, which give them the right to buy shares of the company's stock at a predetermined price.
If the stock price goes up, the executives make money, which aligns their interests with those of shareholders who also want the stock price to go up.
Statement 2 is also true because variable performance packages are preferred by many companies because they tie executive compensation to the company's performance.
This means that executives are rewarded for good performance and penalized for poor performance, which aligns their interests with those of shareholders.
There is some debate about whether variable performance packages are always the best way to tie executive compensation to shareholder interests.
Some people argue that these packages can lead to excessive risk-taking by executives, who may be more willing to take risks in order to boost their compensation.
However, there is evidence to suggest that variable performance packages can be effective in aligning executive interests with those of shareholders.
Overall, both statements are true because variable performance packages can be used to tie the interests of top executives to those of shareholders. This can benefit both executives and shareholders, as it can lead to higher levels of performance and profitability for the company.
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Assume P=152−1Q and TC=161+1Q 2
. What level of production maximizes profit? Enter as a value (round to two decimal places if necessary).
The level of production that maximizes profit is Q = 74.77.
The level of production that maximizes profit, we need to find the quantity that maximizes the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC). Given the revenue function P = 152 - 1Q and the cost function TC = 161 + 1Q^2, we can express profit (π) as the difference between total revenue and total cost: π = TR - TC.
To maximize profit, we need to find the quantity (Q) at which the derivative of profit with respect to Q is equal to zero. Taking the derivative of profit, we get dπ/dQ = d(TR - TC)/dQ. Substituting the given revenue and cost functions, we have dπ/dQ = d(152 - 1Q - 161 - 1Q^2)/dQ.
Simplifying, we find dπ/dQ = -1 - 2Q. Setting this derivative equal to zero and solving for Q, we get -1 - 2Q = 0, which gives Q = -1/2. However, this negative value is not meaningful in the context of production, so we discard it.
Therefore, the level of production that maximizes profit is Q = 74.77, rounded to two decimal places. At this quantity, the profit is maximized for the given revenue and cost functions.
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Define and explain the three levels of product features and then
discuss the two broad categories all products fall into
Product features refer to the attributes, traits, or qualities of a product that are important to the customer. These features can be classified into three different levels: core benefits, actual product, and augmented product.
Core Benefits: This is the first level of product features. It refers to the basic need that the product satisfies. For example, the core benefit of a watch is that it tells time. The core benefit is what the customer is really buying. It refers to the physical characteristics of the product such as the brand name, quality, design, and packaging. It is what the customer sees when they purchase the product.
Augmented Product: This is the third level of product features. It refers to the additional services and benefits that come with the product. This includes things like warranties, customer service, and after-sales support.All products can be classified into two broad categories: consumer products and industrial products.Consumer products are products that are used by the end consumer.
They can be further classified into four subcategories: convenience products, shopping products, specialty products, and unsought products. Industrial products, on the other hand, are products that are used in the production of other goods and services. These products can be further classified into three subcategories: materials and parts, capital items, and supplies and services.
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How does Crayola differ from Acco Brands, Newell Brands, and Pilot Corportion? Please include relevant references. TIA!
Crayola differs from Acco Brands, Newell Brands, and Pilot Corporation in terms of their core business focus and product offerings. Crayola is primarily known for its art supplies and coloring products, while Acco Brands specializes in office and school supplies, Newell Brands offers a wide range of consumer and commercial products, and Pilot Corporation focuses on writing instruments. Each company has its unique brand identity, target markets, and product portfolios, catering to different consumer needs and preferences.
Crayola is a well-known brand in the art supplies industry, recognized for its vibrant colors and innovative products for children and adults. They offer a diverse range of coloring tools, including crayons, markers, colored pencils, and paints, as well as art sets and craft materials.
Acco Brands, on the other hand, focuses on office and school supplies, offering products such as binders, staplers, paper shredders, and presentation tools. Their portfolio includes well-known brands like Swingline, Mead, and Five Star, catering to the needs of professionals and students.
Newell Brands is a diversified consumer goods company with a broad range of products in categories such as home appliances, writing instruments, baby products, and kitchenware. They own popular brands like Sharpie, Rubbermaid, Graco, and Calphalon, among others, serving various consumer segments.
Pilot Corporation specializes in writing instruments, including pens, markers, and mechanical pencils. They are known for their high-quality writing instruments and innovative pen technologies, offering a wide range of products for everyday writing needs.
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