Smaller items like farming implements, furniture, and shoes were manufactured by individual artisans in medieval Europe.
Who was each of the artisans?The majority of items were handcrafted in the Middle Ages. Similar to what we have today, there were no machines or industries. Artisans manufactured all the clothing, tools, weapons, jewelry, artwork, furniture and other products that people required and desired. Masters were accomplished craftspeople who had their businesses.
They were skilled men who worked in independent workshops without the use of powered technology. They belonged to guilds and craft things with their hands and tools.
We also need to be aware that, unlike in America during the Colonial Era and its aftermath, slaves were not exploited as forced laborers in medieval Europe.
As a result, minor items like farming implements, furniture, and shoes were created by individual craftspeople.
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When a small country imposes a tariff on an imported good, domestic consumers bear __________ of the statutory burden and ______________ of the economic burden of the tariff.
When a small country imposes a tariff on an imported good, domestic consumers bear the increased tax of the statutory burden and national welfare falls off the economic burden of the tariff.
Whenever a small country implements a tariff, national welfare falls. The better the tariff is about, the bigger will be the loss in countrywide welfare. The tariff causes a redistribution of income.
Producers and the recipients of government spending advantage, even as consumers lose.
Tariffs hurt customers because it will increase the price of imported goods. due to the fact an importer has to pay a tax in the shape of tariffs on the goods that they may be importing, they bypass this increased price onto consumers inside the shape of better fees.
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If enough individuals act as _____, the labor union will no longer have the power to negotiate with or lobby business owners or government.
If enough individuals act as free riders, the labor union will no longer have the power to negotiate with or lobby business owners or the government.
A labor union is an organization of workers working in the same place or sharing similar kinds of problems formed in order to negotiate for the betterment of their working conditions comprising wages, hours of work, load, etc to the business owners. This is sometimes recognized as collective bargaining. It creates a path for the workers to share knowledge and solve problems collectively.
However, Union is only successful in its demands when whole members are united and speak in one voice; if enough individuals in a labor union act as free riders which means using public goods without paying for them will lead to disruption in the union and will no longer hold that much power to negotiate with lobby business owners or government.
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how is using non-last-click attribution conversions useful for performance planner forecasts? to allocate budgets that drive incremental conversions to find growth opportunities regarding device targeting to identify the most profitable location targeting to take advantage of seasonal trends throughout the yea
To allocate budgets that drive incremental conversions. This is how using non-last-click attribution conversions useful for performance planner forecasts.
A price range is a spending plan based on income and charges. In other words, it's an estimate of the way plenty cash you will make and spend over a positive time frame, which include a month or yr. (Or, if you're accounting for the incoming and outgoing cash of every body to your household, it truly is a circle of relatives budget.)
Budgeting is the system of forecasting revenues and prices of the company for a particular duration and examples of which encompass the sales finances prepared to make a projection of the agency's income and the manufacturing price range organized to mission the production of the agency and so forth.
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ava is borrowing money to buy some commercial property for her business. the loan agreement she signs includes a lock-in clause. what does that mean?
This means that Ava cannot prepay the loan before the date specified in the company's loan agreement.
Prepaying your mortgage will result in additional payments on your principal loan balance. Paying the additional principal on your mortgage can save you thousands of dollars in interest and help you build your wealth faster.
There are some ways to pay off mortgage early-
Make additional mortgage payments each year.Making additional monthly payments or using some or all of the loan windfall can shave a few months off your repayment term.However, some lenders may charge prepayment penalties for early repayment of the loan.
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which of the following is a disadvantage of investing in convertible bonds? a) the yield is less than that of a nonconvertible bond with similar risk and maturity. b) all of these. c) the holder may be forced into conversion if the bond is callable. d) they are doubly cursed in times of high interest rates and low stock prices.
The usage of convertible bonds as a form of financing by businesses has both advantages and disadvantages. A delayed dilution of common stock and earnings per share is one of the many benefits of this kind of equity financing (EPS).
Another benefit is that compared to a straight bond, the corporation can offer the bond at a lower coupon rate.
Convertible bonds carry a substantially higher risk of bankruptcy for the firm than preferred or regular stocks. Additionally, the risk increases with shorter maturities.
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How does a firm integrate principles of both operations management and project management to create customer value?.
Delivering high-quality goods or services is one way to ensure customer satisfaction.
Explain about the operations management?The management of business procedures to achieve the highest level of productivity within an organization is known as operations management (OM).
In order to control production and business operations as efficiently as possible, operations management is concerned. To optimize net operating profit, OM experts strive to strike a balance between operating costs and revenue.
There is a lot of operations management in the healthcare industry. The current healthcare system uses excessive amounts of pricey, technology, and emergency-based services. The high cost of care frequently goes unpaid because of those without insurance. An abundance of services in pricey settings places a burden on the government, those with health insurance, and healthcare organizations themselves.
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assume the market for peanut butter is competitive with normally sloped supply and demand curves and the market is currently in equilibrium. if there is a decrease in supply resulting in a new market equilibrium, will the amount of consumer surplus increase, decrease, or remain unchanged relative to the amount of consumer surplus found at the initial market equilibrium?
The supply of peanut butter will not be impacted by a predicted drop in price in the near future. If there is a decrease in supply resulting in a new market equilibrium, will the amount of consumer surplus decrease.
Producer surplus will rise while consumer excess declines. Both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity will rise as a result of an upward or rightward shift in the demand curve.
Because in the case of a shifting demand curve, the supply curve is upward sloping in equilibrium. The producer surplus is the gap between the market price and the cheapest price a producer will accept to make a good. The difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay and the cost of the commodity is known as the consumer surplus. Sales revenue is equivalent to producer surplus.
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erie will invest $1.5mm in each tqm's channel support systems and unep green program initiatives. it is known that the investment ($3.0mm in total) will increase demand for erie products by about 3.5% this and in all future rounds. assume the next couple of years' sales and contribution margin will be similar to this year if no program is implemented. and assume future years' margins at the current year's level. what is the payback time in months for the proposed investment? payback time
It is a capital budgeting problem. Firm has invested in TQM's Channel Support structures of $1,500,000. It will boom call for of product via way of means of 1.7%. Last years income sales was $163,608,638. A 1.7% boom will imply the income .
The required details for sales revenue in given paragraph
Now bear in mind contribution margin. From general income direct variable charges are deducted to get general contribution. It is 34.2% . So extra contribution because of 1.7% boom in income is- Thus boom in contribution margin may even boom earnings to the equal quantity as there may be no addition in constant fee because of this project. So company may be capable of get better $951,221of preliminary funding of $1,500,000 in a single year. Pay returned is the time required to get better this complete preliminary funding. It ascertained via way of means of dividing $1,500,000 quantity via way of means of the internet addition in earnings in step with year. Answer: Pay returned is nineteen month ( rounded)
Sales sales is a company's earnings generated via the sale of products or services. The discern is commonly suggested for a hard and fast period — usually via way of means of month, quarter, or year. There are varieties of income sales: gross and internet. You may see each on an earnings statement.
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Your friend, hideaki, will be attending his first work meeting tomorrow. He’s fairly nervous because he wants to become a valued member of his work team. How would you advise hideaki?.
In order to become a valued member of teamwork, I would advise him to follow the things to stick on to;
enhance his skills and awareness.Build relationships.He should be flexible and willing to change.Cooperation is the cooperative trouble of a group to achieve a common thing or to complete a task in the most effective and effective way. This conception is seen within the lesser frame of a platoon, which is a group of interdependent individuals who work together toward a common thing. Good cooperation means a synergistic way of working with each person married and working towards a participating thing.
Cooperation maximizes the individual strengths of platoon members to bring out their best. Effective cooperation comes in numerous shapes and sizes and has a significant impact on the success of the association.
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suppose you have a two-security portfolio containing bonds a and b. the book value of bond a is $20 and the market value is $35. the book value of bond b is $40 and the market value is $50. the modified duration of bond a is 4.7 and the modified duration of bond b is 5.9. what is the modified duration of the portfolio?
The modified duration of the portfolio is 4.9.
What is portfolio?A portfolio is a group of investments in the world of finance. A portfolio is any collection of financial assets, including cash, bonds, and stocks. Individual investors may have portfolios, or they may be managed by financial professionals, hedge funds, banks, and other financial institutions. The idea that a portfolio should be created with the investor's risk appetite, time horizon, and investment goals in mind is one that is widely acknowledged. Each asset's monetary worth may have an impact on the portfolio's risk/reward ratio. The goal is to maximize expected return and minimize risk when deciding on asset allocation. There are numerous effective solutions to this multi-objective optimization problem, and the best one must be chosen by weighing the tradeoff between risk and reward.
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pert and cpm techniques work by determining the "critical path" for the completion of a series of interrelated activities. true or false? a. true b. false
Pert and CPM techniques work by determining the "critical path" for the completion of a series of interrelated activities. The statement is True.
What is a Critical path?The longest route from beginning to end is the essential path. It shows how long the project should take in total to finish. Project managers are better able to prioritize work and create realistic timetables by recognizing the key path.
It is common practice to oversee project cycles and activities from the beginning to the end of the project using the Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) and the Critical Path Method (CPM).
Therefore, option B is appropriate.
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which of the following is an example of a horizontal conflict in a distribution channel? group of answer choices a fedex agent complaining that a dhl agent is cutting off his business a nike shoe dealer complaining that the shoes provided to the dealer are defective a walmart executive complaining to a pepsi executive for not replenishing stocks on time a gucci executive complaining to gucci's suppliers of delays in shipping consignments a ford car dealer complaining that another ford dealer is underpricing the same models
A ford car dealer complaining that another ford dealer is underpricing the same models is an example of horizontal conflict.
There are two types of channel conflict, horizontal conflict, and vertical conflict.
What is horizontal conflict?
When problems emerge between two partners at the same level of distribution, it is known as a horizontal channel conflict. This dispute primarily focuses on channel saturation and market overlap in sales networks.
The dispute between two ford dealers is a horizontal conflict as both dealers are doing business at the same level of distribution. One dealer is underpricing the same mode to overlap the market sales network which will decrease the sales of other deals. That's why Ford manufacturer has to resolve the issue to settle this conflict.
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new england brassworks is approached by the american heart association for a one-time special order of 1,000 paper weights at $15 per paperweight. managers at new england have the following information relating to the cost: variable manufacturing costs $9.00 fixed manufacturing costs 6.00 variable marketing costs 3.00 fixed marketing costs 1.50 full costs $19.50 should new england brassworks accept the special order? assume new england brassworks has idle capacity of 2,000 units.
New England brassworks is approached by the American heart association for a one-time special order of 1,000 paperweights at $15 per paperweight. managers in New England have the following information relating to the cost
15*1,000= 15,000
9*1,000= 9,000
(15,000-9,000)=6,000/1,000= $6
A paperweight is a small strong item heavy enough, whilst located on the pinnacle of paper, to preserve them from blowing away in a breeze or from shifting below the strokes of a portray brush (as with Chinese calligraphy). While any item, which includes a stone, can function as a paperweight, ornamental paperweights of glass are produced, both with the aid of using character artisans or factories, generally in constrained editions, and are gathered as works of fine glass art, a number of which can be exhibited in museums.
First produced in approximately 1845, in particular in France, such ornamental paperweights declined in reputation earlier than the present process of a revival withinside the mid-20th century.
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the document that is generally mailed monthly and contains the details of all sales, cash receipts, and credit memorandum transactions processed through a customer's account is called a(n) customer
Customer Statement is generally mailed monthly and contains the details of all sales, cash receipts, and credit memorandum transactions processed through a customer's account.
What is Customer Statement?
All of the bills for a certain account over a predetermined time period, often one month, are included in a client or customer account statement. The accounts receivable department receives several requests for or requirements for statements from clients on a regular basis. Some businesses might not be able to pay an invoice until they receive a statement. You should keep a customer statement template on available so that you can rapidly enter client information and deliver it to those who need a customer statement in order to collect as quickly as possible.
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What are the revenue projections for experiential industry player quintevents expected to be by 2024?.
Quint anticipates more than $400 million by 2024.
The technique of estimating your future sales is called revenue forecasting, which is often referred to as revenue projection. Looking at past trends and making educated assumptions based on what you know about your consumers, rivals, and the industry as a whole will help you do this.
Together, the executive team and investors decide which revenue predictions to share and when to offer advice. However, missed guidance is increasing, and businesses are finding it difficult to outperform the numbers. The company's shareholders, staff, and clients are all being wronged by this.
Projected revenue is the sum of money that a corporation anticipates making in the future. Usually, it is determined by looking at historical performance and predicting future performance.
Budget planning can be assisted by using revenue estimates.
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A registered representative is discussing fee-based and commission based accounts with a customer. All of the following are true EXCEPTA) A commission based account bills for each transaction separately.B) Fee-based accounts are most suitable for those who do very little trading during the course of the year.C) Disclosure of what services the fees cover in in a fee-based account must be made to the customer before the account is opened.D) A fee-based account charges a single annual fee that can be a fixed dollar amount or a percentage of assets under management.
All the following statements are accurate, but A fee-based account levies a single annual fee, which may be either a set sum of money or a proportion of the assets it manages.
How does the EU Commission work?The Commission makes recommendations for various EU laws and policies, monitors their implementation, and manages the EU budget. Additionally, it aids in the formulation of EU policy as a whole. It makes a vital contribution to aiding in world development.
What is the Commission EU law?New European legislation must be planned, prepared, and proposed by the European Commission. It has the authority to take this action voluntarily. The legislation it suggests must protect the Union's and all of its citizens' interests.
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varana prefers to do her clothes shopping on the internet so she can compare brands and prices. what class of products does varana shop for in this way?
The class of products that Varana prefers to buy online due to comparing brands and prices are semi-durable consumer goods.
What are semi-durable consumer goods?It corresponds to a grouping of products whose main characteristic is its usefulness for immediate consumption. They are products of little durability, which generally wear out with the amount of use and time, and are widely available in the physical and online market.
Some examples of semi-durable consumer goods are:
ClothesShoesChairsTelevisionsToothbrushTherefore, semi-durable consumer goods are those that exist to satisfy the needs of consumers, and that will be used routinely, but that have a shorter useful life, needing to be replaced periodically.
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ractices that reduce competition without actual documented agreements between firms to raise price are commonly referred to as
Practices that reduce competition without actually documented agreements between firms to raise prices are commonly referred to as restrictive practices.
The act or fact of agreeing. by collaborative agreement. orchestration of opinion, understanding, or intent. especially the collaborative assent of constricting parties to the same terms.
if they reach an agreement.the act of agreeing or of coming to a collaborative arrangement. the state of being in accord. An arrangement that is accepted by all parties to a trade. a contract or other document delineating such an arrangement. agreement of opinion; harmony in feeling agreement among the members of the faculty.Learn more about agreements between firms to raise price here: https://brainly.com/question/28043773
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Which theory of economics believes government is not only helpful, but necessary in a successful economy?.
The Keynesian theory of economics believes that government is not only helpful but necessary in a successful economy.
Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output, employment, and inflation. It was developed by British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression.
Keynesian economics focus on using active government policy to manage aggregate demand to address or prevent economic recessions.Keynes developed his theories in response to the Great Depression and was highly critical of previous economic theories, which he referred to as classical economics.Activist fiscal and monetary policy are the primary tools recommended by Keynesian economists to manage the economy and fight unemployment.For more questions like Keynesian Economics click the link below:
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what are the primary motives of the demand for money in the theory of liquidity preference? describe each motive and tell which economic factor is assumed to influence the motive the most.
Keynes asserts that the three motives of transactional, preventive, and speculative motives affect the demand for liquidity.
In the notion of liquidity preference, what are the main drivers of the desire for money? Give a brief description of each incentive and indicate which economic aspect is thought to have the most impact.In accordance with Keynes, the need for liquidity is influenced by three factors: transactional, preventive, and speculative motives. The theory contends that cash is the most widely used liquid asset and thus investments with more liquidity can be quickly sold for their full worth.
The transaction motive for keeping cash pertains to "the requirement for cash for the current transactions for personal and business exchange" and is closely tied to income level.The amount of money requested under the precautionary motive is based on the individual's personal characteristics, such as optimism or pessimism, foresight, etc., as well as the current economic and political conditions. It is intended to cover unforeseen and unpredictable contingencies involving money payments.The speculative motive indicates people's desire to hold cash so they are prepared to take advantage of any alluring investment opportunity that requires cash outlay. Interest rates and speculative demand for money are mutually exclusive.Learn more about theory of liquidity preference: https://brainly.com/question/13026007
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assume the same facts as requirement 2 and that the exchange lacked commercial substance. assume the fair value of the farmland given is $416,000 instead of $740,000. what is the amount of gain or loss that kapono would recognize on the exchange? what is the initial value of the new land?
The initial value of land of new land would be $470000.
Loss= Book value- fair value
= 520,000-416000
= 104,000
Initial value of new land= fair value +cash paid
= 416000+54000
= 470000
Initial value- An initial value problem in multivariable calculus consists of an ordinary differential equation and an initial condition that describes the value of the unknown function at a specific location in the domain. In physics or other sciences, modeling a system frequently entails resolving an initial value dilemma.
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a company receives a 10%, 120-day note for $1,500. the total interest due on the maturity date is: (use 360 days a year.) multiple choice $75.00. $87.50. $37.50. $50.00.
A company is given a $1,500, 10%, 120-day note. On the maturity date, $50.00 in interest is due in total.
Describe an interest.Interest is the cost associated with using borrowed money. Although interest expense or revenue is occasionally expressed as a cash amount, the interest rate used to calculate interest is frequently reported as an annual percentage rate (APR).
Interest is the payment a lender or financial institution makes for disbursing funds. The portion of a shareholder's shares that constitutes their ownership in a corporation; is also known as interest.
Calculation:
To calculate the amount of interest, use the formula below:
The interest amount is calculated as follows: Note value x Interest rate x (120 / 360).
A given note is worth $1,500.
10% interest rate
Time = 120/360
Now enter the value into the formula above to calculate the amount of interest due:
The interest amount is calculated as follows: Note value x Interest rate x (120 / 360).
Amount of interest = 1,500 x 10% x (120 / 360)
$50.00 interest amount
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when , business firms will collectively supply a higher quantity of output at any given price, and the supply curve will shift to the right.
When Costs of production fall , business firms will collectively supply a higher quantity of output at any given price, and the supply curve will shift to the right.
Therefore, a company will often supply a higher amount at any given price for its products when production costs decline. The supply curve's movement to the right demonstrates this. Consider a messenger service that sends packages throughout a city.
The amount charged by the manufacturer for each unit of an item or service is known as the price. A price increase nearly always results in more of that good or service being delivered, whereas a price decrease results in less of it being supplied.
According to the law of supply, manufacturers will increase their supply to the market if the price is higher.
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Besides the monthly lease, the fitness center needs insurance coverage to protect against damage from a storm or fire and to cover any claims from members getting hurt. Maria will lease weights and cardio equipment and will have a monthly payment for that. She’ll also pay for utilities monthly and will pay salaries for the staff, who run the facility. What type of costs are these expenses?.
A fixed cost are the expenses that Maria pays for weights ,cardio equipment ,utilities and monthly salary for staff etc.
What is meant by fixed cost ?Fixed costs are expenses that remain constant regardless of whether sales or production volumes rise or fall. This is so because they are not involved in the actual process of producing a something or providing a service. Fixed costs are therefore regarded as indirect costs.Property taxes, rent, salary, and the cost of benefits for non-sales and management staff are examples of fixed expenses. They are one of the three categories of expenses that most companies face. Costs that are changeable or semi-variable are the others.On a company's income statement, indirect expenses typically show up simultaneously as fixed and semi-variable costs.It is crucial for business owners to comprehend the charges they face so they may successfully control their spending. Greater sales and production volumes often result in higher total costs; but, as certain expenses are fixed, the percentage rise in total costs will be lower than the percentage increase in sales and production.Learn more about Fixed cost refer :
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lorenzo baldwin is a marketing professional and earns $96,000 a year. his monthly take-home pay is $4,800. his wife works part-time at a community center but receives no benefits. under state law, lorenzo's employer contributes to a workers' compensation insurance plan that would provide $2,250 per month for six months if he were disabled and unable to work. what is the monthly amount of lorenzo's disability insurance needs, assuming that he will not quality for medicare under his social security benefit?
The amount of $2,550 will be required for disability income as insurance.
What is disability insurance?A person is shielded from the ambiguous risk of losses by insurance. The recent sharp rise in medical costs has made health insurance more crucial than ever. As a result, every person has to have access to good disability income insurance coverage.
Therefore, $2,550 will be required for disability insurance.
Lorenzo requires $2,550 per month in supplementary disability income insurance. Since Lorenzo is a computer programmer and must spend a lot of time using a computer, L may want to consider purchasing long-term disability income insurance. In the event that L has a vision disability, it will preserve her income. Lorenzo's family's monthly demands and requirements should be covered by the insurance coverage size.
Choosing insurance is something that L should do.
In light of this, Lorenzo will require $2,550 in disability income. The aforementioned factors should be taken into account when Lorenzo decides to purchase a long-term disability income insurance policy, with the amount chosen to ensure that L's family's financial needs are met.
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in process operations, costs are accumulated in each process. in the final process, cost are transferred to:
Costs are accrued throughout process operations for each process. Costs are passed to finished goods in the last stage of production.
What does "process costing" entail, and how is it calculated as part of a system of process costs?A process costing system is a way to figure out how much it costs to produce each unit of a product. In certain segments of the manufacturing business, it is frequently used. The costs associated with each department or process are totaled and divided among the numerous products that are produced.
Is there a separate account kept for each processing department when employing process costing?Each processing department has its own Work in Process account, which is kept up to date. Transferred-in expenses are the costs for materials, labor, and overhead that are moved from one department's Work in Process account to another department's Work in Process account.
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Would you expect a $1 increase in a call option’s exercise price to lead to a decrease in the option’s value of more or less than $1?.
The call price will decrease by less than $1.
The call price( also known as" redemption price") is the price at which the issuer of a callable security has the right to buy back that security from an invest or creditor. The call price is generally the seen value of the bond, plus a fresh chance. The quantum of the call price and the dates during which it can be legislated are specified in the indenture agreement associated with the bond.Also, par value still matters for a callable common stock the call price is generally either par value or a small fixed chance over par value.Learn more about call price here: https://brainly.com/question/17151706
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hide or show questions progress:10/10 items question content areawhich of the following is true of normal costing? a.actual direct materials and direct labor costs are traced to products, but estimated overhead costs are assigned using predetermined rates. b.actual direct labor cost is traced to products, but estimated direct materials and estimated overhead costs are assigned using predetermined rates. c.actual direct materials cost is traced to products, but estimated direct labor and estimated overhead costs are assigned using predetermined rates. d.actual direct materials, actual direct labor, and actual overhead cost are assigned to products.
Normal costing, options a, actual direct materials, and direct labor costs are traced to products, but estimated overhead costs are assigned using predetermined rates.
Normal costing consists of direct costs, actual materials, and manufacturing overhead. The material costs and direct costs include raw materials and labor. Costs of products are determined by normal costing methods based on the raw material, labor, and other expenses involved.
Normal costing includes manufacturing overhead which is decided by accountants or management. Manufacturing overhead includes expenses related to production that are not directly added to the products. It includes a storage facility, electricity, and depreciation that is used in production machines.
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One of the most important steps in estimating cash flow is to determine the blank______ cash flows.
One of the most important steps in estimating cash flow is to determine the relevant cash flows.
What do we mean by relevant cash flows?According to a frequently used definition, meaningful cash flows must be incremental and occur in the future. Even though it seems obvious, only expenses or income that result in a cash flow should be listed. Depreciation expenses, for example, ought to be disregarded.Finding the relevant cash flows is one of the most crucial tasks in predicting cash flow.The capital budgeting analysis for a project must take into account all pertinent cash flows. The cash flows that alter as a result of accepting the project are the relevant cash flows.Therefore, one of the most important steps in estimating cash flow is to determine the relevant cash flows.
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one of the ways entrepreneurs achieve success is by using resources more efficiently. this is an example of how entrepreneurs use a(n) strategy.
Making better use of resources is one strategy used by entrepreneurs to succeed. This is an illustration of how business owners employ the low-cost leader strategy.
What is an inexpensive leadership strategy?A company's capacity to reduce production costs in order to provide high-quality products at competitive pricing is key to a cost leadership strategy. It works well for big organizations with lots of purchasing power, but it works less well for smaller companies.
Cutting expenses to enable the business to provide cheaper pricing than its competitors in the sector is an illustration of a low-cost strategy. Walm-art is an illustration of a low-cost leader.
Why is a low-cost strategy effective?Due to lower production costs, low-cost strategies allow businesses to provide their goods and services at a lower cost than those of their rivals, giving them a competitive edge over their rivals.
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