Succinate Dehydrogenase is catalyzed by a dehydrogenase enzyme in 6 step of the citric acid cycle.
Fumarate and succinate are TCA cycle intermediates. Two protons are lost during the conversion of succinate to fumarate, which FAD then absorbs and uses to create FADH 2. Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme that catalyses this process.
The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are exclusively linked through the conversion of succinate to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase. SDH mutations cause tumour tissue to switch to aerobic glycolysis and accumulate succinate along with other metabolic abnormalities.
Fumarate is created when succinate is oxidised by succinate dehydrogenase. Instead of NAD+ , FAD is employed as the hydrogen acceptor. NAD+ cannot be reduced by the reaction's free-energy change. When 2 hydrogens are removed from the substrate through oxidation, FAD is frequently utilised as the electron acceptor.
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Where does light reaction take place in leaf?.
In the chloroplast of the mesophyll cells of the leaves, a light-dependent process takes place. The stacked disc-like structures known as thylakoids make up the double-membraned cell organelles known as chloroplasts.
Certain photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the primary method by which plants obtain energy, are referred to as "light-dependent reactions" in scientific jargon. Two light-dependent reactions take place, with the first one happening at photosystem II (PSII) and the second one happening at photosystem I. (PSI),
A photon is absorbed by PSII, creating a "high energy electron" that travels through an electron transport chain to cytochrome b6f and finally to PSI. The second photon that is absorbed by the then-reduced PSI produces an even more powerfully reducing electron, which changes NADP+ into NADPH. Water serves as the first electron donor during oxygenic photosynthesis, which results in the production of oxygen (O2).
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How long are snails pregnant?.
Snails mating process usually takes hours.
Garden snails' reproduction is so fast that the average snail can lay 86 eggs per cycle, and with an average of five reproductive cycles a year, each individual snail can lay 430 eggs a year.
Most snails have both male and female reproductive organs. Their mating process usually takes hours. When the mating process is done, they lay 80-100 eggs usually into a hole in a damp soil.
Because each snail can produce sperm as well as eggs, they have more than one option when it comes to having kids -- they can either find a mate, or they can fertilize themselves.
Yes, although the shell is transparent and soft to begin with. Snails need calcium to harden their shells and the first thing a newly hatched snail does is to eat the casing of its own egg to absorb calcium.
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Microorganisms are beneficial to humans in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A.)Pseudomonas, molds and other microorganisms break down lettuce and strawberries at refrigeration temperatures.
B.)marine and freshwater organisms form the basis of the food web.
C.)some microorganisms live symbiotically with plants and transform nitrogen gas into organic compounds.
D.)soil microorganisms break down matter.
E.)Fermenting microorganisms produce yogurt and sauerkraut from milk and cabbage.
Microorganisms are beneficial to humans except that Pseudomonas, molds, and other microorganisms break down lettuce and strawberries at refrigeration temperatures. Here option A is the correct answer.
Microorganisms play an important role in many food industries by fermenting carbohydrates in food products. This process results in the production of lactic acid, which can be used to preserve food, change the texture and flavor of food, and also increases the nutritional value of food.
Examples of fermented food products include yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, beer, and wine.
Microorganisms are also used in the production of antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes. They are also used in the bioremediation of pollutants and in the production of biofuels.
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At what point during resuscitation is a cardiac monitor recommended to assess the baby's HR?.
The baby's heart rate should be checked once more after 60 seconds of chest compressions. The most precise way to measure heart rate while performing chest compressions is through continuous ECG monitoring.
International resuscitation guidelines for neonatal resuscitation advise determining a newborn's heart rate (HR) by using a stethoscope to listen to the precordium, feeling for pulsations at the base of the umbilical cord, or feeling the brachial or femoral pulses.
The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) and other international neonatal recommendations use predetermined HR targets of 100 and 60 beats per minute (bpm), respectively, to start PPV and chest compressions. After performing compressions and ventilations for one minute, the heart rate should be monitored again.
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How many chromosomes in a haploid cell if an organism have 46 pair of chromosomes in every somatic cell?.
Every cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of these chromosomes, giving us a diploid number of 46 and a haploid number of 23. Autosomes are 22 of the 23 pairs.
A 23-chromosome haploid cell (left) and a 46-chromosome diploid cell (right) (right).
Human cells are classified as 'diploid' because they receive two sets of chromosomes, a total of 46 in total, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. The only exceptions are reproductive (egg and sperm) cells, which are referred to as "haploid" because they have a single set of 23 chromosomes.
Haploid gametes have only one set of chromosomes. As a result, they have half the number of diploid cells. This is because when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg, their chromosomes combine. Because each gamete has a half set of chromosomes, when they combine, the resulting fertilized egg will have a full set. The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, will then begin cell division, with each resulting cell being diploid, meaning it has a complete set of chromosomes.
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water is essential to life. which property of water affects life less than the others?
The property of water that affects life less than the others is its ability to remain liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
Water is one of the most important elements for life on Earth. This is because of its unique properties, like its ability to dissolve many substances, its high surface tension, and its capacity to absorb and store thermal energy.
One of these properties, which is often less appreciated, is its ability to remain liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
This makes water an essential part of life, since it provides the medium in which many biochemical reactions necessary for life occur. Without water, life as we know it would not be possible.
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Why did Mendel study pea plants laws of inheritance?.
Mendel chose pea plants for his tests because they had distinct visible characteristics.
Peas are readily cultivated in great quantities, and their reproduction may be controlled. Peas also have male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to self-pollinate in addition to cross-pollinate. Mendel is regarded as the father of genetics because to his seminal work on heredity in pea plants 150 years ago. Mendel launched a series of experiments just at monastery in 1856 to discover how features are handed down through the generations. It was considered at the time that the qualities of the parents were merged together in their offspring.
Mendel examined pea inheritance (Pisum sativum). He picked peas because they had previously been used in comparable trials, they are easy to cultivate, and they can be seeded every year. Pea blooms have both male and female components, known as stamen & stigma, and self-pollinate. Self-pollination occurs even before flowers open, resulting in offspring from a single plant.
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when a disturbance changes a community without removing the soil, what type of succession follows?
The following happens when a community is disturbed without removing the soil Next comes secondary succession.
The secondary succession is what?A formerly inhabited area gets recolonized in secondary succession after a disturbance that obliterates most or all of the community. Oak and hickory forests that have been burned down provide a great illustration of secondary succession. Most flora will be destroyed by wildfires, and animals that cannot escape the area will perish.
Where is secondary succession most common?Secondary succession happens in situations where all of the previously existing living things were lost. When native biotic communities have indeed been disrupted, such as when woods have been cut down or burned, when farms have been abandoned, or when lands have been inundated, secondary succession begins.
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Diana is studying four surface features of Florida. She classifies the surface features and places them in different columns of a chart as shown below.
Surface Features
Column 1 Column 2
Sinkholes Hot springs
Caverns Geysers
Which of these titles best represents Column 1 of Diana's chart? (2 points)
Select one:
a.
formed by freezing groundwater
b.
formed by heating groundwater
c.
formed by evaporation of groundwater
d.
formed by chemical action of groundwater
Formed by chemical action of groundwater best represents Column 1 of Diana's chart
What are hot springs?Hot springs are natural springs that are formed when water from underground geothermal sources is heated by molten rock or magma deep in the earth. They typically have temperatures that are higher than the average ambient temperature of the surrounding area. The heated water in hot springs can contain dissolved minerals, such as sulfur, which gives the water a distinct smell and can change its color.
Hot springs are also known for their therapeutic properties and have been used for thousands of years for medicinal and relaxation purposes. They can also be used as a source of geothermal energy. Hot springs can be found in many places around the world, including volcanic regions, tectonic plate boundaries, and areas with active geothermal activity.
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Who used the term plasmodesmata for the cytoplasmic connection between Neighbouring cells?.
The cytoplasmic link between neighboring cells was referred to as plasmodesmata by Strasburger.
The Latin word plasmo, which means fluid, and the Greek word desma, which means a bond, combine to form the word plasmodesmata. Eduard Tangle found the Plasmodesmata in 1879, and Strasburger named them in 1901. A conduit called plasmodesmata allows materials to pass between neighboring cells. This plasmodesmata aids in maintaining cytoplasm continuity between neighboring cells. It is like a cytoplasmic bridge that crosses the plant cell wall and allows for the effective transmission of signaling chemicals between adjacent cells. It is like a gap junction in animal cells.
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what is the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell called
The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell called Sarcoplasm
What is Sarcoplasm ?Numerous bundles of myofibrils regularly ordered filaments are found inside each skeletal muscle cell, or myofiber. Skeletal muscle's distinctive striped or striated look is caused by the intricately structured arrangement of filaments within the myofibrils.
These are muscle cells. Sarcolemma refers to the covering over muscle fibres. Sarcoplasm refers to the protoplasm found within muscle fibres. In muscle fibres, the endoplasmic reticulum is known as sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The abundant sarcoplasm (i.e., cytoplasm) within the core of the myotube between and around nuclei contains membranous organelles. These are mitochondria with well-formed cristae, Golgi apparatuses generally located at the end of a nucleus, and single-membrane vesicles.
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Microscope objectives stay relatively in focus when magnification is changed.a. Trueb. False
The given statement is true. The objectives of a microscope are made to maintain focus as the magnification changes. This is accomplished by using a variety of lenses, each one tuned for a certain magnification, in the objective.
The current objective lens is replaced with one that is best suited for magnification when the microscope is moved to a different setting. This enables the microscope to stay in focus over its range of magnifications, giving a constant, steady image. As a result, a microscope's fundamental component, the microscope objectives, is made to stay in focus when magnification changes. Because of this, the microscope can retain focus across the full range of magnifications, resulting in a constant, stable image.
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4. Think about the carbon cycle. Describe how each of the two systems in your experiment modeled
aspects of the cycling of carbon on Earth. Which parts of the Earth system - the hydrosphere,
atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere were represented by your models? Which part or parts were
missing? (3 points)
Analyze how each sphere of the Earth contributes in the cycle and apply it to the experiment to determine how your experiment mimics the carbon cycle.
What is the carbon cycle?The movement of carbon across several spheres is a normal occurrence on Earth.The atmosphere is made up of gaseous carbon dioxide.Biosphere: Animals create carbon as a result of respiration, but plants utilise carbon and emit oxygen.Carbon is present in the geosphere as a result of processes like biological decay.Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the hydrosphere.Name the elements in your experiment and how they relate to carbon.This function should be compared to the speheres' function.Link the experiment to the natural model.Analyze how each sphere of the Earth contributes in the cycle and apply it to the experiment to determine how your experiment mimics the carbon cycle.To learn more about carbon cycle refer to:
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which biome is found on every continent except antarctica
Grassland Biomes The grassland biome is flat and grassy with little tree cover, and it can be found on every continent except Antarctica.
These areas are home to small mammals, birds, and predators in addition to large grazing mammals like elephants and bison.
Which biomes support all four seasons?The fact that they have four distinct seasons makes temperate deciduous forests stand out: Autumn, winter, spring, and summer
How many distinct kinds of biomes are there worldwide?Biomes fall into five broad categories: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra, though some of these biomes can also be broken down into more specific groups like freshwater, marine, savanna, tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, and taiga. Freshwater and marine biomes are both included in aquatic biomes.
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Do clams have 200 eyes?.
Clams do not have 200 eyes.
Clams are bivalve mollusks, meaning that they have two shells that protect their soft body. They do not have eyes in the traditional sense, as they do not have a head or a nervous system that would allow them to process visual information. Instead, clams have simple light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors that are located on their mantles. These cells allow clams to detect changes in light and dark, but they do not have the ability to see in the way that humans or other animals do.
However, some species of clams have a small number of eyespots located on their mantles which are used to detect light, but the number of eyespots is not 200. These eyespots are not capable of forming images, but they can detect the presence of light and the direction from which it is coming. This allows clams to orient themselves within their environment and detect potential predators or prey.
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place the following labels in the proper position to designate action potential or local potential.
When a specific cell location's membrane potential rapidly increases and decreases, an action potential is present. Adjacent places then experience a comparable depolarization as a result of this one.
What is Action potential?Excitable cells, also known as animal cell types that include neurons, muscle cells, and some plant cells, are among those that experience action potentials. The anterior pituitary gland's cells and several endocrine cells, including pancreatic beta cells, are excitable cells as well. Action potentials in neurons play a crucial role in cell-cell communication by enabling—or, in the case of saltatory conduction, facilitating—the propagation of signals along the neuron's axon toward synaptic boutons located at the ends of an axon. These signals can then connect with other neurons at synapses, or to motor cells or glands. Activating intracellular activities is their primary role in other cell types. An action potential, for instance, is the first event in a series of actions that result in contraction in muscle cells. They cause insulin to be released from pancreatic beta cells. [a] Action potentials in neurons are also referred to as "nerve impulses" or "spikes," and a neuron's "spike train" is the temporal series of action potentials it produces.To Learn more About action potential refer to:
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what makes up the genetic code in the dna molecule?
The genetic code in DNA molecules is made up of four molecules: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
These four molecules are present in pairs, and each pair is known as a base. Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Together, these four molecules form the building blocks of the genetic code.
The sequence of these four molecules determines the instructions for building proteins and other molecules essential for life.
These four chemical elements make up the DNA strands, and together they form the basis of genetic information that is passed from parent to offspring. The order of the nucleotides determines the genetic sequence, which is responsible for the development and function of organisms.
The specific combination of nucleotides in a particular gene determines the characteristics of the organism, such as its physical traits, behavior, and disease susceptibility.
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Which of the following best describes the way plants with rhizomes can reproduce?
A. by both sexual and asexual reproduction
B. by sexual reproduction only
C. by sexual reproduction and grafting
D. by cloning only
Answer:
c
Explanation:
when you graft you are a usally combing two plants to make a differt species
Biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and _________ system
Biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and nervous system, hormones and genetics.
Biological psychologists usually studies human brain that to specialized parts, or systems, and their complexity and relationships. In Biological perspective it is considered that psychological disorders are linked to many biological phenomena, that includes genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and other brain abnormalities .
Hence, these studies within biological psychology also include neural mechanisms, genetics, behavior, and other relationship that lies between body and the mind. Studies of normal brain function and how brain disease and injury influence behaviors, feelings, and thoughts are the research outcomes of these studies.
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What could influence natural selection and increase genetic diversity?.
Answer:
Mutations and sexual reproduction increase genetic variation in a population. Natural selection occurs when environmental pressures favor certain traits that are passed on to offspring.
____ stimulates cells to break down glycogen into glucose
Glucagon stimulates cells to break down glycogen into glucose.
Your body naturally produces glucagon, which coordinates with other hormones and bodily functions to regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels. Your blood sugar won't drop too low with glucagon. Your pancreas' alpha cells produce glucagon, which they release in response to exercise, prolonged fasting, protein-rich meals, and low blood sugar.
Hormones are chemicals that send messages to your organs, skin, muscles, and other tissues through your blood to coordinate various body functions. Your body is told by these signals when and what to do.
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Before placing the slide on the stage of a compound light microscope, which of the actions must be completed?
Option A is correct option - Before placing the slide on the stage of a compound light microscope, the following steps must be taken: a. Lower the stage completely using the coarse focus knob.
c. Turn on the microscope by pressing the power button.
Using the coarse focus knob, lower the stage all the way.Use the power switch to turn on the microscope.Using the coarse focus knob, raise the stage all the way.Turn the revolving turret (2) until the lowest power objective lens (for example, 4x) is clicked into place. Attach the microscope slide to the stage (6) using the stage clips. Turn the focus knob (4) to move the stage upward while looking at the objective lens (3) and the stage from the side.
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Complete Question-
Before placing the slide on the stage of a compound light microscope, which of the actions must be completed?
Select all that apply.
a Lower the stage all the way using the coarse focus knob.
b Rotate the revolving nosepiece and click the 4x objective lens into
place.
c Turn on the microscope using the power switch.
d Raise the stage all the way using the coarse focus knob.
e Rotate the revolving nosepiece and click the 10x objective lens into place.
Ronald pushes a box up an inclined plane with 35% efficiency. If 224 joules of energy went into moving the box, how much energy did ronald put into the inclined plane?(1 point).
Ronald put 640 joules of energy into the inclined plane.
In a nutshell: Ronald gave the inclined plane 640 joules of energy.
the calculation method for energy input
As we all know, efficiency is the ability to complete a task with little to no waste. In mathematics, it can be written as
Efficiency is defined as (Output / Input) 100.
The input energy can be calculated as follows using the formula above:
224 joules are the same as work output.
efficiency is 35%
entered work equals
Efficiency is defined as (Output / Input) 100.
35% = 224 / input
0.35 = 224 / input
multiplying by
0.35 × input = 224
On both sides, 0.35 is added.
Work input = 224 / 0.35.
There is 640 joules of work done.
Consequently, 640 joules
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Who does Claire get pregnant with?.
Claire gets pregnant with Jamie.
Diаnа Gаbаldon's Outlаnder series is one of the most successful book аdаptаtions to hit televisions in the lаst decаde. The first Outlаnder novel wаs releаsed in the 1990s. Eаch new book аmаssed а moderаtely sized, devoted following, until the Stаrz аdаptаtion premiered in 2014.
When Clаire returns to Scotlаnd in the 17th century, she eventuаlly becomes stepmother to Jаmie's son by Genevа Dunsаny, Williаm Rаnsom, аnd his stepdаughter, Mаrsаli MаcKimmie Frаser, from his mаrriаge to Lаoghаire MаcKenzie.
In the 18th century, Clаire winds up mаrried to Jаmes Аlexаnder Mаlcolm MаcKenzie Frаser, of Clаn Frаser of Lovаt. They hаve severаl children: Fаith, who doesn't survive birth; аn аdopted son nаmed Fergus; аnd а dаughter, Briаnnа.
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Can male snails lay eggs?.
Yes, male snails can lay eggs.
Snails are hermaphroditic, meaning they possess both male and female reproductive organs. While they are capable of self-fertilization, they usually mate with another snail to produce eggs.
Male snails can lay eggs, but they need to mate with a female snail in order to do so. During mating, the snails exchange sperm, allowing the female to produce eggs which will then be laid by the male.
Male snails are able to lay eggs, though not as often as female snails. Male snails have the ability to store sperm inside their bodies, which can later be used to fertilize eggs that have been laid by female snails.
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Which of the following molecules are needed to successfully create a transgenic organism (GMO)?
a. restriction enzymes that leave straight ends
b. viral DNA to insert at the active site
c. restriction enzymes that leave sticky ends
d. transporter proteins to allow water and sugar through the cell
The transporter proteins to allow water and sugar through the cell is following molecules are needed to successfully create a transgenic organism (GMO).
How does protein transport occur within the cell?Most of the proteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus in membranous vesicles. Some proteins, however, need to stay in the ER and do their job there.
Transport by a carrier protein can be passive or active. One of the types of transport carried out by carrier proteins is mediated passive transport (facilitated diffusion), which is the displacement of a substance from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration, without energy expenditure.
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Why did Malva poison Claire?.
Before passing away, Malva tells him that she caused their illnesses. She had poisoned Claire and Tom after obtaining pieces of the deceased Sin Eater.
Getting Claire out of the way was her only option if she intended to approach Jamie. And Jamie's affair was not the reason. She wanted Jamie to be compelled to claim the child because she was already pregnant.
This plot is based on the books. Tom and Claire contract the same illness in A Breath of Snow and Ashes at the same time that dysentery is spreading over the Ridge. Claire is aware that she did not experience the same thing, but she is unable to identify the root of the problem.
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Using a punnet square show a cross between a pure breeding green pea plant and a pure breeding yellow pea plant.
f.
What is the genotype of the offspring from the cross?
Why do all of these plants have yellow cotyledons?
Answer:They all have yellow is because it is a dominant trait
Explanation:
dominant traits are better than recessive traits
Click the image that matches the following description Land loses heat energy faster than water, which means the air molecules over the water are
warmer and less dense. The air over the water rises into the atmosphere and pushes the cooler air out of the way. As the cool air becomes denser it sin
over the land and is pushed toward the water
Because water has a considerably larger heat capacity, or specific heat, than sands, soils, or other materials do.
How does water absorb heat energy compared to land?For a given quantity of sun irradiation (insolation), water temperature will rise less than land temperature because water has a considerably larger heat capacity, or specific heat, than sands, soils, or other materials do.As a result of the pressure differential, air moves from the low pressure over the land to the high pressure over the sea. The sea breeze is the word used to describe this airflow from the sea to the land.Convection, conduction, thermal radiation, and evaporative cooling are a few of the several types of heat transmission methods.To learn more about heat energy refer to:
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what are the parts of the male structure of a flower?
Pistil. The pistil is considered the “female” part of a flower because it produces seeds.
Petal. The petal is the colored part of the flower that gives it a unique shape.
Stamen. The stamen is considered the “male” part of a flower because it produces the pollen.
Leaf.
Stem.
Receptacle.
Sepal.
