During Anaphase I stage of meiotic division centromere divides.
Meiosis or reductional division is the division in which the number of chromosomes get half in daughter cells. It is predominantly used to produce gametes inside the body.
In Anaphase I, the chromosomes that were previously duplicated and attached at the centromere ( called sister chromatids) are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and are separated to opposite poles of the cell. This results in the formation of two identical sets of chromosomes, called haploid cells, each with a single copy of each chromosome. This separation of sister chromatids is mediated by the action of the enzyme called separase which cleaves the protein that holds the sister chromatids together at the centromere.
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When the last phosphate on atp breaks off, what is released?
Energy is released from ATP when its last phosphate breaks off. That phosphate molecule's energy is no longer bound to it and can now be used by the cell to perform tasks.
The purpose of the breakdown processes for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates is the same: to remove the energy that held the food molecules together and release it so that it may be stored in a form that the cell can utilize later to construct what it needs. A unique type of molecule called ATP is used by the cell to store that energy.
A vital chemical present in all living things is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). You might think of it as the cell's "energy currency." Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + phosphate is created when one of the three phosphates in the ATP molecule splits off when a cell has to expend energy to complete a task.
Now that the phosphate molecule's energy has been released, it can be used by the cell to perform tasks. An extra phosphate molecule is reattached to ADP, converting it back into ATP, when the cell has extra energy. This energy can come from the breakdown of food that has been ingested or, in the case of plants, energy produced during photosynthesis. A rechargeable battery is exactly how the ATP molecule is. It is ATP once it has fully charged. It's ADP when it's depleted. But when the battery runs out, it just gets recharged instead of being discarded.
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describe the experiments by alfred hershey and martha chase that determined the role for dna as the genetic material
When bacteria are infected by bacteriophages, which are made of DNA and protein, only some of their protein penetrates the host bacterial cell.
What three bacteriophage types are there?The inverted cone (20-sided) helmet with a tail, the inverted cone head without the need for a tail, and the filamentous form are the three fundamental structural types of phage.
What affects the body does a bacteriophage have?Bacteriophages eliminate bacteria by causing them to lyse or rupture. The virus attaches to the bacteria and causes this. By injecting the bacteria's genes, a virus causes infection (DNA or RNA).
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What are the two types of species?
two types of species: Individuals of different subspecies may interbreed. In the second stage, individuals of incipient species or semispecies rarely interbreed.
Organisms are classified into species based on their morphological, or external, similarities, but the ability of sexually reproducing organisms to successfully interbreed is more important. Individuals from the same species can mate and have viable offspring, but members of other species almost never do. Separate species have been known to produce hybrid offspring (for example, the horse and the donkey producing the mule), but the interbreeding is not considered successful because the offspring are almost always inviable or sterile. Interbreeding only within species is important for evolution because members of one species share a common gene pool that members of other species do not share.
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the hacek group includes all of the following, except a. clostridium difficile. b. haemophilus spp. c. aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. d. kingella spp.
The hacek group includes all of the following, except a. Clostridium difficile.
Hacek is a group of organisms belonging to a heterogeneous group of gram-negative rod bacteria that can infect heart valves, which are usually found in the respiratory tract of the human mouth. These organisms will enter through the blood and then attach to the heart valves and can cause fatal consequences. Examples of organisms that include hacek are Haemophilus spp, actinomycetemcomitans aggregatibacter, and Kingella spp.
Clostridium difficile belongs to a group of gram-positive rod bacteria that can cause diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. Gram-positive rods are bacteria that will retain a purple color when washed with alcohol. This type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer and its cell wall is able to absorb violet color
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Choose possible alignments of chromatids as migration begins during early anaphase. Select all that apply.
the possible alignments of chromatids as migration begins during early anaphase are A, B and C from the option. the picture depicts the cell division phases.
A chromatid is one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated for cell division. The two "sister" chromatids are linked at the centromere, a constricted region of the chromosome. Spindle fibers attach to the centromere and pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell during cell division. The cell divides soon after, producing daughter cells with identical DNA. Cell replication is essential for growth and for replacing damaged cells that cannot be repaired. The cells that are present when you get a cut on your skin and the cut heals are a good example of this.
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what mechanisms might result in reproductive isolation?
One of the most common forms of reproductive isolation is habitat isolation.
This occurs when two species or populations of the same species become separated geographically and are unable to interbreed due to their separation. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as the formation of a physical barrier such as a mountain range, or a change in the environment that makes one area more suitable for one species than another.
Another form of reproductive isolation is temporal isolation. This occurs when two species or populations of the same species that could potentially interbreed are forced to breed at different times due to the timing of their breeding season. This can be seen in birds that breed during different times of the year, or in fish that spawn at different times of the year.
A third form of reproductive isolation is behavioral isolation. This occurs when two species are unable to interbreed due to differences in their behavior. This is often seen in species that require complex courtship rituals in order to breed, or in species that may be attracted to different types of mates or habitats.
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Which endocrine organ is found in the thoracic cavity?a. thymusb. thyroidc. pituitaryd. pancreas
Thymus endocrine organ is found in the thoracic cavity.The pink, lobulated lymphoid thymus gland is situated in the neck and thoracic cavities.
The immune system's development in adolescents is important. It shrinks during adolescence and is gradually replaced by fat.The second-largest hollow region in the body is the thoracic cavity, often known as the chest cavity. The sternum, or breastbone, the spinal column, and the ribs encompass it. The diaphragm, a muscular and membrane wall, separates it from the abdominal cavity, the body's biggest empty region. The tracheobronchial tree is made up of the lungs, middle and lower airways, the heart, vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs, big arteries that carry blood from the heart into the general circulation, and major veins that collect blood for return to the heart.
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how did the deer's behavior change upon the reintroduction of the wolves? question 1 options: the deer started reproducing in greater numbers the deer moved around more and grazed less vegetation the deer's behavior did not change in response to the wolves the deer stayed in one place and grazed more vegetation
Following the reintroduction of the wolves, the behaviour of the deer changed, causing them to move around more and graze less vegetation.
A direct effect, as the name suggests, is a change that is brought about directly by the actions of the wolves; in this case, hunting and killing deer and forcing them to alter their behaviour are examples of direct effects. Their killing of coyotes would have another immediate effect.
A change that happens as a result of the wolves' initial actions is known as an indirect effect.
Indirect effects -The number of deer was reduced.
To avoid being pursued, they forced the deer to alter their behaviour.
The coyotes were reduced in number.
Bears and ravens, among others, ate the wolf carrion that was left behind.
Direct effect -Deer's altered foraging habits caused the flora in areas they avoided, such as valleys and gorges, to begin to regenerate.
This regeneration produced aspen, willow, and cottonwood forests, which attracted birds and increased the population of migratory and songbirds.
Beavers flourished as a result of the expanding tree population, creating habitats for otters, muskrats, ducks, fish, reptiles, and amphibians.
As a result of the decline in the coyote population, the number of rabbits, mice, and their predators, such as hawks, weasels, and foxes, began to rise.
Bear populations grew as a result of feeding on both the carrion and the fresh berries. They began to massacre some calf deer.
Due to the regeneration of forests that could grow as a result of the deer being hunted, the wolves' initial actions ultimately changed the rivers.
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State the monomers that the following polymers are made from:
a lipids (1 mark) b carbohydrates (1 mark) c proteins (1 mark)
Your small intestine is around pH 8, whereas your stomach is around
H 2. State and explain whether the types of protease enzyme
found in these organs are the same.
(3 marks)
Glucose is stored as the carbohydrate glycogen in the liver and
muscles. When extra glucose is needed, the glycogen is
Converted back into glucose. Explain simply how glycogen is
Synthesised and broken down.
(4 marks)
A lipid is made up of carbon and hydrogen, and carbohydrates are made up of glucose; the protein is made up of amino acids, the protease of the stomach is pepsin, and in the small intestine is pancreatic protease, while the glycogen is broken down when glucagon is present in the blood.
What is the significance of the stored glycogen?The glycogen polymer is made up of glucose and is stored in the liver and muscles and when the body requires it, the glucagon hormone is released and the glycogen is broken down into glucose; when it is not required, insulin is released into the blood and the glucose is converted back to glycogen.
Hence, a lipid is made up of carbon and hydrogen, and carbohydrates are made up of glucose; the protein is made up of amino acids, the protease of the stomach is pepsin, and in the small intestine is pancreatic protease, while the glycogen is broken down when glucagon is present in the blood.
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The human brain can only remember approximately 22 pieces of information at once. Completing checklists gives people a sense of accomplishment. Checklists prompt providers to remember and appreciate the importance of tasks. None of the above; checklists should not typically be used because they insult the intelligence of providers and staff.
None of the above. Checklists should not typically be used because they can create a false sense of security and may lead to complacency in providers and staff. Additionally, relying on checklists can lead to an overemphasis on completing tasks, rather than using critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It is important to remember that checklists are a tool to help ensure that tasks are completed, but they should not replace the need for providers and staff to think critically and use their own judgement.
What is a hair-like structure used for movement?
Translate the following mRNA strand. AUG AGC CGG UGU AGA GGG UUG CAC UAU UAA
Answer:
Methionine - Serine - Arginine - Cysteine - Arginine - Glycine - Leucine - Histidine - Asparagine - Stop.
Explanation:
Methionine - Serine - Arginine - Cysteine - Arginine - Glycine - Leucine - Histidine - Asparagine - Stop.
question 4 klf6 mrna from which cell line has the longest half-life? a. hep3b b. ihh c. hela d. hepg2
The KLF6 mRNA of the cell line having the longest half-life is HeLa.
The correct answer is C.
Krueppel-like factor 6 is the protein encoded by the KLF6 gene in humans. This gene is a tumor suppressor gene.
The KLF6 gene encodes a core protein with three zinc fingers at the end of the C-terminal domain, a central serine/threonine-rich region, and an acidic domain located in the N-terminal region.
The one with the longest half-life is the one that lasts longer without being degraded. Because the HeLa control group lasts longer than that means she'll get a longer half-life if you split her in half right up front. It is the most stable against degradation and thus has the longest half-life. Hep3B mRNA has the shortest half-life (fastest degradation).
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Based on your knowledge of eutrophication and considering the picture below what are two ways that the ecosystem in the lake would be impacted if a farmer began a cattle farm next to it.
Answer:
increased growth, primary production and biomass of algae; changes in the balance of organisms; and water quality degradation
The intramuscular fat deposits within the muscle fibers.a. True
b. False
Intramuscular fat deposits can be found within muscle fibers(true).
These fat deposits are also known as "marbling" and are a type of fat called intramuscular triglycerides. They can be found in different types of meat, like beef, pork, and lamb.
The degree of marbling in meat is associated with the taste and juiciness of the meat. It is also associated with the quality grade of beef, where the higher the marbling, the higher the quality grade.
The intramuscular fat deposits are not the same as the subcutaneous fat, which lies between the skin and muscle. Intramuscular fat deposits are beneficial in moderation because they contribute to the flavor and juiciness of meat, but excessive amounts can be harmful to one's health.
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a diploid individual with two identical alleles for a particular gene is said to be:
a. homozygous for that gene b. heterozygous for that gene c. pleiotropic for that gene d. autosomal for that gene e. codominant for that gene
The correct option is A ; Homozygous for that gene . In genetics, homozygous means having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from both biological parents. As a result, a person who is homozygous for a genetic marker has two identical copies of that marker.
Homozygous means you inherited the same version of the gene from both parents, resulting in two matching genes. Heterozygous means that you have a distinct version of a gene from each parent. They are incompatible.
Brown eyes or freckles are examples of homozygous dominant traits. Homozygous recessive disorders, marked by two lowercase letters such as bb, have two copies of the alleles encoding the recessive trait.
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Classify each item as a first, second, or third line of defense.
First Line of Defense:
-Skin
-Mucosal membranes
Second Line of Defense:
-Macrophages
-Eosinophils
-Inflammation
-Fever
Third Line of Defense:
-Humoral immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity
-Lymphocytes
-Antibodies
Classification of the elements according to whether they are first, second or third line of defense:
- First line of defense:
SkinMucous membranesVaccines- Second line of defense:
MacrophagesEosinophilsInflammationFever- Third line of defense:
Humoral immunityCellular immunityLymphocytesAntibodiesThe characteristics of the lines of defense are:
The body's first line of defense is the most important in protecting it from infection.The second line of defense of the immune system is activated when the pathogen has already penetrated the organism.The third line of defense of the immune system is activated when the first two lines of defense are unable to control the infection.Learn more about The body's first line of defense:
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in mendel's classic dihybrid cross experiment with seed color and seed shape, what would the recombination frequency have been in the f2 offspring
In Mendel's classic dihybrid cross experiment with seed color (yellow or green) and seed shape (round or wrinkled), the recombination frequency would have been 50%.
This is because the genes controlling seed color and seed shape are located on different chromosomes and are inherited independently of each other. The parents used in the dihybrid cross were true-breeding for both seed color and seed shape, meaning that they consistently produced offspring with the same characteristics as themselves.
The parents were heterozygous for both traits, meaning that they had one allele for yellow seed color and one allele for green seed color, and one allele for round seed shape and one allele for wrinkled seed shape.
When the parents were crossed, the F1 offspring all had yellow, round seeds. This is because the dominant alleles for seed color (yellow) and seed shape (round) were present in the F1 generation.
When the F1 generation was self-fertilized, the F2 generation produced a 3:1 ratio of yellow, round seeds to green, wrinkled seeds. The F2 generation also had a recombination frequency of 50%.
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what type of energy is used to break the bonds in glucose
Answer:
Chemical Energy
Explanation:
Because solar energy is harvested by chemical energy while being in a process that water and carbon dioxide is converted to gluecose.
Place the steps of nucleotide excision repair in order. Not all choices will be used. First step recognize damaged site hydrolyze incorrect nucleotide using exonuclease fill in gap with DNA polymerase close DNA ends with DNA ligase a. hydrolyze abasic nucleotide using endonuclease b. hydrolyze base c. hydrolyze incorrect nucleotide using endonuclease d. separate strands using helicase
Nucleotide excision repair in order is hydrolyze incorrect nucleotide using endonuclease
What does nucleotide excision do?Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the main pathway used by mammals to remove bulky DNA lesions such as those formed by UV light, environmental mutagens, and some cancer chemotherapeutic adducts from DNA. Deficiencies in NER are associated with the extremely skin cancer-prone inherited disorder xeroderma pigmentosum.Deletion. A deletion changes the DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene. Small deletions remove one or a few nucleotides within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genesBase excision repair is a pathway that repairs replicating DNA throughout the cell cycle. Nucleotide excision repair is a pathway that repairs constantly damaging DNA due to UV rays, radiation and mutagensTo learn more about nucleotide excision refers to:
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understanding the structure of dna and the process of replication, enabled various drugs to be developed that interfere with dna replication. in dna, the bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate is best described as what type of bond?
The bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate is best described as a Covalent bond
What is a Covalent bond ?A chemical link known as a covalent bond includes the exchanging of electrons between atoms to create electron pairs. These electron pairs are referred to as bonding pairs or shared pairs. Covalent bonding is the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces that exists when two atoms share an electron.
The bases, sugars, and phosphate groups are tightly bound together by covalent bonds that occur within each linear strand (both within each component and between components). Between the two strands, hydrogen bonds are formed by the complementary pairing of bases from the first and second strands.
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a third-degree burn may not hurt due to scorched nerve endings and will usually appear white or blackened on the surface. question 16 options: true false
It is accurate what is said. Due to the burnt nerve endings, a third-degree burn may not sting, but the skin will typically be white or blackened. choices for issue 16.
What is a burned nerve?Certain types of chronic pain may be lessened by a technique called nerve destruction (also known as ablation), which stops the transmission of pain signals. It is a safe operation whereby a little part of nerve tissue is removed or damaged in order to stop the transmission of pain signals and lessen discomfort in that location. Numbness, tingling, sensitivity to touch, as well as shooting pains at the injury site, are all signs of nerve damage brought on by burns. These signs may linger after the wound has healed before going away altogether. Due to irreversible nerve damage, you can also go completely without feeling in that location.To learn more about burnt nerve, refer to:
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how your genetic inheritance (nature) interacted with your experience (nurture) to influence your development:
The environment is what makes us who we are.
What role do nature and nurture play in human development?The Scientific Influences of Nature, the Social Constructs of Nurture Nature, in general, considers the impact of physical ways such as neurotransmitters and genome sequencing on infant development, whereas nurture considers factors such as peer pressure and social impacts.
The theory of nurture holds that relationships between environmental variables and psychological outcomes are caused by the environment. How frequently parents read with their children, for example, appears to be connected to how well youngsters learn to read. Environmental stress and its impact on depression are two further examples. Two decades of study have revealed that both nature and nurture always play a role—that is, the amount to which genetic variables influence behavior is determined by the social context in which individuals live, work, and play.
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Identify what enzymes breaks down what substrates? In details
Answer:
sucrase - sucrose
Explanation:
what would happen is a persons stomach was surgically removed where would the chemical digestion begin
Chemical digestion would begin in the small intestine, since the stomach has been removed.
If a person's stomach were surgically removed, what would happen? Where would the chemical digestion start?The small intestine produces enzymes and hydrochloric acid that breaks down food particles, allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream.If a person's stomach was surgically removed, then the chemical digestion process would begin in the small intestine.Without the stomach, food and liquids would pass directly from the esophagus to the small intestine. In the small intestine, the food is mixed with digestive juices from the pancreas, gall bladder, and small intestine.These digestive juices include hydrochloric acid, bile, and enzymes. The hydrochloric acid helps to break down proteins, while the bile helps to break down fats.The enzymes then break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the small intestine. Without the stomach, the food would be less broken down than it would normally be, which would likely lead to digestive issues.Additionally, the small intestine would need to produce more digestive juices to compensate for the lack of chemical digestion in the stomach.To learn more about Chemical digestion refer to:
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Which of the following organisms would lose the most water by osmosis across its gills?
a. Marine bony fish
b. Shark
c. Freshwater fish
d. Freshwater invertebrate
a. Marine bony fish of the following organisms would lose the most water by osmosis across its gills
What role do gills play in active transport?In a saline environment, they employ active transport to eliminate salt from the gills and maintain the saltwater balance. Freshwater fish have the reverse process; their bodies are hypertonic (greater in salt content) in comparison to the surrounding water.
The gill is the location of independent active salt and chloride intake in fresh water. Na+ uptake is linked to H+ or NH4+ excretion, while Cl- uptake is linked to HCO3- excretion. Thiocyanate inhibits the chloride pump whereas amiloride hinders salt transport.
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darwin helped save boats which would have been stranded. for this, captain fitzroy honored him by naming what geologic features after him?
Abstract. Captain of HMS Beagle and second governor of New Zealand Robert FitzRoy has two contradicting reputations among current scholars.
HMS Beagle's skipper at the time was Robert FitzRoy. From 1831 until 1836, the two men lived in close quarters, as evidenced by the letters they exchanged while Darwin left the ship to investigate the countries visited during the Beagle's round-the-world trip.
Because the ship's erratic captain, Robert FitzRoy, didn't like Darwin's nose, Charles Darwin almost didn't sail on the now-famous Beagle trip, which shaped his theory of evolution by natural selection.
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describe specific examples of each of the following ways that cells can communicate with each other: a. no distance b. short distance c. long distance d. local regulators
Chemical signals are frequently used by cells to communicate. These chemical signals, and that are proteins or other compounds produced by the transmitting cell and discharged into the extracellular space, are frequently secreted by the cell.
a. no distance
A cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger known as the autocrine agent, which attaches to autocrine receptors on the same cell and causes the cell to undergo changes.
b. short distance
Synaptic signalling, which influences the development of the spinal cord, is an illustration of short distance. At that point, signalling crosses the minuscule distance between two neurons.
c. long distance
Endocrine signalling is an example of long-distance communication between cells that contain hormone receptor molecules and tissues, glands and organs that produce hormones.
d. local regulators
Local regulators are non-hormonal chemical signals that trigger reactions in neighbouring target cells in paracrine signalling. Three different local hormone signalling mechanisms are synaptic, autocrine, and paracrine.
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9. Mammals have backbones. Which word in the list below is a synonym for backbones?
monotreme
vertebra
O endotherm
marsupial
Answer: Vertebrae
Explanation:
which one would happen first in the body systemsthe nervous system directs muscles to shiver and teeth to chatter. the brain detects that the body is too cold. muscles warm the body by shivering and chattering teeth. the brain senses body temperature.
The first thing that happens in the human system is that the brain detects that the skin is too cold.
The brain senses the epidermis temperature and sends signals to the nervous system to direct the muscles to shaken and teeth to chatter. The muscles then warm the skin by shaking and chattering teeth. A reflex is a rapid, automatic response to a signal that does not involve conscious thought. The nervous system plays a crucial role in reflexes, as it receives the signals, processes the information, and sends a response to the appropriate muscles or organs. These reflexes are mediated by the spinal cord and do not involve the brain. The brain is the central organ of the nervous system in all vertebrates and most invertebrates. It is located in the head and is responsible for controlling and coordinating the body's functions and responses to the environment. It is the most complex organ in the body, and is composed of billions of nerve cells (neurons) and support cells (glia).
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