In which type of chemical bond are electrons transferred from 1 atom to another?.

Answer:

electrons are combining with other electrons

The partial pressure of nitrogen is 0.59 atm and the partial pressure of oxygen is 0.29 atm.

given that :

pressure = 101.3 kpa = 0.99 atm = 1 atm

volume of nitrogen = 2 dm³ = 2 L

volume of oxygen = 1 dm³ = 1 L

Temperature = 273 K

using ideal gas equation , we get

P V = nRT

moles of nitrogen = P V / RT

                              = ( 1 × 2 )/  0.082 × 273

                              =   2 / 22.38

                              = 0.08 mol      

moles of oxygen = ( 1 ×1 ) / 0.082 × 273

                             = 0.04 mol

now, P V = n RT

P = n RT /V

partial pressure of nitrogen = ( 0.08 × 0.082 × 273 ) / 3

                                              = 0.59 atm

partial pressure of oxygen = ( 0.04 × 0.082 × 273 ) / 3

                                            = 0.29 atm

Thus, The partial pressure of nitrogen is 0.59 atm and the partial pressure of oxygen is 0.29 atm.

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A plant giving off oxygen during photosynthesis comes from water .

The plants takes up the carbon dioxide and the water and in the presence of sunlight  releases the oxygen as the by product in the process of the photosynthesis. in the process of the photosynthesis , the chlorophyll excited by the sunlight. in the presence of this the water undergoes the photolytic oxidation. this means that water is breaking down in to the hydrogen ion , electrons and the free oxygen. there are various experiments that shows that the source of oxygen is the water.

Thus, A plant giving off oxygen during photosynthesis comes from water .

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Alkali metals are more reactive metal . Potassium is more reactive than other elements, so option D is correct.

The alkali metals in group 1 are so-called because when their oxides and hydroxides are treated with water, the resulting solutions are alkaline. As a result of the creation of the hyroxide ion, the solution becomes basic or alkaline.

Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Ru), Cesium (Cs), and Francium are alkali elements.

Potassium is more electropositive element and its enthalpy is increases, so potassium is more reactive than other elements.

Thus, option D is correct.

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O₂ (g) + 2 H₂ (g) → 2 H₂O (g) + Energy ,  this is exothermic process.

An exothermic process releases heat and raises the temperature of adjacent areas. Endothermic processes absorb heat and cool the environment.

A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic when a system absorbs heat from the environment. During endothermic processes, the system gains heat from the environment, resulting in a decrease in the temperature of the environment.

In thermochemistry, an endothermic process is a thermodynamic process accompanied by an increase in the enthalpy H of the system. In such processes, closed systems typically absorb thermal energy from the surroundings and transfer heat to the system.

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Semiconductor materials are categorized as insulators if their band gaps are bigger than 3 and 5 eV.

Due to the low but finite band gap energy of semiconductor materials, an electron can easily transition from the valence band to the conduction band in the presence of external thermal energy. A semiconductor material's typical band gap energy range is 0.5eV–3eV.

Wide-bandgap materials have bandgaps above 2 eV, in contrast to conventional semiconductors like silicon, whose bandgaps are in the range of 0.6 to 1.5 eV.

In a p-type semiconductor, holes make up the majority of the carriers while electrons make up the minority.

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The total heat that is involved in this change is  23632.5 J.

We know that energy is involved as matter is changing from one state to another and in this case what we have is a 75g sample of liquid water at 10°C ends up as ice at -10°C.

There are are about three steps of the change in the energy;

1) Heat required until the water would change to ice

2) Latent heat of fusion of ice

3) Heat required until the temperature drops to -10°C

Thus;

1) H = mcdT

m = mass of the water

c = specific heat capacity of water

dT = temperature change

H = 75 * 4.18 * (0 - 10)

H = -3135 J

2) Heat of fusion =

H = mL

m = mass of ice

L = latent heat of fusion of ice

336 J g^-1 *  75g

= 25200 J

3) Heat required to decrease the temperature futher

H = 75 * 2.09 * (0 - (-10))

H = 1567.5J

Total heat required = 25200 J + 1567.5J  -3135 J

= 23632.5 J

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The dimensions that will maximize the volume held by the can r= 5.23 cm, S = 37.1 cm².

Given, Height = 10.84 cm, radius of the base = 5.42 cm and material for the surface =37 square cm.

Let the height be h and the base's radius be r.

Then, volume V= πr²h= 1000cc

and surface area of the can,

S= 2πr²+ 2πrh

Now, eliminating h,

S= S(r)= 2π(r²+ 1000/ πr²)

r= (1000/ 2π)^1/3= 5.23 cm, nearly.

Correspondingly, h= 10.84 cm, nearly

There is no maximum for S. Also,

S''= 2π(2+ 3000πr4)>0.

For this r= 5.23 cm, S = 37.1 cm²

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The estimated effective nuclear charge, Zeff, that an electron in an atom of chlorine experiences is seven.

The net positive charge that an electron in an atom experiences is known as effective nuclear charge. The overall positive charge of the nucleus is typically higher than the effective nuclear charge (nuclear charge). The inner orbital electrons' protective shielding effect is responsible for the electron's reduction in nuclear charge.

We use the following formula to determine Z eff for electron:

Z eff is equal to Z - S, where S is the average electron density between the nucleus and the electrons under consideration and Z is the number of protons in the nucleus.

Thus, Zeff = 17 - 10 (core electrons) = 7

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Based on the moles of substances present and the mole ratio of the substances, the mass of manganese oxide produced is 496.58 g.

The balanced chemical equation of the reaction when manganese reacts with oxygen to form a manganese oxide is written below.

Equation of the reaction: 2 Mn (s) + O₂ (g) ---> 2 MnO (s)

The mole ratio of the reaction shows that 2 moles of manganese metal react with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of manganese oxide.

The mole ratio of Manganese to Manganese oxide is 1 : 1

The mole ratio of oxygen to Manganese oxide is 1 : 2

Hence, according to the given question:

7 moles of manganese can form 7 moles of manganese oxide and 5 moles of manganese can form 10 moles of manganese oxide.

Based on the moles of substances present, the limiting reactant is manganese.

The moles of manganese oxide produced = 7 moles

The mass of manganese oxide produced = 7 * 70.94 g/mol

The mass of manganese oxide produced = 496.58 g

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The pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 5.00 g of ammonium perchlorate in 200.0 mL of water is less than pH 1.

calculation:-

Weight of NH4Cl 4 = 5g

Volume of water = 200ml

NH4clo4 Molecules Height = 117.499/ mok

First, we have to find Concentrations like Molarity

M = N/V(ml)x1000

M = wt/m.wt x 1000/v(m)

5/117-49 ×1900/200

= M = 0.212 ≅ 0.2

PH = -log [H+]

= -log [0.2]

= -log [2x[tex]10^{-1}[/tex]]

= 4  -10g2

= 1 - 0.3010

PH = 6990

pH < 1

Ammonium perchlorate is an odorless white sandy powder. Used in analytical chemistry and as an etching and engraving agent. It is also used in animal fats and explosives. Ammonium perchlorate is on the Dangerous Goods List as cited by the DOT and NFPA. This substance is a strong oxidizing agent. Reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials and metals.

This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including ammonia and hydrogen chloride. Risk of fire or explosion. Ammonium perchlorate is produced by the reaction of ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. Salts can also be prepared by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate.

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The possibility of the removal of the electron from an atom using electrical forces was supported by plum pudding model by J. J. Thomson.

What is plum pudding model?

Plum pudding model was first discovered by J. J. Thomson in the year 1904 after the discovery of electrons. This model depicts that the electrons are embedded in the the pool of positive charges in the atom. It was called plum pudding model because the electrons were like the plums in the positively charged atom like a pudding.

According to the plum pudding model by J. J. Thomson, the electrons are embedded on the positively charged particles in the atom. These electrons can be removed by applying a particular voltage of electric forces from the atoms.

Therefore, plum pudding model of J. J. Thomson supported the removal of electron from the atom by applying electric force.

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Explanation:

Hydrogen sulfide H2 S has the sulfur atom in the center with two individual hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a central sulfur atom. The bonded and lone pairs of electrons will orient as far as possible giving a tetrahedral electron geometry.

In order to determine a chiral molecule, it is checked if the molecule has one or more stereocenters.

Chiral molecules are molecules whose mirror images cannot be superimposed on each other.

Chiral molecules have a chiral center or a stereocenter.

The chiral center of the stereocenter in a chiral molecule is the central atom to which four different chemical species are bonded.

The general rule to determine a chiral molecule is to check for at least one chiral center or stereocenter in the molecule.

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The number of SO2 molecules in 2.32 mol of SO2  is 1.39 × 10²³ molecules.

given that :

number of moles of SO₂ = 2.32 mol

Avogadro's number = 6.022 × 10²

number moles can be calculated by the following formula :

number of moles = mass / molar mass

number of molecules of SO² in 2.32 moles is given as :

number of molecules of SO₂ = 2.32 mole × 6.022 × 10²³ molecules / mole

number of molecules of SO₂ =  1.39 × 10²⁴ molecules.

Thus, The number of SO2 molecules in 2.32 mol of SO2  is 1.39 × 10²⁴ molecules.

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In the given reaction Chromium is getting oxidation and Chlorine is getting reduced

Oxidation occurs when there is loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

Similarly Reduction occurs when there is gain of electrons, loss of oxygen and gain of hydrogen. This is the general way of understanding oxidation and reduction reaction.

Above given is a complete reaction in which we can see that chromium which was as [tex]Cr^{2+}[/tex] in the reactant side then converted into [tex]Cr^{3+}[/tex] in the product,  there is a loss of electrons and hence it is a oxidation reaction

[tex]Cr^{2+}[/tex]⇄ [tex]Cr^{3+}[/tex]           [Oxidation half cell reaction]

The Reduction half cell reaction is of chlorine because in the reactant side it is [tex]Cl^{0}[/tex] but in product it is [tex]Cl^{-1}[/tex], which shows gain of electrons and hence it is a reduction reaction.

[tex]Cl^{0}[/tex]⇄[tex]Cl^{-}[/tex]                [Reduction half cell reaction]

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The concentration terms are molality, normality and mole fraction. Molarity can be used to find out the ionic strength of any solution. Therefore, the mass of barium chloride is 0.80g.

Molarity can be calculated by dividing number of moles of solute by volume of solution in liter. Molarity is affected by temperature. Its unit is mole/liter. It measure the concentration of any solute in a solution.

Mathematically,

Molarity= number of moles of solute÷ volume of solution in liter (1)

Where,

moles= given weight ÷ molecular weight

         = w÷ 208.23 g/mol

Substituting values in equation 1, we get

0.250 M =(w/ 208.23 )/(0.500 L)

w=26.0g

Therefore, the mass of barium chloride is 0.80g.

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Answer:

OB. Genetically-engineered crops sometimes require less water and fewer pesticides to grow.

Explanation:

Take 0. 4h NaOH in a beaker. Dissolve it Hilly by adding a touch amount of water. Then, once more add water to make it 100ml.0.1 mole of NaOH is present in the 1. 0 L.

Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive white crystalline stable and when diluted in a 50% solution can neutralize acids in diverse commercial strategies. it may additionally be used to fabricate many ordinary merchandises, including paper, aluminum, business drain, oven cleaners, and soap and detergents.

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the system NaOH. it's miles a white solid ionic compound such as sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.

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Carbon C diamond is one form of carbon; the other is graphite.

The correct option is A.

Both graphite and diamond are carbon allotropes. Although graphene and fullerenes are among the rarer unusual allotropes of carbon, they do exist. An enormous three-dimensional network of carbon atoms makes up a diamond.

A chemical equation is a phrase that enumerates a compound's component elements and their respective weights. If there is just single atom of a particular sort, no subscript is necessary. If an atom contains three or more of a specific type of atom, a subscript is appended to a symbol for that atom.

Chemical equations provide details about the chemical composition of a compound. They also represent the proportions in which the compound's individual components come together to create the compound. The chemical formula of a compound is crucial when describing it in a chemical equation.

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3-bromo-2-chlorobenzaldehyde

on the 3 carbon you have bromine, 2 carbon you have chlorine, and on the 1 carbon you have an aldehyde

3-bromopropanal

on the 3 carbon you have a bromine,since there are 3 carbons it's propane but one carbon is an aldehyde so the suffix has to be -propanal

 In a physical change, the appearance or form of the matter changes but the kind of matter in the substance does not. However, in a chemical change, the kind of matter changes, and at least one new substance with new properties is formed.

Through a stronger attraction of electrons, a greater nuclear charge reduces energy.

The outside of the nucleus is surrounded by electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Scientists may have trouble observing them since they rotate so quickly. The tiniest particles in an atom, with 2000 of them fitting into a proton, they are drawn to the protons' positive charge.

The negatively charged atom's electrons are responsible for this. An atom's total negative charge, which is produced by all of its electrons, counteracts the positive charge of the protons inside the atomic nucleus. In comparison to all the other atom's constituents, electrons are quite tiny.

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Answer:A particular mineral is defined by its chemical composition and crystalline structure.

Explanation:

Statement which is true about minerals is that a  particular mineral is defined by its chemical composition and crystalline structure.

Minerals are defined as a chemical compound which has a well -defined composition and possesses a specific crystal structure.It occurs naturally in the pure form.

If a compound occurs naturally in different crystal structure then each structure is considered as a different mineral.The chemical composition of a mineral varies depending on the presence of small impurities which are present in small quantities.

Some minerals can have variable proportions of two or more chemical elements which occupy equivalent position in the crystal structure.It may also have variable composition which is split into separate species.

Physical properties of minerals include color,streak, luster,specific gravity and cleavage.

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Blue litmus paper turns red. xH2O is heated it decomposed to produce HCl which is the cause for a change in color.

Blue litmus paper is mainly used for acid testing. It turns red when it comes in contact with acid. It remains blue in contact with basic or neutral substances. The dye in blue litmus reacts with the H+ ions and is chemically changed so that the bonds are tuned to reflect longer wavelength light, appearing red to our eyes.

A simple way to measure pH is to use litmus paper. When litmus paper is touched it changes color depending on whether the paper is acidic or basic. If the paper turns red it is acidic if it turns blue it is basic. There is no reaction when blue litmus paper is placed on the pad, so there is no change in the blue litmus paper.

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The effective nuclear charge of the electron in the least tightly bound orbital is  3.97.

The term photoelectron spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopic technique that is useful when we want to determine the different positions of an electron in an atom. This is why we have to look at the ionization energy of the electron when we are looking at the valence shell.

We know that;

IE = 13.6 Zeff/n^2

IE = ionization energy

n = Shell where the valence electron is found

Zeff = effective nuclear charge

Substituting values;

Zeff = IE * n^2/13.6

Zeff = 6 * (3)^2/13.6

Zeff = 3.97

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The  IUPAC names of the given organic compounds are as follows:

Organic compounds are compounds that are derived from living organisms or from the remains of living organisms.

The main elements present in organic compounds are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

One class of organic is hydrocarbons which are compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon.

The given organic compounds are hydrocarbons. An example is octane.

The names of organic compounds follow the IUPAC naming convention.

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Magnesium is oxidized in a crucible with airborne oxygen, and the masses prior to and following the oxidation are recorded.

Its primary application is as a bleaching in the production of paper and fabric, but is also used to create rubber, pesticides (insecticides), and solvents. To destroy hazardous bacteria, chlorine is added to drinking water & swimming pool water.

Low levels moderate chlorine exposure can irritate the eyes, throat, and nose. Breathing air chlorine gas at higher concentrations can damage the lung by changing breathing, producing coughing, & changing breathing rate. Severe additional effects can result from chlorine exposure. Chlorine exposure may be harmful to workers.

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Answer:

174 milliliters of the first brand and 116 milliliters of the second brand

Explanation:

equation:

0.06x+0.11(290-x)=0.08(290)

translation:

6% concentration of x milliliters plus 11% concentration of 290-x milliliters equals 8% concentration of 290 milliliters

solve for x (which is the volume of the first brand):

0.06x+0.11(290-x)=0.08(290)

0.06x+31.9-0.11x=23.2

-0.05x+31.9=23.2

-0.05x=-8.7

x=174

174 milliliters of the first brand and 290-174=116 milliliters of the second brand

The hybridization of the central atom in each  specie are

a) sp

b) [tex]sp^3d^2[/tex]

c) [tex]sp^{3}[/tex]

d) [tex]sp^{3} d[/tex]

When we talk about hybridization we are talking about the way that there could be a mixing of two or more orbitals in such a way that an orbital that has sufficient energy can be used in the process of bonding.

Now we know that the orbitals that are used in the process of the bonding are those that can be able to be combined in such a way that the energy requirement of the bond is least.

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The hybridization states of each of the central atoms are;

a) BeH2- sp

b) SF6 - sp³d²

c) PO43 - sp³

d) PC15" - sp³d

The notion of hybridization is what is said about the mixing of the orbitals in order that one could attain the orbitals that have the kind of energy that is demanded so as to have s reaction.

For this reason, the hybridization of the central atom would amount to the shape of the molecule and this is crucial to know.

To determine the hybridization of the atoms of the compound above, count the number of atoms connected to it. Only the number of pairs attached to it. Add these two numbers together.

Then apply these numbers:

If it's 4, your atom is sp3.

If it's 3, your atom is sp2.

If it's 2, your atom is sp

Therefore, the correct answer is as given above

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