the amount budgeted to be received from credit sales in September is $42,750.
To determine the amount budgeted to be received from credit sales in September, we need to calculate the expected cash collections based on the given payment terms and discount policy.
Credit Sales for September: $45,000
Customers paying in the month after sale: 60%
Amount expected to be received in October: 60% * $45,000 = $27,000
Customers paying in the second month after sale: 25%
Amount expected to be received in November: 25% * $45,000 = $11,250
Customers paying in the third month after sale: 12%
Amount expected to be received in December: 12% * $45,000 = $5,400
Total expected cash collections from credit sales in September:
September Sales - Discount - Bad Debts
$45,000 - (2% * $45,000) - (3% * $45,000)
$45,000 - $900 - $1,350
$45,000 - $2,250
$42,750
Therefore, the amount budgeted to be received from credit sales in September is $42,750.
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A corporation has decided to replace an existing asset with a newer model. Two years ago, the existing asset originally cost $30,000 and was being depreciated under MACRS using a five-year recovery period. The existing asset can be sold for $25,000. The new asset will cost $75,000 and will also be depreciated under MACRS using a five-year recovery period. If the assumed tax rate is 40 percent on ordinary income and capital gains, what is the initial investment? (The 5-year MACRS depreciation rates are 20%, 32%, 19%, 12%, 12%, and 5%.) (5 points) Answer
Initial investment refers to the amount of capital that is needed to start a new business or a new project in an existing business. To calculate the initial investment when a corporation has decided to replace an existing asset with a newer model, we need to follow the steps below:
The existing asset originally cost = $30,000
The existing asset can be sold for = $25,000
So, the book value of the asset = $30,000 - $25,000 = $5,000
New asset cost = $75,000
The 5-year MACRS depreciation rates are 20%, 32%, 19%, 12%, 12%, and 5%.
The total depreciation in year 1 will be:20% of $75,000 = $15,000
The remaining cost of the new asset after depreciation in year 1 will be: $75,000 - $15,000 = $60,000.
The tax rate on ordinary income and capital gains is 40 percent.
The gain on the sale of the old asset is: $25,000 - $5,000 = $20,000, on which the company pays a capital gains tax of: 40% x $20,000 = $8,000.
The net initial investment is the amount paid for the new asset plus the tax paid on the gain from the sale of the old asset:
Net Initial Investment = $75,000 + $8,000 = $83,000.
The book value of the existing asset is calculated as the original cost minus accumulated depreciation. The existing asset originally cost = $30,000.
The asset has been depreciated under MACRS using a five-year recovery period, which means that the asset will have a depreciation schedule of 20%, 32%, 19%, 12%, 12%, and 5%.
Since the asset is two years old, the total depreciation already taken on it can be calculated as follows:
Year 1: 20% of $30,000 = $6,000
Year 2: 32% of ($30,000 - $6,000) = $7,680
The total accumulated depreciation = $6,000 + $7,680 = $13,680
So, the book value of the existing asset can be calculated as follows:
Book Value = $30,000 - $13,680 = $16,320.
The existing asset can be sold for $25,000. Therefore, the gain from the sale of the old asset can be calculated as follows:
Gain = Selling price - Book Value = $25,000 - $16,320 = $8,680
Since the tax rate on ordinary income and capital gains is 40 percent, the capital gains tax paid on the sale of the old asset is:
Capital Gains Tax = 40% x $8,680 = $3,472.
The cost of the new asset is $75,000, and the first-year MACRS depreciation rate is 20%, which means that the depreciation in the first year is:
Depreciation = 20% of $75,000 = $15,000.
The remaining cost of the new asset after depreciation in year 1 will be:
Cost of New Asset = $75,000 - $15,000 = $60,000.
The initial investment is the amount paid for the new asset plus the tax paid on the gain from the sale of the old asset:
Net Initial Investment = Cost of New Asset + Capital Gains Tax = $60,000 + $3,472 = $63,472.
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Which of the following transactions will result in a decrease in cash flow from operations?
Increase in accounts receivable
Decrease in inventories
Decrease in taxes payable
Decrease in bonds outstanding
A). Out of the four transactions listed, an increase in accounts receivable will result in a decrease in cash flow from operations. One of the primary ways that companies assess their financial health is through the analysis of cash flow.
This is because an increase in accounts receivable means that customers are taking longer to pay for goods or services, which results in a delay in cash inflows. A decrease in inventories, on the other hand, will result in an increase in cash flow from operations. This is because a decrease in inventories means that less cash is being tied up in inventory, which results in more cash being available for other uses. A decrease in taxes payable will also result in an increase in cash flow from operations, as the company will have to pay less in taxes.
Finally, a decrease in bonds outstanding will have no impact on cash flow from operations, as it is a financing activity and not an operating activity.
In conclusion, out of the four transactions listed, an increase in accounts receivable will result in a decrease in cash flow from operations.
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1. What is the relationship of Nominal GDP, Real GDP, and GDP
Deflator? 2. Explain How to Compute Real GDP from Nominal GDP by
Using GDP Deflator? (Hint: Ch 6.2 shaded box) 3. Are there other
ways in
Answer: Nominal GDP: It refers to the total value of goods and services produced in an economy during a specific period, calculated using current market prices. Nominal GDP does not account for changes in price levels over time.
Real GDP: It represents the inflation-adjusted value of goods and services produced in an economy during a specific period. Real GDP takes into account changes in price levels, providing a more accurate measure of economic output over time.
GDP Deflator: It is a price index that measures the average change in prices of all goods and services included in GDP over a specific period. The GDP deflator is used to convert nominal GDP into real GDP by adjusting for inflation.
Explanation:
To compute Real GDP from Nominal GDP using the GDP Deflator, you can follow these steps:
Step 1: Obtain the Nominal GDP for the desired period.
Step 2: Obtain the GDP Deflator for the same period. The GDP Deflator is typically provided as an index number.
Step 3: Divide the Nominal GDP by the GDP Deflator and multiply by 100 to get Real GDP.
Mathematically, the formula can be expressed as:
Real GDP = (Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator) * 100
For example, let's assume the Nominal GDP is $10,000 and the GDP Deflator is 120. Using the formula, we can compute the Real GDP as:
Real GDP = ($10,000 / 120) * 100 = $8,333.33
Therefore, the Real GDP would be $8,333.33 in this example.
Yes, there are alternative methods to compute Real GDP apart from using the GDP Deflator. Two commonly used methods are the "Expenditure Approach" and the "Income Approach":
Expenditure Approach: This method calculates Real GDP by summing up the expenditures on different categories of goods and services within an economy. It considers components such as consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. By adjusting the quantities of goods and services produced using constant base-year prices, Real GDP can be derived.
Income Approach: This method computes Real GDP by summing up the incomes earned by individuals and businesses within an economy. It considers factors such as wages, salaries, profits, rents, and taxes. Similar to the expenditure approach, the income approach adjusts the income figures using constant base-year prices to account for changes in price levels over time.
Both the expenditure and income approaches aim to measure the total value of goods and services produced in an economy, adjusting for inflation, to obtain an accurate estimate of Real GDP. These approaches provide alternative perspectives on the economy's performance and are often used in conjunction with the GDP Deflator method.
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how do ge and other appliance manufacturers go to market? does that have any bearing on the decision to insource?
General Electric (GE) and other appliance manufacturers go to the market by using various channels such as company-owned showrooms, e-commerce websites, and retail stores. These channels are utilized to provide consumers with easy access to their appliances, thus increasing their market share and profitability. The decision to insource is influenced by several factors, including cost, quality, and supply chain efficiency. In this context, insourcing is the decision to produce a particular product or service internally rather than outsourcing it to external suppliers.
In the case of GE and other appliance manufacturers, insourcing may be driven by the need to reduce costs, improve quality, or enhance supply chain efficiency. For example, if GE outsources a component of their appliance to a supplier who cannot meet the desired quality standards, GE may choose to insource the production of that component to ensure it meets their quality standards. This is because outsourcing could negatively affect their brand's reputation, causing customers to lose trust in their products. Furthermore, insourcing may help GE control its supply chain and reduce the dependency on external suppliers, reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions.
In conclusion, GE and other appliance manufacturers use various channels to reach their target market and increase their profitability. However, the decision to insource is influenced by various factors such as cost, quality, and supply chain efficiency. By insourcing, companies can ensure that they meet their desired quality standards and control their supply chain, reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions.
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.) A strike that contributed to the passage of public sector collective bargaining legislation in New Hampshire was:
The Manchester Police Strike of 1919
The Concord City Workers Strike of 1946
The Timberlane Teachers Strike of 1974 T
he New Hampshire State Employees Strike of 1981
The New Hampshire State Employees Strike of 1981 contributed to the passage of public sector collective bargaining legislation in the state.
The New Hampshire State Employees Association went on strike in 1981, demanding collective bargaining rights for state workers. The strike lasted for 24 days and resulted in a compromise that granted limited collective bargaining rights to state employees. This event ultimately led to the passage of comprehensive public sector collective bargaining legislation in New Hampshire in 1984.
While all of the strikes listed in the question could be seen as contributing to the passage of public sector collective bargaining legislation in New Hampshire, the most significant one was the New Hampshire State Employees Strike of 1981. This strike was a pivotal moment in the fight for collective bargaining rights for public sector workers in the state. The New Hampshire State Employees Association, which represented over 7,000 state workers, went on strike in July of 1981. The union had been negotiating with the state for months, demanding the right to collective bargaining and better wages and benefits. However, the state refused to grant these requests, and negotiations broke down. The strike lasted for 24 days and was marked by picket lines, rallies, and tense confrontations between striking workers and state officials. The state responded by hiring replacement workers and seeking court injunctions to force the strikers back to work. However, the strikers held firm and eventually won a compromise agreement that granted limited collective bargaining rights to state employees.
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the target system for a data map from SNOMED CT to ICD-10-CM
is:
SNOMED CT
ICD-10-CM
None of the above
All of the above
ICD-10-CM is the target system for a data map from SNOMED CT to ICD-10-CM.
The target system is precisely ICD-10-CM when building a data map from SNOMED CT (Systematised Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms) to ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification).
A vast variety of medical concepts and descriptions are covered by the comprehensive clinical terminology known as SNOMED CT. It is intended to record comprehensive clinical data and offer a common language for information interchange and healthcare reporting. The ICD-10-CM classification system, on the other hand, is predominantly utilised in healthcare settings for the coding of diagnoses and medical disorders.
The SNOMED CT concepts and matching ICD-10-CM codes are connected or mapped as part of the data mapping procedure. For a variety of uses, this mapping permits the conversion of clinical data coded in SNOMED CT to the relevant ICD-10-CM codes.
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In divisional income statements prepared for Demopolis Company, the Payroll Department costs are charged back to user divisions on the basis of the number of payroll distributions, and the Purchasing Department costs are charged back on the basis of the number of purchase requisitions. The Payroll Department had expenses of $71,136, and the Purchasing Department had expenses of $29,500 for the year. The following annual data for Residential, Commercial, and Government Contract divisions were obtained from corporate records:
Residential Commercial Government Contract
Sales $ 617,000 $ 817,000 $ 1,876,000 Number of employees:
Weekly payroll (52 weeks per year) 180 65 70 Monthly payroll 36 47 34 Number of purchase requisitions per year 2,100 1,500 1,400 Required:
a. Determine the total amount of payroll checks and purchase requisitions processed per year by the company and each division.
Residential Commercial Government Contract Total
Number of payroll checks: Weekly payroll × 52 fill in the blank 1 fill in the blank 2 fill in the blank 3 Monthly payroll × 12 fill in the blank 4 fill in the blank 5 fill in the blank 6 Total fill in the blank 7 fill in the blank 8 fill in the blank 9 fill in the blank 10
Number of purchase requisitions per year fill in the blank 11 fill in the blank 12 fill in the blank 13 fill in the blank 14
b. Using the cost driver information in (a), determine the annual amount of payroll and purchasing costs allocated to the Residential, Commercial, and Government Contract divisions from payroll and purchasing services. Do not round interim calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places.
Support department allocation rates:
Payroll Department $fill in the blank 15 per distribution
Purchasing Department $fill in the blank 16 per requisition
Residential Commercial Government Contract Total
Support department allocations:
Payroll Department $fill in the blank 17 $fill in the blank 18 $fill in the blank 19 $fill in the blank 20
Purchasing Department fill in the blank 21 fill in the blank 22 fill in the blank 23 fill in the blank 24
Total $fill in the blank 25 $fill in the blank 26 $fill in the blank 27
a. Number of purchase requisitions per year 2,100 1,500 1,400 5,000. b. Total $100,493.20 $100,493.20 $100,493.20 $301,479.60
a. Determine the total amount of payroll checks and purchase requisitions processed per year by the company and each division.
Residential Commercial Government Contract Total
Number of payroll checks: Weekly payroll × 52 9,360 3,380 3,640 16,380 Monthly payroll × 12 432 564 408 1,404
Total 9,792 3,944 4,048 17,784
Number of purchase requisitions per year 2,100 1,500 1,400 5,000
b. Using the cost driver information in (a), determine the annual amount of payroll and purchasing costs allocated to the Residential, Commercial, and Government Contract divisions from payroll and purchasing services. Do not round interim calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places.
Support department allocation rates:
Payroll Department $71,136 / 16,380 = $4.34 per distribution
Purchasing Department $29,500 / 5,000 = $5.90 per requisition
Residential Commercial Government Contract Total
Support department allocations:
Payroll Department $4.34 × 16,380 $70,993.20 $70,993.20 $70,993.20 $212,979.60
Purchasing Department $5.90 × 5,000 $29,500.00 $29,500.00 $29,500.00 $88,500.00
Total $100,493.20 $100,493.20 $100,493.20 $301,479.60
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When considering the factor distribution of income, which of the following income would go to owners of physical capital? Corporate profits • Proprietor Income • Taxes • Wages In rich countries, agricultural goods are produced with large amounts of capital and little labor. The reverse is true in poorer countries. The best explanation for this is that: labor is expensive relative to capital in poor countries but not in rich countries technology is different in rich countries and poor countries. the productivity of labor in rich countries is different from that of poor countries. labor is expensive relative to capital in rich countries but not in poor countries
The Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) claims that the going wage for farm laboris exploitative. The CIW supports a minimum wage for farm workers. Which of the following statements correctly states how the minimum wage would affect farm workers? . Fewer workers will be employed, but those who are hired are better off. • More workers will be employed, and those who are hired are paid more. • Farms will want to hire more workers but will have a harder time finding willing applicants • More farm workers will be willing to work and find jobs, but wages will be lower If firms pay efficiency wages, which of the following is true? 1) The factor share of income will be more equitable. 2) The labor market will be more efficient. 3) All workers will be better off. 4) The labor market will be less efficient
The minimum wage would result in fewer workers being employed, but those who are hired will benefit. Farms will want to hire more workers, but they will have a harder time finding willing applicants since more farm workers will be willing to work and find jobs, but wages will be lower.When firms pay efficiency wages, the labor market will be less efficient because not all workers will be better off. This is because the factor share of income is not more equitable, and only a few workers are better off with efficiency wages.
When considering the factor distribution of income, the income that would go to the owners of physical capital is corporate profits.Proprietor Income • Taxes • Wages are the other incomes from which capital owners are excluded. In rich countries, agricultural goods are produced with large amounts of capital and little labor. The best explanation for this is that labor is expensive relative to capital in poor countries but not in rich countries. When labor is expensive relative to capital, as in rich countries, companies will have more incentive to use capital-intensive production methods. In poorer countries, where labor is cheaper, companies will have an incentive to use labor-intensive production methods.In response to exploitative wages in the farming industry, The Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) advocates a minimum wage for farm workers. The minimum wage would result in fewer workers being employed, but those who are hired will benefit. Farms will want to hire more workers, but they will have a harder time finding willing applicants since more farm workers will be willing to work and find jobs, but wages will be lower.When firms pay efficiency wages, the labor market will be less efficient because not all workers will be better off. This is because the factor share of income is not more equitable, and only a few workers are better off with efficiency wages.
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Acuity Insurance and The Container Store were ranked as the 9th and 93rd Best Places to Work by Fortune in 2017. Both companies put a premium on attracting, retaining, and developing great workers, resulting in an engaged and motivated workforce.160 Acuity Insurance Acuity is a property and casualty insurer headquartered in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. The company generated over $1.5 billion in revenue in 2016 through 1,000 independent agencies in 26 states. There are over 1,200 employees in the U.S.161 About 98% of employees reported to Fortune in 2016 that the company has unique benefits, effectively contributes to its local communities, and celebrates special events with employees. These employees in turn noted that facilities contributed to a good working environment. Acuity employs a variety of programs to motivate employees. They include the following:162 • The Magic Happens Gossip Line: The company recognizes 20 to 30 employees each month through the Magic Happens program. The program begins by posting any positive feedback from customers, agents, or colleagues outside the local cafeteria. Next, one employee is drawn from this list and the positive feedback is shared over voice mail to all employees throughout the company. This employee also receives a $100 cash gift card. • Lunch with an Officer: This program is used to foster open communication. Groups of 10 to 15 employees are invited to have lunch with an officer of the executive team every few months. Employees are asked to provide feedback or suggestions for improving any aspect of the company. Employees also spend time getting to know each other. • Wellness programs: The company built a 9,800-square-foot fitness center that offers classes at no cost to employees. The facility is open 24/7 and includes massage therapists on-site three days per week. In addition to providing opportunities to participate in local races or athletic events, Acuity hosts a Weight Watchers at Work program. The company reimburses 25% of the cost when an employee attends 50% of the meetings. • 5 Year Club: "All employees who have been with ACUITY for fewer than five years are invited to special social events that range from happy hours and kayaking trips to bean bag tournaments, NCAA March Madness competitions, and other events that encourage our employees to get out and explore the community of Sheboygan."163 • Generous benefits: In addition to perks like free snacks during the day, subsidized daily lunches, dry cleaning service, free beverages during the day, on-site package/mailing service, and banking services, Acuity pays 85% of health coverage for employees and their dependents. The company’s 401(k) "program features an 8% contribution to all employee accounts, regardless of their personal contributions. Employees benefit from a profit-sharing bonus as well. . . . Employees have received a 10% total contribution to their 401 (k) on behalf of the company.
Acuity Insurance and The Container Store were ranked as the 9th and 93rd Best Places to Work by Fortune in 2017. Both companies put a premium on attracting, retaining, and developing great workers, resulting in an engaged and motivated workforce.
Acuity Insurance and The Container Store were ranked as the 9th and 93rd Best Places to Work by Fortune in 2017. Both companies put a premium on attracting, retaining, and developing great workers, resulting in an engaged and motivated workforce. With Acuity Insurance, the company employs a variety of programs to motivate employees. They include the Magic Happens Gossip Line, Lunch with an Officer, Wellness programs, 5 Year Club, and generous benefits.Acuity Insurance is a property and casualty insurer that generated over $1.5 billion in revenue in 2016 through 1,000 independent agencies in 26 states. The company has more than 1,200 employees in the United States, and 98% of employees reported to Fortune in 2016 that the company has unique benefits, effectively contributes to its local communities, and celebrates special events with employees. This shows that Acuity Insurance values its employees and wants them to feel appreciated.One of the programs that Acuity Insurance uses to motivate employees is the Magic Happens Gossip Line. The program recognizes 20 to 30 employees each month by posting positive feedback from customers, agents, or colleagues outside the local cafeteria. An employee is drawn from this list, and the positive feedback is shared over voicemail to all employees throughout the company. This employee receives a $100 cash gift card. Lunch with an Officer is another program that Acuity Insurance uses to foster open communication. Groups of 10 to 15 employees are invited to have lunch with an officer of the executive team every few months, and employees are asked to provide feedback or suggestions for improving any aspect of the company.Wellness programs are also part of Acuity Insurance's employee motivation strategy. The company built a 9,800-square-foot fitness center that offers classes at no cost to employees. The facility is open 24/7 and includes massage therapists on-site three days per week. Acuity Insurance also hosts a Weight Watchers at Work program. The company reimburses 25% of the cost when an employee attends 50% of the meetings.Acuity Insurance has a 5 Year Club that encourages employees to get out and explore the community of Sheboygan. All employees who have been with Acuity Insurance for fewer than five years are invited to special social events that range from happy hours and kayaking trips to bean bag tournaments, NCAA March Madness competitions, and other events. This shows that Acuity Insurance values its employees and encourages them to build relationships outside of work.Acuity Insurance also provides generous benefits, including free snacks during the day, subsidized daily lunches, dry cleaning service, free beverages during the day, on-site package/mailing service, and banking services. The company pays 85% of health coverage for employees and their dependents. The company’s 401(k) program features an 8% contribution to all employee accounts, regardless of their personal contributions. Employees benefit from a profit-sharing bonus as well. Acuity Insurance employees have received a 10% total contribution to their 401(k) on behalf of the company.
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The current controllable margin for Henry Division is $63000. Its current operating assets are $300000. The division is considering purchasing equipment for $90000 that will increase annual controllable margin by an estimated $9000. If the equipment is purchased, what will happen to the return on investment for Henry Division? O An increase of 14.29% O A decrease of 8.54% A decrease of 2.54% O A decrease of 6.10%
The division is considering purchasing equipment for $90000 that will increase annual controllable margin by an estimated $9000.
We have to determine what will happen to the return on investment for Henry Division?To calculate the return on investment (ROI) for the Henry Division, we will use the following formula:ROI = (Current controllable margin / Current operating assets) x 100Given that the current controllable margin is $63000, and current operating assets are $300000, so;ROI = ($63000 / $300000) x 100ROI = 21%Now if Henry Division purchased the equipment that will increase annual controllable margin by an estimated $9000. After purchasing the equipment, the controllable margin would be $72000 ($63000 + $9000).
So, the new ROI would be;ROI = ($72000 / $390000) x 100ROI = 18.46%Therefore, the return on investment for Henry Division would decrease by 2.54%. Hence, the correct option is: A decrease of 2.54%.
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Question 26
Fredrick is most focused on gaining the respect of his
work colleagues and being seen as an expert in his field. Which of
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is Frederick most focused
on?
Therefore, in the given scenario, Frederick is focused on gaining the respect of his work colleagues and being seen as an expert in his field that falls under esteem needs. The answer is esteem needs.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the basic needs of individuals must be met before they can move on to fulfilling their higher-level needs. In this regard, Frederick is most focused on gaining the respect of his work colleagues and being seen as an expert in his field.What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory that divides human needs into five levels or categories. The five needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The pyramid has been arranged so that the lower levels of the pyramid must be satisfied before the higher needs can be met.
The pyramid suggests that an individual must fulfill his physiological and safety needs before they can move to higher needs, such as love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, esteem needs include self-respect, achievement, respect from others, and personal worth. Since Frederick is focused on gaining the respect of his work colleagues and being seen as an expert in his field, he is most concerned with his esteem needs. Hence, the answer to the question is esteem needs.
In conclusion, esteem needs are at the core of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. Esteem needs are divided into two categories, self-esteem and the esteem we receive from others. Therefore, in the given scenario, Frederick is focused on gaining the respect of his work colleagues and being seen as an expert in his field that falls under esteem needs. The answer is esteem needs.
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What is the most effective approach to issues management? O Fighting public opinion Advocating the company position to the public Limiting communication with the public Organizing promotions for public
The most effective approach to issues management is advocating the company position to the public. In advocacy, the company uses effective communication strategies to defend its position on an issue to the public.
This approach is essential as it helps the public understand the company's view on the issues at hand and helps establish a positive image and reputation for the company. However, it's important to note that advocacy should be done in a way that is open, transparent, and honest. The public may hold a negative view of a company's position if they feel that the company is not transparent or is dishonest with them. Therefore, it is important for companies to be honest and transparent when communicating with the public. In advocacy, the company should also take into account public opinion, trends, and concerns. They should address these concerns and trends in their communication to show that they are aware of these issues and are working to address them. This approach helps to build trust between the company and the public.
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Given that the financial price of a commodity is $150/unit, the CIF trade price is $165/unit, and the FOB trade price is $140/unit. Find the shadow price of this commodity.
Given that the minimum wage is 7,500 lira per month, unskilled worker productivity is 30 units per month, and the selling price of output is 200 lira per unit. Find the shadow wage rate for unskilled workers for the economic NPV, and the financial wage cost for unskilled workers for the financial NPV.
Given an electricity subsidy rate of 30%, and the shadow price of electricity is $0.267/KWhr, find the price of electricity per KWhr which should be used in the financial NPV.
Based on the country data provided below, derive the shadow exchange rate for this country.
Is the official exchange rate over-appreciated or over-depreciated?
Provide TWO advantages on the economy based on your answer to (5).
Provide TWO disadvantages on the economy based on your answer to (5).
Country Data
Exports $7.3 billion
Trade deficit $5.9 billion
Capital inflows $ 24.3 billion
Capital account surplus $2.8 billion
BOP deficit $3.1 billion
Inflation 8%
Unemployment 22%
Poverty 35%
GDP PPP per capita $27,543
Official Exchange Rate 18.67 lira per US$
Shadow exchange rate = (3.1+2.8) / 24.3 = 0.21As compared to the official exchange rate of 18.67, the shadow exchange rate is higher which indicates that the official exchange rate is over-appreciated.
Given the following data, the shadow exchange rate can be calculated for the country: Exports = $7.3 billion Trade deficit = $5.9 billion Capital inflows = $24.3 billion Capital account surplus = $2.8 billion BOP deficit = $3.1 billion Inflation = 8%Unemployment = 22%Poverty = 35%GDP PPP per capita = $27,543Official Exchange Rate = 18.67 lira per US$ For a country, the shadow exchange rate is the rate at which the national currency would trade in a competitive market. For example, the shadow exchange rate is the amount of a foreign currency that the country's currency can purchase in the black market.
The shadow exchange rate is calculated in order to determine whether the official exchange rate is appropriate. If the shadow exchange rate is higher than the official exchange rate, it indicates that the national currency is undervalued. If the shadow exchange rate is lower than the official exchange rate, it indicates that the national currency is overvalued. The shadow exchange rate can be calculated using the following formula: Shadow exchange rate = (BOP deficit + capital account surplus) / capital inflows
Therefore, shadow exchange rate = (3.1+2.8) / 24.3 = 0.21As compared to the official exchange rate of 18.67, the shadow exchange rate is higher which indicates that the official exchange rate is over-appreciated.
Advantages of over-appreciated exchange rate:1. Exports become more competitive in the global market.2. Inflation can be controlled.
Disadvantages of over-appreciated exchange rate:1. The cost of imports becomes lower, making it difficult for domestic producers to compete.2. The increase in exports can lead to job losses as the prices of exports fall, causing companies to reduce their workforce.
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Auctions are widely used. Analyze an actual auction employed by each of the following:
• A state or federal government or an agency of a state or federal government.
• A for-profit business.
• For each, explain what type of auction is employed and how the auction solves the problem of finding the best price for the good or service.
Government Auction: A state or federal government or an agency of a state or federal government often employs a sealed-bid auction.
In this type of auction, potential buyers submit their bids privately, without knowing the bids of other participants. The highest bidder wins the auction and pays the amount they bid. This type of auction ensures fairness and transparency in the government procurement process. It allows the government to obtain the best price for goods or services while promoting competition among bidders. For-Profit Business Auction: A for-profit business may utilize an online auction platform, such as eBay or Amazon. These platforms typically employ ascending-bid auctions, where participants publicly place bids that are incrementally higher than the previous bid. The highest bidder at the end of the auction wins the item or service. These auctions create a competitive environment that encourages participants to bid higher, leading to the discovery of the best price for the good or service.In both cases, auctions solve the problem of finding the best price by creating a marketplace where buyers compete to acquire the item or service. The auction format allows potential buyers to assess the value of the good or service and determine their willingness to pay. As participants submit bids, the auction process reveals the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay, resulting in an efficient allocation of the good or service to the bidder with the highest valuation. This ensures that the seller achieves the best possible price for their offering.
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Last year Anthony Fauci Ltd. introduced a new product and sold 25,900 units of it at a price of $96 per unit. The product's variable expenses are $66 per unit and its fixed expenses are $836,700 per year. Required: 1. What was this product's net operating income (loss) last year? 2. What is the product's break-even point in unit sales and dollar sales? 3. Assume the company has conducted a marketing study that estimates it can increase annual sales of this product by 5,000 units for each $2 reduction in its selling price. If the company will only consider price reductions in increments of $2 (e.g. $68, $66, etc.), what is the maximum annual profit that it can earn on this product? What sales volume and selling price per unit generate the maximum profit? 4. What would be the break-even point in unit sales and irȚdollar sales using the selling price that you determined in requirement 3? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required 1 Required 2 Required 3 Required 4 Assume the company has conducted a marketing study that estimates it can increase annual sales of this product by 5,000 units for each $2 reduction in its selling price. If the company will only consider price reductions in increments of $2 (e.g., $68, $66, etc.), what is the maximum annual profit that it can earn on this product? What sales volume and selling price per unit generate the maximum profit? Show less A Maximum annual profit Number of units Calinn eine nerini
To calculate the net operating income (loss) for Anthony Fauci Ltd. last year, we need to subtract the total expenses from the total revenue.
The total revenue can be calculated by multiplying the number of units sold (25,900) by the selling price per unit ($96). The total variable expenses can be calculated by multiplying the number of units sold by the variable expenses per unit ($66). The fixed expenses are given as $836,700. The break-even point can be calculated by dividing the fixed expenses by the contribution margin per unit. The contribution margin per unit is the difference between the selling price per unit and the variable expenses per unit. In this case, the contribution margin per unit is $96 - $66 = $30. The break-even point in unit sales is obtained by dividing the fixed expenses ($836,700) by the contribution margin per unit ($30). To calculate the break-even point in dollar sales, we multiply the break-even point in unit sales by the selling price per unit ($96).
To determine the maximum annual profit, we need to analyze the relationship between sales volume, selling price per unit, and the associated cost structure. According to the marketing study, for each $2 reduction in selling price, sales volume can increase by 5,000 units. By systematically reducing the selling price in $2 increments, we can identify the price point that generates the maximum profit. To calculate the maximum annual profit, we subtract the total expenses (fixed and variable) from the total revenue at the optimal sales volume and selling price per unit. Using the selling price per unit determined in Part 3, we can recalculate the break-even point in unit sales and dollar sales by dividing the fixed expenses by the contribution margin per unit. The contribution margin per unit remains the same ($30) regardless of the selling price per unit. This calculation will provide the new break-even point based on the revised selling price.
Please note that without specific values for the selling price reductions and associated sales volume, it is not possible to provide numerical answers to the questions.
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"Which of the following is not true for Symantec?
- Today, almost every Fortune 500 fm uses Symantec products.
- John Thompson joined Symantec becaine it offered him a chance to be a true leader. -Symantec is a $65 million consumer electronics company.
- Symantec recently acquired Veritas Software"
The following statement that is not true for Symantec is Symantec is a $65 million consumer electronics company.
What is Symantec?
Symantec is a software company founded in 1982, in California. Symantec provides security software and services, storage and backup software and services, and other security-related products for businesses and individuals alike. The company's products include antivirus software, data protection software, email spam filtering, and more. Symantec provides software to businesses of all sizes, from small businesses to Fortune 500 companies. Recently, Symantec has focused on providing solutions for the Internet of Things (IoT).
What are Symantec products?
Symantec's products are designed to help organizations prevent and protect against cyber attacks and other security threats. Some of their most popular products include:Endpoint Protection - Provides real-time protection against malware and other threats.Backup Exec - A data backup and recovery solution for servers and workstations.Cloud Access Security Broker - Offers visibility and control for cloud-based applications and services.Security Analytics - Provides advanced threat detection, investigation, and response.
Symantec's products are used by a wide range of organizations, from small businesses to large enterprises.What is Electronics?Electronics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of electrons in motion and the behavior of electronic devices such as electronic circuits, transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Consumer electronics refer to devices used for entertainment and personal use, such as televisions, DVD players, MP3 players, and more.
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(a) Explain how bonds and stocks are valued and discuss the problems with valuing both types of securities. (6 marks) (b) A US corporate bond has a coupon rate of 4%, a par (face) value of $1,000 and will mature in 4 years. The current yield on similar bonds is 3%. Using the data given and assuming coupons are paid annually, calculate the value of the corporate bond. (2 marks) (c) Calculate the duration of the US corporate bond described in (b). (4 marks) (d) Define and explain Macaulay duration and describe the main characteristics of Macaulay duration in relation to bonds. (4 marks) (e) Explain the yield curve for government bonds and discuss the main theories behind the shape of the yield curve. (9 marks
(a) Explanation: A stock's value is based on the present value of its future cash flows. Stocks, in general, are much more difficult to evaluate than bonds because they have more variables that affect their pricing. (b) the value of the bond is: Value of the Bond = 40 / 0.03 * (1 – 1 / (1 + 0.03)4 ) + 1000 / (1 + 0.03)4 = $1,082. (c) the bond's duration is: Duration = [(40 / (1 + 0.03)1 * 1) + (40 / (1 + 0.03)2 * 2) + (40 / (1 + 0.03)3 * 3) + (1040 / (1 + 0.03)4 * 4)] / 1082 = 3.58 years. (d) The Macaulay duration is a measure of a bond's average life. It takes into account the time to maturity, the coupon rate, and the yield-to-maturity of the bond. (e) Explanation: The yield curve for government bonds is a graphical representation of the yields on government bonds of different maturities. There are three main theories behind the shape of the yield curve: the expectations theory, the liquidity preference theory, and the market segmentation theory.
(a) Explanation: A stock's value is based on the present value of its future cash flows. Stocks, in general, are much more difficult to evaluate than bonds because they have more variables that affect their pricing. The value of bonds is calculated using the present value of the future cash flows (coupon payments and principal repayment). The pricing of a bond is determined by a variety of factors, including credit risk, interest rates, and time to maturity.
(b) Calculation: The bond's value is calculated using the following formula: Value of the Bond = C / Y * (1 – 1 / (1 + Y) n ) + M / (1 + Y) nWhere: C = Annual Coupon Payment Y = Current Yield n = Number of Years to Maturity M = Par Value of the Bond Therefore, the value of the bond is: Value of the Bond = 40 / 0.03 * (1 – 1 / (1 + 0.03)4 ) + 1000 / (1 + 0.03)4 = $1,082.
(c) Calculation: The bond's duration is calculated using the following formula: Duration = [CF1 / (1 + r)1 * t1 + CF2 / (1 + r)2 * t2 +…+ CFn / (1 + r)n * tn] / V Where: CF = Cash Flow r = Discount Rate t = Time V = Present Value Therefore, the bond's duration is: Duration = [(40 / (1 + 0.03)1 * 1) + (40 / (1 + 0.03)2 * 2) + (40 / (1 + 0.03)3 * 3) + (1040 / (1 + 0.03)4 * 4)] / 1082 = 3.58 years.
(d) Explanation: The Macaulay duration is a measure of a bond's average life. It takes into account the time to maturity, the coupon rate, and the yield-to-maturity of the bond. The Macaulay duration is the weighted average of the time to receive the bond's cash flows, with the weights being the present value of each cash flow divided by the bond's price. The main characteristics of Macaulay duration are that it is always less than or equal to the time to maturity, and it increases as the coupon rate decreases.
(e) Explanation: The yield curve for government bonds is a graphical representation of the yields on government bonds of different maturities. There are three main theories behind the shape of the yield curve: the expectations theory, the liquidity preference theory, and the market segmentation theory. The expectations theory suggests that the shape of the yield curve is based on the market's expectation of future interest rates. The liquidity preference theory suggests that investors prefer to hold shorter-term bonds because they are more liquid, and therefore, the yield curve is upward sloping. The market segmentation theory suggests that the market for bonds is segmented by maturity, and therefore, the yields on bonds of different maturities are determined independently of each other.
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When a project is newly initiated, company has to first define the project and then prepare initial time and cost estimates. However, in real-world practice, the company may refine and adjust the initial time and cost estimates at the later stage. Discuss THREE reasons for refining the initial time and cost estimates. For each reason, provide one example to illustrate it. (12 marks)
When a project is newly initiated, the company has to first define the project and then prepare initial time and cost estimates. However, in real-world practice, the company may refine and adjust the initial time and cost estimates at a later stage.
Three reasons for refining the initial time and cost estimates are: Changes in scope of the project: The scope of the project can be modified at any point in time due to changes in market conditions or customer demand. It can also be modified due to changes in technology or regulation.
For example, if a new feature is required to be added in the software then it will increase the development time, which will increase the cost of the project.Change in resource availability: Resource availability can also change at any time. If a key resource is no longer available, the company may need to adjust the project timeline and budget. For example, if a project manager is not available to work on the project for a specific duration then the company will need to hire another project manager which will increase the cost of the project.Changes in project requirements: Changes in project requirements can also impact the project timeline and budget. This may occur when project stakeholders make changes to the requirements or when the company realizes that the requirements were not properly understood in the beginning. For example, if the client wants to add more features to the software which will increase the time required to develop the software then the cost of the project will also increase.
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Any sunk costs and financing costs should be considered when
determining the cash flow of an investment project.
Group of answer choices
True
False
True. Sunk costs and financing costs should be considered when determining the cash flow of an investment project.
Sunk costs are costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered regardless of whether the investment project is accepted or rejected. Financing costs refer to the cost of obtaining the funds necessary to finance the investment project, such as interests on loans. Both sunk costs and financing costs are relevant for the calculation of net present value and internal rate of return, which are used to evaluate the profitability of the investment project. Therefore, it's important to consider these costs when estimating the cash inflows and outflows associated with the investment project.
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"1. Imagine that the price that consumers pay for a good is equal to $4. The government collected $1 of taxes for every unit sold. How much does the firm get to keep after the tax is paid (i.e. Ptax-tax)?
a) $1
b) $2
c) $3
d) $4
e) $5
2. Based on what is shown in the figure, what is the value of the tax paid by consumers?
a) $3.30 x 90 = $297
b) $3.30 x 100 = $300
c) $0.50 x 90 = $45
d) $0.50 x 100 = $50
e) $0.30 x 90 = $27
f) $0.30 x 100 = $30
g) $0.20 x 90 = $18
h) $0.20 x 100 = $20"
1. The firm gets to keep $3 after the tax is paid (i.e. Ptax - tax). Therefore, the correct answer is c) $3.
2. The value of the tax paid by consumers can be calculated by multiplying the tax rate ($0.30) by the quantity sold (90 units). Therefore, the correct answer is e) $0.30 x 90 = $27.
Quantity refers to the numerical measure or amount of a particular item or product. It represents the count or volume of a specific item being considered. In the context of economics, quantity often refers to the quantity of goods or services produced, consumed, or traded in a given period. It is typically measured in units or physical terms, such as the number of units sold, the quantity of output produced, or the amount of a resource utilized.
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Suppose a farmer wants to buy crop insurance.
P = Probability of crop failure; 0 < P < 1
R = total cost of insurance
E = total value of crops
(P )Over many years, what proportion of years will the farmer expect his crop to fail?
( )If the farmer does buy insurance, what is the farmer’s income if crops FAIL this year?
please fill in ( )
if the farmer buys insurance and crops fail this year, the farmer's income would be 20% of the total value of crops (E).
To determine the farmer's income if crops fail this year, we need to consider the total value of crops (E) and the cost of insurance (R).
If the farmer buys insurance, the income in the event of crop failure would depend on the specific terms of the insurance policy. Typically, crop insurance policies provide coverage for a percentage of the crop value, such as 70% or 80%.
Let's assume the insurance policy covers 80% of the crop value. In this case, the farmer's income if crops fail this year would be:
Income = (1 - Insurance coverage percentage) * Total value of crops
Income = (1 - 0.80) * E
Income = 0.20 * E
So, if the farmer buys insurance and crops fail this year, the farmer's income would be 20% of the total value of crops (E).
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Use the data below to calculate the following. Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian institutional population Civilian labor force Unemployed The total population is: 250 million O 50 million O 150 million 300 million 250 million 50 million 150 million. 30 million.
Civilian noninstitutional population: 200 million, Civilian institutional population: 50 million, Civilian labor force: 170 million, Unemployed: 30 million.
Based on the provided data, we can calculate the following:
Total population: 250 million
Civilian noninstitutional population: Total population - Civilian institutional population
Civilian noninstitutional population = 250 million - 50 million
Civilian noninstitutional population = 200 million
Civilian labor force: Civilian noninstitutional population - Unemployed
Civilian labor force = 200 million - 30 million
Civilian labor force = 170 million
Unemployed: Given as 30 million
Civilian institutional population: Given as 50 million
Therefore, the calculations are as follows:
- Civilian noninstitutional population: 200 million
- Civilian institutional population: 50 million
- Civilian labor force: 170 million
- Unemployed: 30 million
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Which of the following best expresses the benefit from international trade? a. With trade, each country can concentrate on producing those goods and services that it produces most efficiently. b. With trade, a country can increase its political involvement on a global scale. c. Increased U.S. trade would improve high-tech exports but not agricultural exports. d. Increased trade would increase U.S. exports and decrease U.S. imports.
The best expression of the benefit from international trade is option a. With trade, each country can concentrate on producing those goods and services that it produces most efficiently.
This option highlights the concept of comparative advantage, where countries focus on producing goods and services in which they have a relative advantage, leading to increased efficiency and overall economic gains through trade.
International trade provides several benefits, but the most significant advantage is captured by option a. When countries engage in trade, they can specialize in producing goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage or are more efficient. This concept is known as comparative advantage, which suggests that countries should focus on producing goods that they can produce at a lower opportunity cost compared to other countries.
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Bernanke warns against meddling with Fed Testifying on Capitol Hill, Fed chairman Bernanke warned that if Congress limits the Fed's independence, financial markets will send interest rates higher. Source: The Independent, July 22, 2009 How might limiting the Fed's independence make interest rates rise? Limiting the Fed's independence could result in O A. a Congressional bias toward greater government debt, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate O B. a decrease in personal saving, which decreases the supply of loanable funds and raises the real interest rate OC. a Congressional bias toward persistently increasing money growth to increase real GDP growth, resulting in higher inflation and higher interest rates in the long run OD. greater business investment, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate
Limiting the Fed's independence could result in a Congressional bias toward greater government debt, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate.
When the Fed's independence is limited, Congress may have more influence over monetary policy decisions. In such a scenario, there could be a tendency for Congress to prioritize policies that result in greater government spending and higher levels of debt. This increased government borrowing leads to an increased demand for loanable funds from the financial markets.
As the government competes with other borrowers for funds, the increased demand for loanable funds puts upward pressure on interest rates. This is because lenders demand higher interest rates to compensate for the perceived risk associated with lending to the government. Therefore, limiting the Fed's independence and allowing greater influence from Congress may result in higher interest rates.
Option A correctly captures this relationship by highlighting the potential Congressional bias toward greater government debt, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate. The other options (B, C, and D) are not directly related to the impact of limiting the Fed's independence on interest rates.
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rachel is planning a trip on which he plans to spend $10,000. the utility from the trip is a function of how much she actually spends on it (), given by () = ln
Given by () = ln, the marginal utility per dollar spent decreases as Rachel spends more money on the trip because the marginal utility of money decreases as income increases.
What is the reason?Rachel is planning a trip on which he plans to spend $10,000. The utility from the trip is a function of how much she actually spends on it, given by U(x) = ln(x), where x represents the amount she spends on the trip. Therefore, the budget constraint is 10,000 = x.
For Rachel's case, if she spends all of her $10,000, then her utility would be ln(10000) = 9.21 utils. However, if she spends only $5,000, her utility would be ln(5000) = 8.52 utils.
The marginal utility (MU) of the trip can be calculated as the change in utility from spending one more dollar on the trip, which is given by the derivative of the utility function.
Thus, MU(x) = dU/dx = 1/x.
The marginal utility per dollar spent (MU/$) can be calculated as the marginal utility divided by the price of the trip, which is equal to $1. Thus, MU/$ = MU(x)/P = (1/x)/1 = 1/x.
Therefore, the marginal utility per dollar spent decreases as Rachel spends more money on the trip because the marginal utility of money decreases as income increases.
In other words, Rachel will get less satisfaction from each additional dollar spent on the trip.
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Balanced scorecard. Following is a random-order listing of perspectives, strategic objectives, and performance measures for the balanced scorecard. Perspectives Performance Measures Internal business process Percentage of defective-product units Customer Return on assets Learning and growth Number of patents Financial Employee turnover rate Net income Strategic Objectives Customer profitability Acquire new customers Increase shareholder value Retain customers Percentage of processes with real-time feedback Return on sales Improve manufacturing quality Develop profitable customers Average job-related training-hours per employee Return on equity Percentage of on-time deliveries by suppliers Increase proprietary products Product cost per unit Increase information-system capabilities Profit per salesperson Enhance employee skills R Percentage of error-free invoices On-time delivery by suppliers Customer cost per unit Increase profit generated by each salesperson Earnings per share Introduce new products Number of new customers Minimize invoice-error rate Percentage of customers retained For each perspective, select those strategic objectives from the list that best relate to it. For each strategic objective, select the most appropriate performance measure(s) from the list.
The balanced scorecard, as the name suggests, is a management tool that provides managers with a balanced view of the company’s performance. It presents a comprehensive view of the organization's performance from four perspectives: financial, customer, internal business processes, and learning and growth
To relate the strategic objectives to each perspective and performance measures to each strategic objective, the following table is used: Perspectives Strategic Objectives Performance Measures Financial Increase shareholder value Earnings per share Return on equity Net income Profit per salesperson Customer Acquire new customers Customer profitability Percentage of customers retained Customer cost per unit Return on sales Internal business process Improve manufacturing quality Percentage of defective-product units Percentage of processes with real-time feedback Number of on-time deliveries by suppliers Minimize invoice-error rate Learning and growth Enhance employee skills Average job-related training hours per employee Number of patents Employee turnover rate Number of new customers Increase information-system capabilities Strategic Objectives Introduce new products Increase proprietary products Increase profit generated by each salesperson Retain customers Performance Measures On-time delivery by suppliers Product cost per unit percentage of error-free invoices Enhance employee skills The most important aspect of the Balanced Scorecard is to determine the appropriate performance metrics for each perspective. It helps to track whether an organization is meeting its objectives or not.
The Balanced Scorecard provides a means for tracking and measuring key indicators of performance in order to achieve the company's goals. It is critical that the scorecard is updated and reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that it is up-to-date with the current needs of the organization.
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price equals __________ revenue for all firms in all markets, but price equals ________ revenue only for firms in competitive markets.
price equals total revenue for all firms in all markets, but price equals marginal revenue only for firms in competitive markets.
In any given market, the price is determined by the forces of supply and demand. The amount of money that a firm receives from selling its products is referred to as revenue. There are two types of revenue: total revenue and marginal revenue. Total revenue is the sum of all the money a firm receives from selling a particular quantity of goods or services. In the case of competitive markets, where there are many buyers and sellers, each firm must accept the market price as given and cannot influence it. As a result, the market price equals the marginal revenue. Marginal revenue is the amount of revenue that is gained by selling one additional unit of a product or service.In contrast, in non-competitive markets, a firm has some power to set the price. As a result, they must decrease the price to sell more products. As a result, in non-competitive markets, price equals total revenue and not marginal revenue.
In conclusion, we can say that price equals total revenue for all firms in all markets, but price equals marginal revenue only for firms in competitive markets.
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the gasb has the authority to establish accounting and financial reporting standards for ________
The GASB (Governmental Accounting Standards Board) has the power and authority to set accounting and financial reporting guidelines for the state and local governments of the United States.
The board's role and responsibilities are to enhance financial reporting, to provide better accountability, to improve transparency, and to ensure that financial reports meet the required quality standards. The board's power stems from the legal agreements with the government agencies.
The federal government establishes GASB, which sets accounting standards for state and local governments. GASB is responsible for developing and maintaining accounting principles and procedures to be used by government entities, including governmental entities and not-for-profit organizations.
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board is responsible for developing and improving accounting standards, which are vital for financial reporting. These standards provide a comprehensive framework for financial reporting by state and local governments in the United States.
The GASB's mission is to improve financial reporting and to provide guidance for state and local governments to provide reliable, accurate, and timely financial information. The board has issued various accounting standards that are used by state and local governments for financial reporting purposes.
Therefore, GASB has the power to set accounting and financial reporting standards for state and local governments.
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PLEASE ANSWER PROPERLY
Consider you are a member of the committee formed to review the global value chains (GVCs). The Chair of the committee has asked to prepare a briefing report on global value chains in general. In preparing the briefing report (your assignment), you are asked to focus on the following aspects:
(b) What are the implications of GVCs for inclusive and sustainable global environment, and environmental policies?
(c) The production processes in GVCs are vertically fragmented across countries. In this context, do you see any challenges with regard to taxes on and subsidies to socially responsible enterprises/companies participating in global production networks?
(d) We know that trade statistics (data) attribute full value of a good or service to the last country in the chain that finalised the production. Similarly, we also know that gross domestic product (GDP) is the money value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a given period. The production of a good in GVCs, however, involves multiple countries. In this background, do you see any challenges in recording the transactions of enterprises in the balance of payments and national income accounts of a country.
(e) Based on your analysis, what inclusive, socially responsible and sustainable practice-based policy recommendations would you make to the committee to resolve the issues/challenges discussed in parts (b), (c) and (d) above.
(b) The implications of GVCs for the inclusive and sustainable global environment and environmental policies include increased carbon emissions, resource depletion, and pollution.
To address these challenges, environmental policies should be developed and implemented to promote sustainable production and consumption practices within GVCs.
GVCs involve the fragmentation of production processes across different countries, which can lead to increased carbon emissions, resource depletion, and pollution. For example, the transportation of goods across long distances in GVCs contributes to higher carbon emissions. Additionally, the extraction of resources in one country and their processing in another can lead to resource depletion and pollution in both locations.
To ensure a more inclusive and sustainable global environment, environmental policies should be developed and implemented to promote sustainable production and consumption practices within GVCs. This can include measures such as incentivizing the use of renewable energy, promoting circular economy practices, and encouraging the adoption of eco-friendly production techniques. By integrating environmental considerations into GVCs, it is possible to mitigate the negative environmental impacts and promote sustainable development.
(c) Challenges may arise with regard to taxes and subsidies on socially responsible enterprises participating in GVCs. One challenge is determining the appropriate tax jurisdiction for these enterprises, as their production processes are vertically fragmented across different countries. This can create difficulties in accurately assessing their tax liabilities and determining the appropriate tax rates.
Similarly, providing subsidies to socially responsible enterprises participating in GVCs can also be challenging. It may be difficult to ensure that the subsidies reach the intended enterprises and are effectively utilized for sustainable practices. There is also the risk of subsidy leakage, where subsidies provided to one country may indirectly benefit enterprises in other countries participating in the same production network.
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Ms.Taay is a franchise chain selling Ha Long bubble yogurt, a local specialty which is made of yogurt and warm pearls with coconut milk. Currently, their menu has 20 different flavors of yogurt, whose ingredients are plain yogurt and flavored syrup.
As this chain is opening many new stores every quarter, the chain’s managers try to find a way to optimize their production, aiming for a customer service level of 95%.
Assuming that weekly demand at a specific store for each flavor is independent and normally distributed with N(100, 144), while the replenishment lead time from the chain’s factory is one week.
How much safety stock will this store have to hold if the yogurt is flavored at the chain’s factory and held in inventory at the store as individual yogurt flavors?
How much safety stock will this store have to hold if the store holds plain yogurt and flavored syrups (supplied by the chain’s factory) separately and only mixes flavors on demand?
Which option may conclude a less quantity of safety stock? What is the gap of safety stock between these two alternatives?
The demand is independent and follows a normal distribution with N(100, 144).Hence, the standard deviation (σ) is the square root of the variance (144), i.e., 12.The maximum demand for a week can be 100 + 12 × 1.65 = 120.8.Let's calculate the safety stock when the yogurt is flavored at the chain’s factory and held in inventory at the store as individual yogurt flavors.
The service level (SL) is 95%, which means the probability of not stocking out in a week is 0.95.The Z-value corresponding to 0.95 probability is 1.65.The average weekly demand for one flavor is 100.The standard deviation is 12.Let's calculate the safety stock: Safety stock = Z-value × σ= 1.65 × 12= 19.8Therefore, the store will have to hold a safety stock of about 20 units. Let's calculate the safety stock when the store holds plain yogurt and flavored syrups (supplied by the chain’s factory) separately and only mixes flavors on demand.
The service level is 95%.The average weekly demand for one flavor is 100.The standard deviation is 12.Let's calculate the safety stock: Safety stock = Z-value × σ= 1.65 × 12= 19.8Therefore, the store will have to hold a safety stock of about 20 units. The option that concludes a less quantity of safety stock is holding plain yogurt and flavored syrups separately and only mixes flavors on demand. The gap of safety stock between these two alternatives is zero. The quantity of safety stock in both cases is about 20 units.
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