The ability to produce milk in both cows and goats is a homologous trait because both species are mammals and it is an intrinsic evolutionary inherited feature of mammals as a taxonomic group.
What are homologous traits?Homologous traits are those types of phenotypic features inherited by different organisms of the same or distinct species due they are derived from a common ancestor, while analogous traits were separately acquired in the course of evolution.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that homologous traits can be traced to a common ancestor while analogous traits were acquired by different ancestors.
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explain the relationship between the following components of a signal transduction pathway: a) ligand (first messenger) b) receptor c) second messenger
Many pathways involve second messengers, small, non-protein molecules that pass along a signal initiated by the binding of a ligand (the “first messenger”) to its receptor.
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which results in a cellular response. Proteins that detect stimuli are commonly referred to as receptors, though the term sensor is also used in some cases. The changes caused by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor initiate a biochemical cascade, which is a chain of biochemical events known as a signaling pathway. When signaling pathways interact with one another, they form networks that allow cellular responses to be coordinated, often through combinatorial signaling events.
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leukocyte-reduced blood products may be administered to reduce the risk of febrile reactions and what disease or condition?
Leukocyte-reduced blood products may be administered to reduce the risk of febrile reactions and Cytomegalovirus disease or condition.
What is a leukocyte-reduced blood products?Leukocyte-reduced blood products are those blood products in which the leukocytes which are the white blood cells has being removed or reduced in other to suit the treatment of a particular diagnosis.
The importance of leukocyte-reduced blood products include the following:
It reduces the risk of high fever due to blood transfusion reactions.it reduces the risk of transmitting of cytomegalovirus infection.it may help prevent alloimmunizaton to MHC (HLA) donor antigens.Learn more about leukocytes here:
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Living things should be compared and classified by genetic similarities, suggesting that very different living organisms are biologically related.
Living things should be compared and classified by genetic similarities, suggesting that very different living organisms are biologically related by evolutionist.
The theory of evolution is referred to as evolutionism. Its precise definition has evolved throughout time as the science of evolution has advanced. It was used to characterise the concept in the nineteenth century that organisms consciously developed themselves via gradual hereditary change.
Natural selection, according to evolutionists, is the mechanism by which all organic life evolves from generation to generation. This notion is the foundation of evolutionist theories. The three fundamental components of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution were that variation occurs randomly among members of a species, that an individual's features could be transmitted by its descendants, and that the battle for survival would allow only those with advantageous traits to survive.
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Represented by word descriptions, such as black and short-haired: a) genotype onlyb) phenotype only c) neither phenotype and genotype d) both phenotype and genotype
Only traits, also known as phenotypes characterized by adjectives like dark and short-haired.
The set of observable qualities or characteristics of an organism is known as the phenotype in genetics. The expression of an organism's genetic code and the impact of environmental circumstances are the two fundamental factors that determine an organism's phenotype. The phenotype may be further impacted by the interaction of the two elements. A species is referred to as polymorphic if there are two or more distinct phenotypes present in the same population.
When a parent passes on a dominant allele to their child, the characteristic is known as a dominant trait and manifests in the child. Phenotypes can include characteristics like eye color, hair color, immunity or susceptibility to specific diseases, as well as physical traits like freckles and dimples on the face.
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the level of biological organization studied by cell biologists is the
The level of biological organization studied by cell biologists is the Cell
Cell biology (also known as cellular biology or cytology) is the study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. A cell is the fundamental unit of life, responsible for organisms' survival and function.
Cell biology is the study of cells' structural and functional components. Cell biology includes both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and comprises several subtopics such as cell metabolism, cell communication, cell cycle, biochemistry, and cell composition. Cells are studied utilizing a variety of microscopy methods, cell culture, and cell fractionation.
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Refer to the figure below. Which description of the gene pool shown is correct
a. Size of gene pool = 30
b. Frequency of X1= 0.80
c. Population size = 60
d. Frequency of X1X3 = 0.10
e. Number of genes = 2
The following description of the gene pool shown is correct that is the Frequency of X1X3 = 0.10.
All the genes (including alleles) present in a population or species that is capable of reproduction make up the gene pool. A large gene pool is more resistant to environmental pressures and has a wide spectrum of genetic variation. The gene pool's size is mutable. When organisms have mutations that are passed down to the following generation, the gene pool grows. When all of the creatures carrying a specific allele perish without procreating, the gene pool shrinks. Gene pool is computed by dividing the total number of copies of the gene by the number of times the allele occurs in the population. The gene pool of a population is made up of all the copies of each gene in that population.
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Which feature would you expect to find in a population in which sexual
selection depends on male competition?
a. large males
b. large females
c. bright-colored males
d. bright-colored females
subm
Bright-coloured males are the feature which is expected to be seen where sexual selection depends on male competition(a)
What is meant by competition?Competition between living things that coexist in the same environment occurs in nature.
Animals fight for access to food, mates, water, and other biological resources.
In a static, repetitious, or unchanging environment, humans often compete for food and mates, but when these requirements are met, intense rivalries frequently develop over the pursuit of money, power, status, and notoriety.
As corporations compete with at least one other firm for the same group of clients, competition is a key component of market economies and business.
Business competition is frequently related with this concept.
In order to satisfy and achieve higher quality services or enhanced products that the firm may manufacture or develop, competition is typically encouraged within the organization.
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for a typical neuron at rest, which value would be considered a depolarization from resting potential?
The membrane resting potential is a condition where the potential difference between the cytosol and the extracellular fluid is -70 mV. At rest, the ion potential concentration is kept constant using a Na+/K+ pump.
All body cell membranes have a membrane potential that is related to the spread of Na+ and K+ ions. This membrane potential can be found in two types of cells, namely nerve cells, and muscle cells. Changes in the membrane potential are experienced by the two cells quickly.
In a resting membrane, there are charges between the outside of the membrane and the inside of the membrane. The outside of the membrane will be more positive, and the inside of the membrane will be more negative. In such circumstances, it is said that the membrane is polarized and has a resting potential (-70mV).
When the membrane is depolarized, the membrane potential moves in the direction of 0 mV towards the positive membrane potential (+30 mV). A hyperpolarized membrane has a greater negative membrane potential than when the membrane potential is ruptured or the membrane potential is depolarized. During repolarization, the membrane returns to its resting potential.
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scientists discover that fish have abnormally high levels of lead in their bodies. which type of waste disposal most likely caused this phenomenon? landfills combustion composting ocean dumping
Of the four types of waste disposal, ocean dumping is the most likely cause of this phenomenon.
Ocean dumping is the disposal of waste materials into the ocean, usually from large ships. This can include anything from sewage, industrial waste, chemicals, and even radioactive materials. Unfortunately, lead from these materials can leach into the ocean and accumulate in the bodies of fish and other marine life.
Lead is a heavy metal and does not break down easily in the environment. It can be transported by water and sediment and can accumulate in fish over time. Lead can be toxic to fish, as it can damage their nervous systems and reproductive organs. In addition, lead can be transferred to humans who eat fish contaminated with lead.
The effects of ocean dumping on the environment are far-reaching and can have serious consequences. In the case of lead, the high levels found in fish are likely due to long-term exposure to ocean dumping. The best way to prevent this type of pollution is to reduce the amount of waste that is sent to the ocean.
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Which represents a system that is almost completely closed? A. a pot of boiling water. B. a washing machine. C. a capped soda bottle
Answer:
C. a capped soda bottle represents a system that is almost completely closed.
Explanation:
C. A Soda bottle with the top on symbolizes an almost closed system.
In a closed system, energy can only be exchanged through heat or work and matter cannot enter or depart. A Coke bottle with the cap on is a good illustration of a closed system because, after the cap is on, no matter can enter or leave the bottle, and the pressure inside the bottle rises as the liquid's carbon dioxide cannot escape.
Steam and water vapor can escape from a partially closed saucepan of boiling water. Due to the possibility of adding or removing water and detergent during the cycle, a washing machine is never fully closed.
which type of plasma membrane transport is used for gas exchange?
Simple diffusion; best because liquids and gases can both pass through.
The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates and shields the interior of all cells from the external environment. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane (PM), cytoplasmic membrane, or plasmalemma (the extracellular space). The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer, which is two layers of phospholipids interleaved with cholesterol (a lipid component) to maintain the proper fluidity of the membrane at varying temperatures.
In a living thing's anatomy and physiology, particularly in relation to homeostasis, diffusion is crucial. It is one among the mechanisms the body uses to control how much of a material is present. Without it, biological molecules, ions, and other substances won't be able to easily and quickly flow down their concentration gradients.
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This illustration shows a kind of animal that is a free-living organism. What is the common name of this organism?
green, elongated structure with a flatter, long brown structure coming out of what appears to be an opening in the green portion of the structure.
An creature that demonstrates the type of animal that is a free-living organism is the Planarian, a kind of flatworm.
The flatworms, also known as Platyhelminthes, are a phylum of soft-bodied, bilaterian, very simple invertebrates. They are acoelomates (have no body cavity), unlike other bilaterians, and lack specific circulatory and respiratory organs, which forces them to adopt flattened forms that permit oxygen and nutrients to diffuse through their bodies. Food cannot be continually processed because there is only one opening in the digestive cavity for both ingestion (the absorption of nutrients) and egestion (the elimination of unprocessed trash).
Although there are a few species of flatworms that live in the wild, the majority of flatworms are parasitic. Turbellarians, also known as planarians are free living flatworm. They have basic body structures. Although there are various species, they all have some characteristics. Their bodies are bilaterally symmetrical, with what essentially amounts to a back, a belly, and a head on each of their left and right sides.
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hydroelectric power plants are most commonly located near group of answer choices coal-powered plants. nuclear-power plants. estuaries. artificial reservoirs.
hydroelectric power plants are most commonly located near d. artificial reservoir
Hydroelectric power plant is a power plant driven by hydraulic power of water. Hydroelectric power plants work by converting potential energy into mechanical energy and then this energy is converted into electrical energy through a generator.
Reservoir is a place on the ground surface that is used to collect or store water during the rainy season. Reservoirs function for agricultural purposes, besides that reservoir water can be used for hydroelectric power. The water in the reservoir will be converted into potential energy with the help of a water turbine into mechanical energy, then the generator will convert it into electricity. That is why hydroelectric power plants are most often located near artificial reservoirs so that they can use the water to convert it into electrical energy.
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Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve? a. amacrine cells b. photoreceptors c. bipolar cells d. retinal ganglion cells.
Answer:
d. Retinal ganglion cells.
Explanation:
Retinal ganglion cells are the type of neuron located in the retina that send axons out of the eye to form the optic nerve. These cells receive input from other neurons in the retina, such as bipolar cells and photoreceptors, and then transmit visual information to the brain via the optic nerve. Amacrine cells and bipolar cells also play important roles in processing visual information in the retina, but they do not make up the optic nerve.
In a population of 2500, how many babies would you expect to have cystic fibrosis, a homozygous recessive condition, if the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.9, and the population is at Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium?
a) 0.9 x 2500 = 2025
b) 2 x 0.9 x 0.1 x 2500 = 800
c) 0.9 x 0.1 x 2500 = 400
d) 0.1 x 0.1 x 2500 = 25
if the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.9, and the population is at Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium d) 0.1 x 0.1 x 2500 = 25 expected to have cystic fibrosis.
The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that in the absence of other evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation. The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to estimate the frequency of alleles in a population.
Based on this equation:
p = the frequency of the dominant allele (represented here by A1)
q = the frequency of the recessive allele (represented here by A2)
freq (A1)= 0.9, so freq (A2)= 0.1.
Freq (A1A2)= q^2 = (0.1)^2= 0.01.
The number of babies with cystic fibrosis= 2500(0.01)= 25.
Hence d is the correct answer.
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which synergist would assist the upper-body pectoral muscles to enhance chest stabilization, strength, or power?
Answer:
The synergist that would assist the upper-body pectoral muscles to enhance chest stabilization, strength, or power is the serratus anterior muscle. This muscle is located on the side of the ribcage and helps to stabilize the shoulder blade when doing chest exercises. It also assists the pectorals in producing force and power when pushing movements. Strengthening this muscle can help to improve your chest stabilization, strength, and power.
jessica recently that she is pregnant. she knows that fertilization normally takes place in the oviduct. which structure functions in this manner?
jessica recently that she is pregnant. she knows that fertilization normally takes place in the oviduct. The structure function of Fallopian tube manner in this.
Between the ovaries and the uterus in the female pelvis lie the fallopian tubes, which are bilateral conduits. They serve as conduits for the movement and fertilisation of oocytes. Due to their function, the fallopian tubes are frequently the cause of infertility and are also the object of intentional surgical sterilisation.
You are unable to become pregnant naturally if you have a bilateral salpingectomy, which involves removing both fallopian tubes. You can try for a pregnancy with IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) if you've had a salpingectomy. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) entails fertilising your eggs in a lab before inserting them into your uterus.
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When tossing a two-sided, fair coin with one side colored yellow and the other side colored green, determine p(yellow). yellow over green green over yellow 2 one half
When tossing a two-sided, fair coin with one side colored yellow and the other side colored green,The probability of getting green P ( green ) = 1/2.
Pea plants are capable of self-pollination without human assistance. As beneficial as this is to plants, it complicated Mendel's research. Due to the fact that self-pollination in a plant that does not vary for a particular characteristic does not provide useful information, he wanted to prevent this from occurring and only permit cross-pollination (pollination between distinct plants).In other words, even though he didn't know in advance exactly which traits would emerge and in what proportions, he needed to regulate what traits may develop in the plants he produced.
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Answer:1/2
Explanation:
a young boy suffers from neurofibromatosis type 1 (nf1), a genetic nervous system disorder that causes tumors to grow around nerve cells. the gene for nf1, approximately 8,400 base pairs long, is located on chromosome 11. what is the best candidate for a vector for gene therapy in this case?
The Herpes Simplex Virus is the greatest option because it can include a strand 8,400 base pairs long, the DNA enters the nucleus directly, can divide along with the cells, and especially targets nerve cells.
What is the purpose of gene therapy?Gene therapy attempts to treat illness or strengthen your body's resistance to illness by replacing a damaged gene or adding a new gene. Numerous disorders, including cancer, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, diabetes, hemophilia, and AIDS, may be treated with gene therapy.
How is it determined which diseases are suitable for gene therapy?Clinical trials are scientific investigations that aid medical professionals in deciding whether a gene treatment strategy is secure for patients. They aid medical professionals in comprehending how gene therapy affects the body. Depending on the ailment you have and the type of gene therapy being employed, your particular process will vary.
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what is cell explain breifly
Answer:
Explanation :-
In biology, the smallest unit that can live on its
own and that makes up all living organisms
and the tissues of the body. A cell has three
main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus,
and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane
surrounds the cell and controls the substances
that go into and out of the cell.
What are three factors that increase genetic diversity?
Mutation, recombination and gene migration are the three main factors that increase the genetic diversity.
Mutation is the sudden change in the normal gene sequence of the DNA. This occurs due to missed proofreading activity of the polymerase enzymes. Mutations can occur due to several reasons and they result in the synthesis of abnormal protein or no protein is formed at all.
Recombination is the process of exchange of the genetic material between the non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes. This occurs during the process meiotic cell division. This results in the progeny having genotype different from their parents and these offspring are termed as recombinants.
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in the cell on the left, how many chromosomes are present during prophase?
6 chromosomes are present during prophase in the cell on the left.
During prophase, each cell contains twice as many chromosomes as a parent cell would normally have. Before going through mitosis, a parent cell first copies its DNA.
Human cells, for instance, typically contain 46 chromosomes. There are 92 chromosomes total during replication.
Prophase is the initial stage of mitosis, which divides the duplicated genetic material present in a parent cell's nucleus into two identical daughter cells. The chromatin, or DNA and protein complex, that makes up the nucleus condenses throughout prophase.
The 92 sister chromatids, which are housed within the cell's nuclear envelope, start to disintegrate during prophase.
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explain how it is possible for a cell to enter and exit this non dividing phase of the cell cycle.
The G0 (G zero) phase is the stage at which a cell exits the cell cycle. Cells have the ability to enter and leave the cell cycle. When cells are at rest, they are in what is known as the G0 (G zero) phase.
They can re-enter the cell cycle in the G1 phase if they receive a signal to begin cell division.
The G0 phase is a resting phase in which the cell has exited the cycle and has ceased dividing. In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, non-dividing cells go from G1 to G0. These cells, like neurons, can remain in G0 for extended periods of time, even indefinitely.
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Please help with all questions
The chromosomes in a cell are often grouped in pairs, from largest to smallest, in a karyotype, which is a photographic image or other depiction of the entire chromosome population.
A karyotype: what is it?
A cell's full complement of chromosomes captured during cell division and placed in a predictable order.A person's entire chromosomal set is known as their karyotype. An image of a person's chromosomes that has been created in a lab, separated from a single cell, and placed in numerical order, is also referred to by this phrase. An abnormality in chromosomal number or structure can be detected via a karyotype.The chromosomes in a cell are often grouped in pairs, from largest to smallest, in a karyotype, which is a photographic image or other depiction of the entire chromosome population.A person's entire chromosomal set is known as their karyotype. An image of a person's chromosomes that has been created in a lab, separated from a single cell, and placed in numerical order, is also referred to by this phrase.The complete question is,
How do you define a karyotype kid?
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Which part of a eukaryotic cell contains the instructions on how to recombine the molecules in nutrients into new molecules that the cell can use?
The instructions on how to recombine the molecules in nutrients into new molecules that the cell can use are found in the DNA, which is located in the cell's nucleus.
What is DNA?DNA is the genetic material that contains the instructions for the cell's growth, reproduction, and function. These instructions are encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA. The process of recombining molecules in nutrients into new molecules that the cell can use is called metabolism, and it takes place in the cell's organelles called mitochondria, where the energy is produced. Mitochondria have their own DNA and are considered as semi-autonomous organelles. They use the information of the DNA to perform the specific function of producing energy, and the DNA in the cell's nucleus provides the overall instructions for the cell's metabolism.
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cattle live in an area where the streams are dry. for which basic need do these cattle most likely compete?
Cattle most likely to compete for water. Since these other demands can usually be satisfied in other ways, competition for water is likely to be more significant to cattle than it is for food, housing, or energy. Compared to humans, cattle display pain and damage less visibly. As a result, when cattle do display signs of distress, they are subtle. When an animal is in pain, its welfare is damaged, and it's possible that this will have an impact on its production and health. Stereotypical behavior is a sign of a cow's poor well being and their frustration at being unable to act in a way that is normal.
Oral stereotypes, which are related to nutrient and forage deficiencies, and ambulatory stereotypes, which are brought on by constrained behavior, are frequent in cattle.
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From 2004 to 2010 which genetically engineered crop had the greatest increase in acreage? Explain your reasoning.
PLSSS HELP!
Herbicides-resistant corn saw the greatest increase in acreage between 2004 to 2010 because it leaped from 20 to over 70%.
What are genetically engineered crops?Genetic Modification (GM) is a technology that involves inserting DNA into an organism's genome. New DNA is transferred into plant cells to create a GM plant. Typically, the cells are grown in tissue culture and eventually develop into plants. The new DNA will be passed down to the seeds produced by these plants.
Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to increase yield by introducing resistance to plant diseases or increased herbicide tolerance. Herbicide-resistant corn saw the greatest increase in 2004 and 2010, increasing from 20% to more than 70%.
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Which of the following changes following the start codon in the mRNA would most likely have the greatest deleterious effect?A) a deletion of a single nucleotideB) a deletion of a nucleotide tripletC) a single nucleotide substitution of the nucleotide occupying the first codon positionD) a single nucleotide substitution of the nucleotide occupying the third codon position
Answer:
A) a deletion of a single nucleotide would most likely have the greatest deleterious effect.
Explanation:
The genetic code in the mRNA is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons, which correspond to a specific amino acid. A change in any of the nucleotides in a codon can cause a change in the amino acid that it codes for, which can affect the structure and function of the protein that is synthesized. The start codon is the first codon read by the ribosome and initiates translation, so it's essential for the correct initiation of protein synthesis.
A deletion of a single nucleotide would disrupt the reading frame of the mRNA, causing a frameshift mutation, and all the codons downstream of the deletion would be shifted by one nucleotide, leading to a different amino acid sequence than the original one. This would likely have a greater deleterious effect on the protein's structure and function than a single nucleotide substitution.
A deletion of a nucleotide triplet would have similar effect as a deletion of a single nucleotide, since it would also disrupt the reading frame. A single nucleotide substitution at the first codon position would change the amino acid at the start of the protein, but it may not be as disruptive as a frameshift mutation. A single nucleotide substitution at the third codon position may also cause a change in the amino acid, but it is less likely to have a significant effect on the protein's structure and function than a frameshift mutation.
Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment? O nitrous oxide O sulfur dioxide O oxygen carbon O dioxide methane gas
Methane gas is currently considered to be one of the biggest threats to the environment. Thus Fourth option is the answer
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, which means it traps heat in the atmosphere and contributes to the warming of the planet. It is estimated that methane is 28 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time frame.
The largest sources of methane emissions are from the oil and gas industry, landfills, and agriculture (enteric fermentation in domesticated animals and manure management).
While other pollutants such as nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide also have negative effects on the environment, methane is considered a more significant threat because of its high global warming potential.
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How many codons are needed to bring one amino acid to the ribosome?
Answer:
One codon corresponds to three nucleotides. One codon translates to one amino acid.
Explanation:
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