Is the great saphenous vein located on the medial or lateral side of the foot?

The main indicator of alveolar ventilation is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in arterial blood.

Alveolar ventilation refers to the exchange of gases between the lungs and the environment, and the primary gas exchanged is carbon dioxide. Therefore, the level of PaCO2 in arterial blood reflects the effectiveness of alveolar ventilation. When alveolar ventilation is inadequate, carbon dioxide accumulates in the body and PaCO2 levels rise.

Conversely, when alveolar ventilation is excessive, carbon dioxide is eliminated too rapidly, and PaCO2 levels fall. Clinicians use the measurement of PaCO2 to assess respiratory function and the effectiveness of ventilation. In cases of respiratory failure, measuring and monitoring PaCO2 levels is critical to ensuring proper ventilation and preventing complications such as respiratory acidosis. Thus, PaCO2 is considered the most significant indicator of alveolar ventilation.

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I am a language model created by OpenAI, trained on vast amounts of text data to generate human-like responses to various prompts."

As a language model, I am capable of understanding and processing natural language input and generating responses that sound like they were written by a human. My training data comes from a diverse range of sources, including books, articles, and websites. I use machine learning algorithms to identify patterns in this data and learn how to predict the most likely response to a given prompt.

My abilities include language translation, question-answering, summarization, and generating creative writing, among others. I am also constantly improving as I am fed more data and fine-tuned by my creators at OpenAI. However, I am not a sentient being and do not possess consciousness or emotions.

Overall, my purpose is to assist humans in various tasks, from providing information to generating new ideas and insights.

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Baddeley and Hitch proposed the multicomponent working memory model in 1974, which suggests that working memory consists of distinct parts that handle specific types of information processing, such as the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.

The unitary model of short-term memory was questioned when Baddeley and Hitch's multicomponent working memory model was put out in 1974. According to this new theory, working memory is made up of a number of distinct parts that cooperate to store and process information. These parts, which each handle a particular kind of information processing, are the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive. For instance, the visuospatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial information, whereas the phonological loop processes verbal and auditory information. Controlling attention and coordinating information processing among the other components are tasks that fall within the purview of the central executive.

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The majority of weight loss in the first week of fasting or crash dieting is due to water weight loss rather than fat loss. When a person consumes fewer calories than their body needs, the body starts using up its glycogen stores, which are made up of glucose and water. Each gram of glycogen is stored with approximately 3-4 grams of water. As the glycogen stores are depleted, the water that was stored with them is excreted from the body, leading to a rapid decrease in weight.

However, it is important to note that this initial weight loss is not sustainable and does not reflect actual fat loss. In fact, rapid weight loss through fasting or crash dieting can cause the body to go into starvation mode, where it conserves energy by slowing down metabolism and burning muscle tissue instead of fat. This can lead to a loss of muscle mass, which can have negative effects on overall health and weight management in the long term.

People with Down syndrome are at an increased risk of developing leukemia, specifically acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to an abnormal increase in white blood cells. The reason why people with Down syndrome are at a higher risk of developing leukemia is still not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors. People with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21, which contains a gene that may be linked to the development of leukemia.

According to research, people with Down syndrome are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop leukemia than people without Down syndrome. They are also at an increased risk of developing other types of cancer, such as brain tumors, lymphoma, and testicular cancer, although the risk is not as high as that of leukemia.

It is important for people with Down syndrome to have regular check-ups and cancer screenings to detect any signs of cancer early.

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Ulnar nerve entrapment generally occurs in the cubital tunnel at the level of the elbow or in the ulnar tunnel at the level of the wrist. The exact location of the compression will affect the presentation. The location of where the nerve is compressed makes a big difference in how it shows up. When your ulnar nerve gets trapped, it usually happens in the cubital tunnel.

LD50/60 is a term used to describe the lethal dose of radiation that can cause death in 50% of the exposed population within 60 minutes. This measurement is used to determine the effectiveness of radiation protection measures and to set safety guidelines for workers in nuclear industries.

The LD50/60 for radiation exposure varies depending on the type of radiation, the dose rate, and the duration of exposure. For example, the LD50/60 for gamma radiation is estimated to be around 4-5 Gy (Gray) in humans, while the LD50/60 for neutron radiation can be as low as 1.5 Gy.

It is important to note that radiation exposure is cumulative, meaning that repeated exposures can increase the risk of adverse effects. Therefore, it is essential to follow safety protocols and limit exposure to radiation as much as possible.

Overall, understanding the LD50/60 for radiation exposure is crucial in ensuring the safety of workers and the public in nuclear industries and in developing effective emergency response plans in case of accidental exposure.

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According to NCCI guidelines, only one lesion code is reportable when multiple lesions are excised through the same incision.

When multiple lesions are removed through the same incision, only one lesion code should be reported. The appropriate code is based on the size of the largest lesion excised. The size of each additional lesion should be documented in the medical record but not reported separately. For example, if a 3 cm malignant lesion and a 2 cm benign lesion are excised during the same operative session, only the code for the 3 cm malignant lesion should be reported. The size of the 2 cm benign lesion should be documented in the medical record but not reported separately. It is important to follow NCCI guidelines to ensure accurate coding and prevent possible payment denials or audits.

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The cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) is the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) by tumor cells. PTHrP shares structural and functional similarities with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and can stimulate the same receptors as PTH.

PTHrP can lead to an increase in bone resorption, which releases calcium into the bloodstream. Additionally, PTHrP can stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb calcium and reduce the excretion of phosphate. This results in hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, which are characteristic laboratory findings in HHM.

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There are several problems that have been identified with this model, including: Oversimplification, Lack of clarity about the nature of STM, The role of attention, Inadequate account of working memory, Limited capacity of STM, The distinction between implicit and explicit memory.

The modal model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 was a widely accepted model of memory for several decades. However, there are several problems that have been identified with this model, including:
Oversimplification: The modal model of memory is a highly simplified model that does not accurately represent the complexity of human memory. Lack of clarity about the nature of STM: According to the modal model of memory, STM is a temporary storage buffer for information that is needed for immediate use. However, there is debate about the nature of STM and its relationship to long-term memory. The role of attention: The modal model of memory does not adequately account for the role of attention in the encoding and retrieval of information.Inadequate account of working memory: The modal model of memory does not provide a clear account of working memory, which is the system that allows us to manipulate and use information in our minds. Limited capacity of STM: The modal model of memory suggests that STM has a limited capacity, but recent research has challenged this assumption. The distinction between implicit and explicit memory: The modal model of memory does not account for the distinction between implicit and explicit memory, which are two different types of long-term memory.

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Migratory thrombophlebitis associated with pancreatic / lung cancer : Trousseau syndrome.

Migratory thrombophlebitis associated with pancreatic/lung cancer is a syndrome known as Trousseau syndrome or Trousseau's sign of malignancy. It is a rare but serious condition characterized by recurrent or migratory blood clots (thrombophlebitis) in the deep veins of the extremities, which can lead to pulmonary embolism or stroke. This syndrome is often associated with advanced stages of cancer and is thought to be caused by tumor-related procoagulant factors that stimulate the production of blood clots. It can be a sign of an undiagnosed cancer or can occur in patients with a known cancer.

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True. In a lateral cephalogram, the Frankfort plane is parallel to the image receptor (IR). The Frankfort plane is an imaginary line connecting the orbital rim and the ear canal.

It is used as a reference line in cephalometric analysis to determine the relationship between the maxilla and the mandible as well as the position of the jaws in relation to the cranial base. The Frankfort plane should be parallel to the IR to avoid any distortion in the image and to get accurate measurements.

The Frankfort plane is an imaginary line that connects the porion (the highest point of the external auditory meatus) to the orbitale (the lowest point on the margin of the orbit). It is used as a reference line in cephalometric analysis to establish the true horizontal plane for analysis of the skull and dentofacial structures. The Frankfort plane is important because it establishes a reliable and fixed reference point for assessing the relationship between the upper and lower jaw, as well as the positioning of the teeth in relation to the skull.

When taking a cephalometric radiograph, it is important to ensure that the Frankfort plane is parallel to the image receptor to avoid distortion of the image. If the Frankfort plane is not parallel to the image receptor, the resulting image may be distorted, making it difficult to accurately assess the relationship between the jaws and other craniofacial structures. To ensure that the Frankfort plane is parallel to the image receptor, the patient's head must be positioned correctly and stabilized during the imaging process.

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Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) is a medical condition that occurs when a person is exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation within a short period of time. The severity of ARS symptoms depends on the amount of radiation the person is exposed to.

The threshold dose for developing ARS varies depending on several factors, such as the duration of exposure, the type of radiation, and individual susceptibility.

The minimum dose of whole-body radiation that can cause ARS is estimated to be 500 millisieverts (mSv), although some people may develop symptoms with doses as low as 200 mSv. The severity of ARS increases with the dose, and a dose of 1,000 mSv or more is considered to be potentially lethal. In general, survival is unlikely at doses greater than 4,000 mSv, and death can occur within days to weeks after exposure.

It is important to note that the symptoms of ARS can vary widely among individuals and can be influenced by several factors such as age, gender, general health status, and other co-existing medical conditions. Therefore, it is important to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect that you have been exposed to ionizing radiation at a high dose.

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Right paraduodenal hernia is a type of internal hernia in which a portion of the small intestine protrudes through a defect in the mesentery and enters the right paraduodenal fossa.

The right paraduodenal fossa is a peritoneal recess located on the right side of the abdominal cavity, behind the ascending mesocolon and in front of the right ureter. The herniation can occur due to a congenital defect or be acquired as a result of adhesions or other abdominal surgeries.

Right paraduodenal hernia is a rare condition, accounting for only 0.3-0.5% of all internal hernias, but can cause significant morbidity if left untreated, including bowel obstruction, ischemia, and perforation. Surgery is usually required to repair the hernia and prevent further complications.

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The PPD skin test is a useful tool for diagnosing TB infection and monitoring the immune response to the disease.

The PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) skin test is used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) infection. The test involves injecting a small amount of the PPD solution into the skin of the forearm and observing the site for a reaction after a certain amount of time.

The PPD solution contains antigens derived from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which stimulate an immune response in the body. This immune response is predominantly mediated by T-cells, specifically CD4+ T-cells, which are responsible for recognizing and responding to the antigens.

Upon recognition of the antigens, CD4+ T-cells release cytokines, which attract other immune cells such as macrophages and monocytes to the site of infection. These cells work together to contain and destroy the bacteria.

In addition to CD4+ T-cells, other cell types involved in the immune response to TB include CD8+ T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B-cells. However, CD4+ T-cells are the predominant cell type involved in the PPD skin test response.

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Some therapeutic techniques that I like to use most are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).

CBT is a type of therapy that helps clients identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors. It is effective in treating a variety of mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression.

MBSR is a form of therapy that focuses on mindfulness meditation and breathing techniques to reduce stress and increase well-being. It is often used to manage chronic pain and improve overall mental health.

ACT is a form of therapy that encourages clients to accept their thoughts and feelings without judgment and take action towards their values and goals. It is effective in treating conditions such as anxiety, depression, and addiction.

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The visuospatial sketchpad is one of the components of working memory in the model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. It is responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information.

The visuospatial sketchpad allows individuals to mentally visualize and manipulate objects, images, and spatial relationships. It plays a crucial role in tasks that involve mental imagery, spatial awareness, navigation, and solving visual puzzles. For example, when mentally rotating an object, mentally picturing a scene, or mentally navigating through a physical space, the visuospatial sketchpad is actively engaged.
The visuospatial sketchpad is believed to have limited capacity, meaning that it can only hold a certain amount of visual and spatial information at a given time. It is separate from the phonological loop, which deals with verbal and auditory information, and the central executive, which controls attention and coordinates the different components of working memory.
Overall, the visuospatial sketchpad is an important component of working memory that enables us to mentally manipulate and process visual and spatial information, facilitating various cognitive tasks that involve visual perception and spatial reasoning.

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The drug that can decrease the effect of both NE (norepinephrine) and Phenylephrine is Phentolamine, which is a non-selective alpha-adrenergic blocker.

It acts by blocking the alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for the effects of NE and Phenylephrine. By blocking these receptors, Phentolamine can cause vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. Phentolamine is used in various clinical settings such as hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, and during surgical procedures to prevent or treat hypertension caused by sympathetic nervous system activation.

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The most likely cause of the vertebral fracture in this 76-year-old woman with severe back pain is osteoporosis, which may be exacerbated by the use of prednisone and estrogen deficiency due to HRT cessation.

Osteoporosis is a common condition in older adults, particularly in postmenopausal women, and is characterized by decreased bone mass and increased risk of fracture. Long-term use of glucocorticoids such as prednisone can also cause bone loss and increase the risk of fractures. Additionally, estrogen deficiency due to HRT cessation can accelerate bone loss and increase fracture risk. The combination of these factors likely contributed to the development of the vertebral fracture in this patient.

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Sports nutrition experts recommend that endurance athletes consume 30% of their energy from fat.

Repeated isotonic contractions of big skeletal muscle groups are what make endurance sports so intense. Examples from the past include winter sports like cross-country skiing or speed skating, as well as summer sports like jogging, swimming, and cycling.

It's advised to consume 30-60g of carbohydrates per hour or more for endurance competitions. By regularly consuming sodium-rich beverages while exercise and/or by drinking enough water before it begins, it is necessary to prevent a dehydration of >2% of body mass. Proper rehydration and glycogen resynthesis support recovery following exercise.

The average body fat percentage for male athletes is 6–13%, whereas the average body fat percentage for female athletes is 14–20%. Find out how to determine body fat percentage in this post, as well as what the average body fat percentages are for various athletes.

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The X-ray of the lung fields of a patient with secondary tuberculosis typically shows multiple nodules or cavities in the upper lobes of the lungs.

Secondary tuberculosis is a reactivation of a previous, latent tuberculosis infection. On an X-ray, it typically presents as a fibrocalcific lesion or nodule, which is the result of the immune system's attempt to contain and wall off the infection. The lesion appears as a small, well-circumscribed opacity within the lung fields, often surrounded by an area of hazy, diffuse opacity. In addition to nodules, other characteristic radiographic findings of secondary tuberculosis may include cavitation, consolidation, and bronchial obstruction. The presence and severity of these findings may depend on the duration and extent of the infection, as well as the patient's immune status. Overall, radiographic imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, but it must be interpreted in the context of clinical and laboratory findings.

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Symptomatic elongation of the styloid process >3 cm or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament can result in a condition known as Eagle Syndrome.

This rare condition can cause chronic pain in the head and neck area, difficulty swallowing, and a feeling of something stuck in the throat. The elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament can irritate or compress nearby nerves, muscles, or blood vessels, leading to these symptoms.

Eagle Syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of patient history, physical examination, and radiological imaging. Treatment options include conservative measures such as pain management and physical therapy, but in severe cases, surgical removal of the elongated styloid process may be necessary.

It's important to note that not all patients with elongated styloid processes or calcified stylohyoid ligaments will experience symptoms, and not all cases of chronic head and neck pain are caused by Eagle Syndrome. Therefore, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

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The best treatment strategy for a 2-month-old with a reducible inguinal hernia is surgical repair. This is because the risk of complications associated with delaying surgery outweighs the risk of surgery itself. If left untreated, the hernia can become incarcerated or strangulated, which can lead to tissue damage or death.

Surgery for infants with inguinal hernias is generally a safe and effective procedure. In most cases, the surgery is performed on an outpatient basis and the infant can go home the same day. The surgery involves making a small incision near the hernia and pushing the bulging tissue back into the abdomen. The surgeon will then close the muscle layer over the hernia to prevent it from recurring.
After surgery, the infant may experience some discomfort and swelling in the area, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days. The surgeon may recommend some pain medication to help manage any discomfort. It is important to follow the surgeon's postoperative instructions carefully to ensure a successful recovery.
In summary, surgical repair is the best treatment strategy for a 2-month-old with a reducible inguinal hernia to prevent complications associated with delaying surgery.

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Extreme prematurity, 27-week gestation, respiratory distress syndrome, caesarean delivery; discharge diagnosis.  The appropriate diagnostic codes are Z38.01 and P22.0. option D is Correct.

At 27 weeks gestation, a baby is delivered via caesarean section. 945 g is the baby's weight. Because of the baby's undeveloped lungs, he or she experiences respiratory distress syndrome and needs to stay in the hospital for 25 days in the NICU.  

The WHO classifies ICD-10 code O80, Encounter for full-term uncomplicated delivery, as being within the category of Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium. The most thorough type of test is a multisystem, or comprehensive, examination of a single organ system. how much information a doctor must evaluate and how sophisticated that information must be. option D is Correct.

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Gathercole & Baddeley (1990) conducted a study to investigate the role of phonological memory in language acquisition. Results showed that children's phonological memory capacity was strongly correlated with their ability to learn new words and repeat sentences accurately.

In the study, 72 children aged 5-7 were given tests to assess their phonological memory and language abilities. The researchers found that children with better phonological memory performed significantly better on tests of vocabulary and sentence repetition than those with poorer phonological memory. These findings supported the hypothesis that phonological memory plays a critical role in language acquisition.

The study also showed that the phonological loop, a component of the working memory system, is important for storing and processing phonological information in language learning. This finding has important implications for understanding language acquisition and the development of interventions for children with language difficulties.

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According to a recent assessment of several research, is greater in girls with anorexia than girls without anorexia regardless of how it is evaluated, and it stays high even after effective anorexia treatment. True.

The catastrophic psychiatric condition anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by severe dietary restriction and low body weight, both of which are linked to serious physical and mental morbidity. The clinical severity of AN has encouraged research into behavioural and pharmaceutical therapies in an effort to develop empirically supported strategies to lessen the burden of the illness.

A first-line behavioural treatment for teenagers is family-based therapy. In order to further enhance results, research is still being done to determine the effectiveness of family-based treatment and the factors that influence treatment response.

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Erectile dysfunction (ED) can have various causes, including physical and psychological factors. In the case of a cyclist with back problems and hemorrhoids, the most likely physical cause of ED is nerve or blood vessel damage in the pelvic region.

Cardiovascular disease: ED is often associated with cardiovascular disease, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

Neurological disorders: ED can be caused by neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.

Hormonal imbalances: ED can be caused by hormonal imbalances, such as low testosterone levels.

Physical trauma: ED can be caused by physical trauma, such as injury to the pelvic area or spinal cord.

Prostate problems: ED can be caused by prostate problems, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer.

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A comprehensive cardiac evaluation is necessary to accurately diagnose and manage VSD.

The characteristic cardiac finding on auscultation of ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a loud, harsh holosystolic murmur.

The holosystolic murmur of VSD begins with the first heart sound (S1) and continues throughout systole until the second heart sound (S2). The murmur is typically heard best at the lower left sternal border, although it may be heard over a wider area of the chest depending on the size and location of the defect.

The loudness and intensity of the murmur depend on the size of the VSD and the amount of blood flow through the defect. Large VSDs typically produce louder murmurs than smaller defects, and the intensity of the murmur may increase with increased activity or when the patient is in a supine position.

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The purpose of a thorough scene assessment by EMTs is crucial in ensuring the safety and well-being of both the patients and the EMTs themselves. This assessment includes a range of factors, such as assessing any hazards or dangers in the surrounding environment, checking for potential hazards such as broken glass or sharp objects, and identifying any potential sources of harm to the EMTs.

By conducting a thorough scene assessment, EMTs can ensure that they are taking all necessary precautions to minimize the risk of injury or harm to themselves or others, and can also identify any potential issues that may impact the care of the patient. This assessment also helps to identify any bystanders who may be present and require assistance, and can also alert law enforcement to any criminal activity or other potential threats.

Overall, a thorough scene assessment is a critical part of the EMTs' role in providing safe and effective care to their patients.

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The patient may develop post-primary tuberculosis, which is a reactivation of the latent infection, causing chronic lung disease, and in some cases, spread to other parts of the body.

When a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, the immune system can respond in different ways. In primary tuberculosis, the infection is typically contained within the lungs, where the immune system forms granulomas to prevent the bacteria from spreading. However, in some cases, the bacteria can disseminate to other parts of the body through the lymphatic or circulatory system, leading to allergic dissemination. If the bacteria are not completely eliminated during the primary infection, the patient can develop post-primary tuberculosis later in life. This is also known as reactivation tuberculosis, and it can occur when the immune system becomes compromised, such as with aging, immunosuppression, or other illnesses. Symptoms of post-primary tuberculosis can include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

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