Change in M = -$500 because the money in circulation decreases. Change in M2 = no change as money is only transferred from account to cash holding. Hence this will not affect money supply.
Jane withdraws $500 in cash from her savings account. This means that there is a decrease of $500 in her savings account.
Jane has $4000 in her savings account before withdrawal, so after the withdrawal,
she has $4000 - $500 = $3500 in her savings account.
Therefore, Change in M = -$500 because the amount of money in circulation decreases by $500.
Change in M2 = no change because the money is simply transferred from a savings account to a cash holding, which does not affect the M2 money supply.
Here are the transactions that occur in this scenario:
Jane withdraws $500 from her checking account, leaving her with $2000 - $500 = $1500 in her account.
Jane uses $300 to pay her federal income tax, leaving her with $500 - $300 = $200 in cash.
Jane buys a set of used golf clubs for $120 from her neighbor who deposits the $120 into his checking account.
Jane deposits the remaining cash from the $500 withdrawal into her savings account, increasing her savings account balance by $80 (i.e., $200 - $120).
Therefore, Change in M = -$180 because the amount of money in circulation decreases by $180.
Change in M2 = -$120 because the money has been transferred from Jane's checking account to her neighbor's checking account.
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During an internal audit, the Auditor is shown the audit report of previous internal audit, which include a non-conformity report stating that three (3) staff in purchase department had not been trained in the use of approved supplier list. The correction action taken was to verify all the pre-approved supplier list and bring them into conformance to the set criteria. The audit report non-conformity was closed thereafter. The Purchase Department Auditee tells you that no further investigation and actions were taken afterwards. You have checked the associated records, and it confirms the Auditee’s narration. If you think there is evidence of non-conformity, complete the Nonconformity Report, stating the relevance of each action.
Based on the given information, there is evidence of a non-conformity in the purchase department regarding the training of three staff members in the use of the approved supplier list.
The non-conformity relates to the fact that three staff members in the purchase department had not been trained in the use of the approved supplier list. This non-conformity was identified in the previous internal audit, and the correction action taken at that time was to verify all the pre-approved supplier lists and bring them into conformance with the set criteria. The audit report indicated that the non-conformity was closed after this correction action was taken.
However, the Purchase Department Auditee has informed you that no further investigation or actions were taken after the non-conformity was closed. This means that the root cause of the non-conformity was not addressed, and there is a potential risk of the non-conformity reoccurring in the future.
To address this situation, you should complete a Nonconformity Report, outlining the details of the non-conformity and its relevance. The report should include information such as:
Nonconformity Description: Specify the non-conformity, which is the lack of training of three staff members in the use of the approved supplier list.Relevance: Explain why this non-conformity is significant and relevant to the organization. For example, highlight the potential risks associated with using untrained staff to select suppliers, such as compromising product quality or supplier performance.Root Cause Analysis: Investigate and identify the underlying reasons why no further investigation or actions were taken after the non-conformity was closed. This could include factors like inadequate follow-up procedures, lack of accountability, or insufficient management oversight.Corrective Actions: Propose appropriate corrective actions to address the root cause and prevent the recurrence of the non-conformity. For instance, these actions could involve implementing a system for tracking and verifying staff training, establishing clear responsibilities for follow-up actions, or improving management oversight of the audit process.Follow-up and Verification: Outline a plan for verifying the effectiveness of the proposed corrective actions, including timelines, responsible parties, and methods for measuring compliance.By completing the Nonconformity Report and addressing the root cause of the non-conformity, you can help ensure that appropriate actions are taken to prevent similar issues in the future and enhance the effectiveness of the internal audit process.
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Q22 give correct answer in 10 mins i will thumb up
thanks
QUESTION 22 On January 1, Castagno Corporation had 1,600,000 ordinary shares with a $10 par value outstanding. On March 31, the company declared a 15% share dividend Market value was $15/share. As a r
On January 1, Castagno Corporation had 1,600,000 ordinary shares with a $10 par value outstanding. On March 31, the company declared a 15% share dividend. Market value was $15/share.
As a result, Castagno Corporation would pay 240,000 shares of stock dividends and increase the number of its outstanding shares to 1,840,000 (1,600,000 + 240,000).
Calculation of the dividends payable is as follows:
Shares Outstanding = 1,600,000Par Value per Share = $10Total Par Value = Shares Outstanding × Par Value per ShareTotal Par Value = 1,600,000 × $10Total Par Value = $16,000,000Cash Dividend Rate = 15%Market Value per Share = $15Total Market Value = Shares Outstanding × Market Value per ShareTotal Market Value = 1,600,000 × $15Total Market Value = $24,000,000Value of Stock Dividend = Cash Dividend Rate × Total Market ValueValue of Stock Dividend = 15% × $24,000,000Value of Stock Dividend = $3,600,000Number of Shares Issued as Stock Dividend = Value of Stock Dividend / Market Value per ShareNumber of Shares Issued as Stock Dividend = $3,600,000 / $15Number of Shares Issued as Stock Dividend = 240,000 shares
Therefore, Castagno Corporation would pay 240,000 shares of stock dividends, and the number of its outstanding shares would increase to 1,840,000 (1,600,000 + 240,000).This answer has been provided in about 150 words.
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Theory of perfect competition does not assume .........
A. Large quantity of sellers and buyers
B. Buyers and sellers to have all relevant information with respect to prices, product quality and sources of supply
C. firms to sell differentiated products
D. easy entry and exit from the market
Theory of perfect competition does not assume firms to sell differentiated products. Option -C is correct answer.
The theory of perfect competition assumes that there is a large number of sellers and buyers in the market, buyers and sellers have all relevant information regarding prices, product quality, and sources of supply, and there is easy entry and exit from the market. However, it does not assume that firms sell differentiated products. In perfect competition, products are homogeneous, meaning they are identical and indistinguishable from one another.
This assumption ensures that all firms in the market are price takers and have no control over the market price.
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Ted Karl has owned and operated a proprietorship for several years. On January 1, he de cides to end this business and become a partner in the firm of Kurl and Karl. Karl's investment in the partnership consists of $12,000 cash and the following assets from the proprietorship: accounts receivable of $14,000 less an allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,000, and equipment of $20,000 less accumulated amortization of $4,000. It is agreed that the net realizable value of the accounts receivable should be $11,000 for the partnership. The fair market value of the equipment is $17,500 The partnership will also assume responsibility for Karl's accounts payable of $6,000. Instructions Journalize Karl's admission to Kurl and Karl on January 1.
On January 1, journalize Karl's admission to Kurl and Karl:
**Entry 1:**
Cash | $12,000
Karl, Capital | $12,000
**Entry 2:**
Accounts Receivable | $14,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | $2,000
Karl, Capital | $12,000
**Entry 3:**
Equipment | $20,000
Accumulated Amortization | $4,000
Karl, Capital | $16,000
**Entry 4:**
Karl, Capital | $20,000
Goodwill | $5,500
Accounts Receivable | $3,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | $1,000
Equipment | $3,500
**Entry 5:**
Accounts Payable | $6,000
Karl, Capital | $6,000
Explanation:
Entry 1 records Karl's investment of $12,000 cash into the partnership.
Entry 2 transfers the accounts receivable and the allowance for doubtful accounts from Karl's proprietorship to the partnership. The difference between the accounts receivable ($14,000) and the allowance for doubtful accounts ($2,000) is $12,000, which is credited to Karl's capital account.
Entry 3 transfers the equipment and its accumulated amortization from Karl's proprietorship to the partnership. The net book value of the equipment is $16,000, which is credited to Karl's capital account.
Entry 4 records the revaluation of the accounts receivable and the equipment to their agreed-upon values. The excess of the net realizable value of accounts receivable ($11,000) over the carrying amount ($9,000) is recorded as goodwill ($2,000). The fair market value of the equipment ($17,500) is also recorded, and the difference between the fair market value and the net book value ($3,500) is credited to Karl's capital account.
Entry 5 accounts for the assumption of Karl's accounts payable by the partnership, which is debited to the accounts payable account and credited to Karl's capital account.
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compute the profitability index for each investment proposal. (round your answers to 2 decimal places.) 2. rank the proposals in terms of preference.
For every dollar invested in Proposal A, we can expect a return of $1.10. Proposal B is the better investment proposal. It has a higher profitability index, which indicates that it will provide higher returns per dollar invested.
To compute the profitability index for each investment proposal, we need to follow these steps: Step 1: Calculate the present value of cash inflows To find the present value of cash inflows, we multiply the cash inflows for each year by their respective present value factors. Present value factor = 1 / (1 + discount rate)^n Where n = number of years and the discount rate = the required rate of return Year Cash Inflows Present Value Factor Present Value of Cash Inflows Proposal A Present Value Factor: Year 1: $50,000 × 0.9434 = $47,170Year 2: $75,000 × 0.8890 = $66,675Year 3: $60,000 × 0.8396 = $50,376Total present value of cash inflows for proposal A = $47,170 + $66,675 + $50,376 = $164,221Present Value Factor: Year 1: $80,000 × 0.9434 = $75,472Year 2: $50,000 × 0.8890 = $44,450Year 3: $40,000 × 0.8396 = $33,584Total present value of cash inflows for proposal B = $75,472 + $44,450 + $33,584 = $153,506Profitability Index: Profitability Index = Present Value of Cash Inflows / Initial Investment Proposal A: Profitability Index = $164,221 / $150,000 = 1.10Proposal B:Profitability Index = $153,506 / $125,000 = 1.23Ranking of Proposals: Proposal B has the higher profitability index of 1.23, which indicates that it is the better investment proposal. Therefore, Proposal B should be preferred over Proposal A. Profitability index is the ratio of the present value of future cash flows divided by the initial investment. It is a useful tool for investors to evaluate investments. The profitability index helps investors in identifying the investments that provide the highest returns per dollar invested. In this question, we have two investment proposals, A and B. We have computed the present value of cash inflows for each proposal and then calculated the profitability index for each proposal.Proposal A has a profitability index of 1.10, while Proposal B has a profitability index of 1.23. This means that for every dollar invested in Proposal B, we can expect a return of $1.23.
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1 a) Authentic Corporation buys a French Franch put option. Contract size is FF250,000 at the premium of USDO.03 per franch. If the exercise price is USDO.3500 and spot price on the expiration date is
Authentic Corporation buys a French Franch put option, the contract size is FF250,000 at the premium of USDO.03 per franch. If the exercise price is USDO.3500 and spot price on the expiration date
The given data is:
Contract size= FF250,000Premium= USDO.03 per franch
Exercise price= USDO.3500
Formula used:
Put option price = premium + Max [(X - S), 0]
Where, X = Exercise price
S = Spot price
Let's use the formula for put option price.
Put option price = premium + Max [(X - S), 0]Put option price = USDO.03 + Max [(USDO.3500 - S), 0]1a) If the spot price on the expiration date is USDO.3300
Put option price = USDO.03 + Max [(USDO.3500 - USDO.3300), 0]
Put option price = USDO.03 + Max [USDO.0200, 0]
Put option price = USDO.03 + USDO.0200
Put option price = USDO.0500
As per the given data, we have the contract size= FF250,000
Premium= USDO.03 per franch
Exercise price= USDO.3500
Formula used:Put option price = premium + Max [(X - S), 0]
Where, X = Exercise priceS = Spot price
Let's use the formula for put option price.
Put option price = premium + Max [(X - S), 0]
Put option price = USDO.03 + Max [(USDO.3500 - S), 0]1a) If the spot price on the expiration date is USDO.3300
Put option price = USDO.03 + Max [(USDO.3500 - USDO.3300), 0]
Put option price = USDO.03 + Max [USDO.0200, 0]
Put option price = USDO.03 + USDO.0200
Put option price = USDO.0500
Therefore, the value of the put option on the expiration date is USDO.0500 if the spot price on the expiration date is USDO.3300.
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Jiminy’s Cricket Farm issued a bond with 30 years to maturity and a semiannual coupon rate of 5 percent 6 years ago. The bond currently sells for 106 percent of its face value. The company’s tax rate is 25 percent. The book value of the debt issue is $55 million. In addition, the company has a second debt issue on the market, a zero coupon bond with 10 years left to maturity; the book value of this issue is $45 million, and the bonds sell for 73 percent of par.
a. What is the company’s total book value of debt? (Enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g. 1,234,567.)
b. What is the company’s total market value of debt? (Enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g. 1,234,567.)
c. What is your best estimate of the aftertax cost of debt? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a. Total book value of debtJiminy’s Cricket Farm has two debt issues on the market. One is the bond with 30 years to maturity and a semiannual coupon rate of 5 percent, which was issued 6 years ago.
The other is a zero coupon bond with 10 years left to maturity. Given the following details:Book value of the first debt issue = $55 millionBook value of the second debt issue = $45 millionTherefore, the total book value of debt is:Total book value of debt = Book value of the first debt issue + Book value of the second debt issueTotal book value of debt = $55 million + $45 millionTotal book value of debt = $100 millionTherefore, the total book value of debt is $100 million.b. Total market value of debtThe company’s bond with 30 years to maturity currently sells for 106 percent of its face value, while the zero coupon bond with 10 years left to maturity sells for 73 percent of its face value. The face value of the bond with 30 years to maturity is not given. However, we can calculate it as follows:Using the semiannual coupon rate of 5 percent:5% = (Coupon payment) / (Face value)Coupon payment = (5/100) * Face valueCoupon payment = $0.05 * Face valueCoupon payment = $50,000Therefore, the bond pays $50,000 every 6 months or $100,000 every year in coupon payments.Since the bond sells for 106 percent of its face value:Market value of the bond = 106% * Face valueMarket value of the bond = 1.06 * Face valueMarket value of the bond = $1,060 * (Coupon payments per year / Market interest rate)Market interest rate = 2.5% (5% semiannual coupon rate / 2)Market value of the bond = $1,060 * (2 * $100,000 / 0.025)Market value of the bond = $84,800,000Similarly, the market value of the zero coupon bond is:Market value of the zero coupon bond = 73% * Face valueMarket value of the zero coupon bond = 0.73 * $45,000,000Market value of the zero coupon bond = $32,850,000Therefore, the total market value of debt is:Total market value of debt = Market value of the first debt issue + Market value of the second debt issueTotal market value of debt = $84,800,000 + $32,850,000Total market value of debt = $117,650,000Therefore, the total market value of debt is $117,650,000.c. Aftertax cost of debtThe aftertax cost of debt is given by the following formula:Aftertax cost of debt = (Cost of debt) * (1 - Tax rate)Given that the company’s tax rate is 25 percent, we need to find the cost of debt.Using the formula for the bond with 30 years to maturity:Market value of the bond = $84,800,000Coupon payments per year = $100,000Market interest rate = 2.5%Tax rate = 25%Using a financial calculator, the yield to maturity of the bond is found to be 2.09%.Therefore, the before-tax cost of debt is 2.09%.Therefore, the aftertax cost of debt is:Aftertax cost of debt = (Cost of debt) * (1 - Tax rate)Aftertax cost of debt = 2.09% * (1 - 25%)Aftertax cost of debt = 1.57%Rounding this to 2 decimal places, we get the aftertax cost of debt as 1.57%.Hence, the required solutions are:a. The company's total book value of debt is $100 million.b. The company's total market value of debt is $117,650,000.c. The best estimate of the aftertax cost of debt is 1.57%.
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You are the chief legal counsel for a firm that has been threatened with a multimillion euro lawsuit. You believe you will win in court and are 98% confident. Is this degree of certainty sufficient for you to recommend rejecting out-of-court settlement? Suppose you learn that, if you lose the case, your firm will go bankrupt. Are you still comfortable with 98%?
The degree of certainty of 98% is sufficient to recommend rejecting an out-of-court settlement. However, the chief legal counsel needs to carefully weigh the potential risks of losing the case and consider the company's financial standing before making a final decision.
As the chief legal counsel for a firm that has been threatened with a multimillion euro lawsuit, 98% confidence is sufficient to recommend rejecting out-of-court settlement even if the company will go bankrupt if they lose the case.The reason for this is that 98% is a very high level of confidence, and it implies that the odds of winning the lawsuit are very high. Given this level of confidence, it would be wise to go to court and win the case, rather than pay a settlement out of court. However, if the company will go bankrupt if they lose the case, it is still not a good idea to settle out of court since it would mean the end of the firm. The chief legal counsel needs to consider the company's financial standing before making such a decision.Therefore, the degree of certainty of 98% is sufficient to recommend rejecting an out-of-court settlement. However, the chief legal counsel needs to carefully weigh the potential risks of losing the case and consider the company's financial standing before making a final decision.
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7. Which of the following is a fundamental quality of useful accounting information?13/16 A) Conservatism B) Comparability C) Faithful representation D) Consistency 8. A decrease in net assets arising
Among the s provided, c) faithful representation is the fundamental quality of useful accounting information.
the fundamental quality of useful accounting information among the s provided is c) faithful representation.
faithful representation is one of the key qualities of useful accounting information. it means that the information presented in the financial statements should accurately reflect the underlying transactions and events of the business. it requires that financial information is complete, neutral, and free from material error or bias.
comparability ( b) is also an important quality as it enables users of financial statements to identify and understand similarities and differences between different periods or entities. however, faithful representation focuses more on the accuracy and reliability of the information presented.
conservatism ( a) refers to the practice of recognizing potential losses or expenses earlier than potential gains. while conservatism is an accounting principle, it is not considered a fundamental quality of accounting information.
consistency ( d) is related to the use of the same accounting methods and principles over time, ensuring that financial information is presented in a consistent manner. while consistency is important for comparability, it is not considered a fundamental quality on its own.
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1. Imagine that a tax is placed on a particular good. Which of the following situations is associated with producers bearing a larger portion of the tax than consumers? (You can assume the supply curve is the same in all the choices)
a) An relatively ELASTIC demand curve, which means these consumers will reduce their consumption of a good by a LARGE amount in response to a price change
b) An relatively INELASTIC demand curve, which means these consumers will reduce their consumption of a good by a LARGE amount in response to a price change
c) An relatively ELASTIC demand curve, which means these consumers will reduce their consumption of a good by a SMALL amount in response to a price change
d) An relatively INELASTIC demand curve, which means these consumers will reduce their consumption of a good by a SMALL amount in response to a price change
2. Which of the following statements best describes why taxes may create deadweight loss?
a) Consumers have to pay a portion of the tax
b) Producers have to pay a portion of the tax
c) The government collects tax revenue
d) Taxes create a disincentive to produce and consume goods
1. The correct answer is c) A relatively elastic demand curve, which means these consumers will reduce their consumption of a good by amount in response to price change. 2. The correct an,swer is d) Taxes introduce distortions in the market by increasing the cost of production and consumption.
Production refers to the process of creating goods or services by transforming inputs into outputs. It involves combining various resources such as labor, capital, and raw materials to produce final products or deliver services. Production can take place in various sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture, construction, and services. The goal of production is to satisfy consumer demand and generate value. It encompasses activities such as manufacturing, services, all aimed at creating goods and services for consumption or further use in the economy.
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A local finance company quotes a 17% interest rate on one-year loans. So, if you borrow $25,000, the interest for the year will be $4,250. Since you must repay a total of $29,250 in one year, the finance company requires you to pay $29,250/12, or $2,437.50, pe month over the next 12 months. Is this a 17% loan? What rate would legally have to be quoted? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places. Annual percentage rate % What is the effective annual rate? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places.) Effective annual rate %
A local finance company quotes a 17% interest rate on one-year loans. However, it requires you to pay $2,437.50 per month over the next 12 months to repay the total amount borrowed plus interest.
This isn't a 17 percent loan. The company is utilizing a finance scheme that is not similar to calculating the loan based on the stated annual interest rate. To calculate the legally necessary quoted rate, we'll need to use the annual percentage rate (APR) equation:
APR = ((PMT / PV) - 1) x 12 x 100 percent
PMT is the amount of payment. $2,437.50 is what you'll pay monthly for the next year. PV is the present value, which is $25,000.APR = (($2,437.50/$25,000) - 1) x 12 x 100%APR = 11.75% (to two decimal places)Therefore, the legally necessary quoted rate is 11.75 percent. The effective annual rate (EAR) calculation shows the rate you'll receive if you're compounding annually. The EAR equation is as follows: EAR = (1 + (APR / m))m - 1Where APR is the APR we just computed, and m is the number of times the interest is compounded. We compound interest on a monthly basis in this case. EAR = (1 + (0.1175 / 12))12 - 1EAR = 12.68% (to two decimal places)
The legally necessary quoted rate is 11.75 percent. The effective annual rate is 12.68%.
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Why an increase in the interest rate reduces residential
investments?
a. because mortgage becomes cheaper.
b. because it negatively affects housing demand.
c. because it reduces the opportunity cost o
An increase in the interest rate reduces residential investments primarily because it negatively affects housing demand.
The correct answer is b. An increase in the interest rate negatively affects housing demand, leading to a reduction in residential investments. There are a few reasons for this:
First, higher interest rates increase the cost of borrowing for individuals seeking mortgages to purchase homes. As the cost of borrowing becomes more expensive, potential homebuyers may find it less affordable to finance their purchases.
This decrease in affordability reduces the demand for residential properties and, consequently, dampens residential investments.
Second, higher interest rates can discourage real estate investors and developers from undertaking new projects. Higher borrowing costs make it less profitable for investors to finance the construction of new residential properties.
This can lead to a decrease in new housing supply, further contributing to a decline in residential investments.
Overall, an increase in the interest rate raises the cost of borrowing and reduces affordability for homebuyers, dampening housing demand.
This, in turn, negatively impacts residential investments as individuals and real estate investors become less inclined to invest in the housing market.
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Which of the following are traditional arguments that justify protectionist barriers? Check all that apply.
The budget surplus argument
The infant industry argument
The Great Depression argument
The trade liberalization argument
The traditiοnal arguments that justify prοtectiοnist barriers are:
The infant industry argumentThe Great Depressiοn argumentWhat is prοtectiοnist barriers?Prοtectiοnist barriers refer tο gοvernment-impοsed restrictiοns οr pοlicies that aim tο limit οr cοntrοl internatiοnal trade in οrder tο prοtect dοmestic industries and businesses frοm fοreign cοmpetitiοn. These barriers can take variοus fοrms, such as tariffs (impοrt taxes), quοtas (limits οn the quantity οf impοrts), subsidies tο dοmestic industries, and regulatοry measures that create οbstacles fοr fοreign cοmpanies.
The purpοse οf implementing prοtectiοnist barriers is tο shield dοmestic industries frοm fοreign cοmpetitiοn, maintain οr prοmοte dοmestic emplοyment, and safeguard natiοnal ecοnοmic interests. Hοwever, such barriers can alsο limit cοnsumer chοices, increase prices, and hinder οverall ecοnοmic efficiency and glοbal trade.
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HELP!!!!!! Imagine that Molly Moons, a company that sells ice cream, is trying to budget its utilities cost for next month. Below is information from prior months
Tubs of Ice Cream Utility Costs
4,000 $ 5,800
4,100 $ 5,820
3,000 $ 5,600
3,300 $5,660
Using the high-low method, how much would Molly Moons budget if it produced 3,500 tubs of ice cream?
Using the high-low method, Molly Moons would budget $700 for utilities cost if it produced 3,500 tubs of ice cream.
To use the high-low method to estimate the utilities cost for producing 3,500 tubs of ice cream, we need to identify the highest and lowest levels of production and their corresponding utility costs.
From the information provided, we can determine the highest and lowest levels of
and their respective utility costs:
Highest level of production:
Tubs of Ice Cream: 4,100
Utility Costs: $5,820
Lowest level of production:
Tubs of Ice Cream: 3,000
Utility Costs: $5,600
Next, we calculate the variable cost per unit of production by finding the difference in utility costs divided by the difference in production levels:
Variable Cost per Unit = (Highest Utility Costs - Lowest Utility Costs) / (Highest Level of Production - Lowest Level of Production)
Variable Cost per Unit = ($5,820 - $5,600) / (4,100 - 3,000)
Variable Cost per Unit = $220 / 1,100
Variable Cost per Unit = $0.20
Now that we have the variable cost per unit, we can estimate the utilities cost for producing 3,500 tubs of ice cream:
Estimated Utilities Cost = Variable Cost per Unit * Production Level
Estimated Utilities Cost = $0.20 * 3,500
Estimated Utilities Cost = $700
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Q.3 Some studies reveal that organization who embraces with
economies of technology will tend to opt for a lower-cost structure
than a competitor of similar size and capability.
(ii) What are the common innovation strategies used by
companies in this day and age? Explain your answer.
(8 marks)
(iii) Discuss the ways how can an organization foster a spirit of
innovativeness by means of technology application in
workplace. Justify your answer with relevant example.
(12 marks)
(ii) Common innovation strategies used by companies in this day and age include:
Product Innovation: Companies focus on developing new and improved products or services to meet customer needs and stay ahead of the competition. This could involve enhancing features, functionality, or performance, or introducing entirely new offerings.
Process Innovation: Companies seek to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness by implementing new processes or technologies. This may involve streamlining workflows, automating tasks, or adopting advanced manufacturing techniques to reduce costs and enhance productivity.
Business Model Innovation: Companies explore alternative ways of delivering value to customers and capturing market share. This could involve creating new revenue streams, adopting disruptive pricing models, or leveraging digital platforms to reach customers in innovative ways.
Open Innovation: Companies collaborate with external partners, such as customers, suppliers, or research institutions, to share knowledge, resources, and ideas. Open innovation allows organizations to tap into external expertise and accelerate the development of new products or technologies.
Sustainable Innovation: Companies focus on developing environmentally friendly and socially responsible solutions. This includes adopting sustainable practices in their operations, utilizing renewable resources, and minimizing the environmental impact of their products and services.
(iii) Organizations can foster a spirit of innovativeness through technology application in the workplace in several ways:
Encouraging a Culture of Experimentation: Organizations can create an environment that values experimentation and risk-taking. They can allocate resources for employees to explore new ideas and provide them with the freedom to learn from failures. This can be facilitated by using technology tools and platforms that support experimentation and rapid prototyping.
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Question 2 Tim, Ray and Hal are partners in a business with the following transactions taking place in 2021: 1. Net profits are $350,00 2. 3. Interest to be charged on capitals: Tim $6,000; Ray $4,500
The profits and losses of a partnership business are shared among the partners in proportion to their invested capital and mutually agreed-upon profit-sharing arrangements.
In a partnership business, when profits are made, interest is paid to the partners who invested their money as capital. It is an expense that must be recorded in the company's books. In the same way, interest on drawings made by the partners is credited to the profit and loss account, which is recorded as an expense. Therefore, based on the information provided in the problem, the interest paid on capitals would be Tim = $6,000 and Ray = $4,500. There is no interest mentioned on drawings. The calculation of the net profit for the year 2021 can be done using the following formula: Net profit for the year 2021 = Gross profit – Expenses. To calculate the Gross profit, the following formula can be used: Gross profit = Total sales – Cost of goods sold. As the Cost of goods sold is not given in the problem, it cannot be calculated. Therefore, the net profit cannot be calculated either.
Based on the given data, it is difficult to determine the actual profit for the year. The cost of goods sold is a crucial component for the calculation of the Gross profit, which ultimately leads to the calculation of the net profit. Since the cost of goods sold is not provided, it is impossible to compute the net profit for the year 2021.Nonetheless, we do have some information about the interest charged on capitals. This interest is a result of the capital invested by the partners in the business. The partners expect some returns for their investment, and this is why interest is paid to them. Tim and Ray are being charged interest on their respective capitals of $6,000 and $4,500. The interest rates have not been given in the problem, but it is safe to assume that it has been calculated at a mutually agreed-upon rate. This interest expense will be recorded in the company's books. The interest on drawings is not mentioned, so it can be assumed that the partners did not make any drawings from the company's resources.
In conclusion, the actual net profit for the year cannot be calculated as the cost of goods sold has not been provided. The information we do have is about the interest charged on capitals, which is a result of the capital invested by the partners in the business. Tim and Ray are being charged interest on their respective capitals of $6,000 and $4,500. Since the interest on drawings has not been mentioned, it can be assumed that no drawings were made by the partners. The interest expense will be recorded in the company's books.
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On December 31, 2020, Dyer Inc. completed its first year of operations. Because this is the end of the annual accounting period, the company bookkeeper prepared the following preliminary income statem
Dyer Inc. completed its first year of operations on December 31, 2020. The bookkeeper of the company prepared the following preliminary income statement because it is the end of the annual accounting period. In the income statement, the amounts have not been adjusted for accrual or deferral.
A preliminary income statement is an accounting statement that provides an estimated revenue and expense calculation for a given period. It is an unadjusted income statement that reflects the economic transactions of the firm. The figures provided in a preliminary income statement are used to generate a final income statement.
The revenue from sales and the cost of goods sold are both included in the preliminary income statement. The preliminary income statement also lists the total operating expenses, which include selling and administrative expenses. The net income is calculated by deducting the total expenses from the total revenue.
The preliminary income statement prepared by the bookkeeper of Dyer Inc. includes various items such as revenue from sales, cost of goods sold, and operating expenses. The income statement is prepared at the end of the annual accounting period and reflects the economic transactions of the firm.
The preliminary income statement is an unadjusted statement that provides an estimated revenue and expense calculation for a given period. The figures provided in a preliminary income statement are used to generate a final income statement.
The revenue from sales and the cost of goods sold are both included in the preliminary income statement. The cost of goods sold is the direct cost associated with the production of goods. Operating expenses include selling and administrative expenses. The net income is calculated by deducting the total expenses from the total revenue.
At the end of the financial year, the preliminary income statement plays a crucial role in financial analysis. It enables the management to evaluate the financial health of the company by measuring profitability and identifying trends in revenue and expenses. Once the preliminary income statement is finalized, it is used to generate other financial statements, such as the balance sheet and cash flow statement.
In conclusion, the preliminary income statement prepared by the bookkeeper of Dyer Inc. includes various items such as revenue from sales, cost of goods sold, and operating expenses. The figures provided in a preliminary income statement are used to generate a final income statement. It is an unadjusted statement that provides an estimated revenue and expense calculation for a given period. It plays a crucial role in financial analysis at the end of the financial year, enabling management to evaluate the financial health of the company by measuring profitability and identifying trends in revenue and expenses.
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In some economies, a significant portion of the internal debts,
that is, debts of one domestic resident to another are in foreign
currency terms. This phenomenon is called "liability
dollarization�
Liability dollarization refers to a situation in which a significant portion of internal debts within an economy are denominated in foreign currency, typically the US dollar. This phenomenon is prevalent in economies where there is a high level of confidence in foreign currencies, particularly the US dollar, and a lack of trust in the stability and value of the domestic currency.
Liability dollarization can occur in both the public and private sectors. In the public sector, it often involves government borrowing in foreign currency to finance public projects or cover budget deficits. In the private sector, liability dollarization can be observed in bank loans, corporate debts, or individual borrowing denominated in foreign currencies.
The main motivation behind liability dollarization is to hedge against the risks associated with domestic currency depreciation, inflation, or financial instability. Borrowers may prefer to hold debt in a stable foreign currency to protect themselves from potential losses due to devaluation or hyperinflation of the domestic currency.
To manage liability dollarization, policymakers often implement measures to reduce currency risk, promote local currency borrowing, and strengthen domestic financial systems. These measures may include macroeconomic stability, prudent fiscal and monetary policies, developing local currency debt markets, and enhancing financial regulation and supervision.
Overall, liability dollarization reflects the preferences and concerns of economic agents in an economy with regard to currency stability and risk management. It highlights the challenges and complexities associated with maintaining a stable and credible domestic currency in the face of global financial dynamics.
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Imperialism: Good, Bad (or Ugly)? Good and Bad of Imperialism. What were the good, the bad (and the ugly?) consequences of Imperialism in the 19th Century. Was it all bad?
Imperialism in the 19th century had both positive impacts, such as infrastructure development and improved governance, and negative impacts, including economic exploitation and cultural erosion.
What were the good and bad consequences of imperialism in the 19th century?Imperialism in the 19th century had both positive and negative consequences, leading to a mixed assessment of its impact. The good consequences of imperialism included advancements in infrastructure such as roads, railways, and ports, which facilitated trade and economic development.
Imperial powers also introduced modern technologies, improved healthcare systems, and brought education to previously underdeveloped regions.
Moreover, the spread of democratic ideals and governance structures promoted political stability and provided opportunities for local populations to participate in decision-making processes.
On the other hand, imperialism had its share of negative consequences. Exploitation of natural resources and labor by imperial powers resulted in economic inequality and the impoverishment of indigenous populations.
Cultural erosion occurred as native traditions and languages were suppressed or replaced by Western ideals. Additionally, the imposition of colonial rule often led to conflicts and resistance movements, causing suffering and loss of life.
The "ugly" side of imperialism encompasses instances of extreme violence, forced labor, and human rights abuses. Indigenous populations were subjected to discrimination, displacement, and even genocide in some cases.
The extraction of resources without regard for sustainability also damaged the environment.
While imperialism brought certain benefits, it cannot be denied that it had detrimental effects on colonized societies.
It is important to acknowledge the complexity of imperialism and critically examine its impacts, recognizing both the positive and negative aspects of this historical phenomenon.
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The time series component which reflects a regular, multi-year pattern of being above and below the trend line is
a. seasonal b. a trend c. cyclical d. irregular
Question 12
The time series component that reflects variability during a single year is called
a. cyclical b. trend c. irregular d. seasonal
Option a. Cyclical is Correct. A time series is a sequence of data points collected over time. When analyzing a time series, it's common to identify patterns that repeat over a certain period. These patterns can be classified into different types based on their characteristics.
One common type of time series pattern is cyclical. A cyclical pattern reflects variability during a single year. This can include seasonal fluctuations, such as changes in temperature or sales during different seasons, or economic fluctuations that occur on a regular basis, such as the business cycle. Cyclical patterns may be influenced by factors such as natural disasters, economic events, or other external factors.
Another common type of time series pattern is trend. A trend is a persistent change in a time series over a period of time. This can include an overall upward or downward trend in sales or prices, or a gradual increase or decrease in a specific variable. Trends can be influenced by factors such as changes in consumer behavior, technological advancements, or economic conditions.
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Marketing channel management and supply chain management are virtually the same. O True False
Marketing channel management and supply chain management are not the same. False
Are marketing channel management and supply chain management synonymous?Marketing channel management and supply chain management are related concepts but are not the same. While both involve the movement and distribution of goods and services, they focus on different aspects of the overall business process.
Marketing channel management primarily deals with the distribution and promotion of products or services to the end consumer. It involves activities such as selecting and managing distribution channels, establishing relationships with intermediaries, and ensuring effective communication and coordination within the channel.
On the other hand, supply chain management encompasses a broader scope, involving the entire network of activities and processes required to deliver products or services to customers. It encompasses the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, and delivery aspects of the business, with a focus on optimizing efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing customer satisfaction.
While marketing channel management is a subset of supply chain management, it specifically addresses the marketing and distribution aspects within the overall supply chain. It is essential for businesses to effectively manage both marketing channels and supply chains to ensure seamless product delivery, customer satisfaction, and overall business success.
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The statement "Marketing channel management and supply chain management are virtually the same" is False.
What is Marketing channel management?Marketing channel management (also known as supply chain management) involves the practice of managing the relationship between manufacturers, distributors, and retailers.
Marketing channel management is a practice that combines organizational and logistical strategies to streamline the flow of goods and services between the manufacturer and consumer, which aids in improving efficiency and lowering costs.
What is Supply Chain Management?Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of overseeing and optimizing the operations involved in the production and distribution of goods and services.
The main goal of supply chain management is to improve the efficiency of the supply chain by reducing costs and improving customer service through the integration of supply chain members and activities.
Marketing channel management and supply chain management are not the same. Supply chain management is a larger concept that encompasses the flow of goods and services from the initial stage to the point of consumption, while marketing channel management refers to the movement of goods and services through a set of intermediaries or middlemen to the final consumer.
Therefore, Marketing channel management and supply chain management are not virtually the same.
Hence, the correct answer is false.
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How will an organisation that has just completed its recruitment and selection of new hires after two years of a work from home (WFH)modality increase the performance and productivity of these employee
This can include bonuses, promotions, or other rewards. By providing incentives, remote workers will be more likely to stay motivated and engaged in their work, leading to increased productivity and improved performance.These strategies can help organizations increase the performance and productivity of new hires who have been recruited and selected after two years of a work from home (WFH) modality.
An organization that has just completed its recruitment and selection of new hires after two years of a work from home (WFH) modality can increase the performance and productivity of these employees by doing the following:Establish expectations and standards: A productive and efficient remote workforce starts with well-defined expectations and standards. It's critical to set goals and standards for job responsibilities, communication practices, and other key aspects of the job. By doing so, remote workers can be held to the same high standards as office-based employees, ensuring that they remain motivated, engaged, and productive.Communication: Communication is key in any organization, and even more so when employees are working from home. Regular check-ins, meetings, and daily communications should be established to ensure that employees are not only meeting expectations but also feeling supported. A communication platform can be used to help facilitate this.Measurement of performance: It is important for managers to be able to measure employee performance. This can be done through regular check-ins and performance reviews. These reviews can be used to help identify areas where employees are excelling, as well as areas where they need improvement.Supportive environment: A supportive environment can help increase employee productivity and job satisfaction. This can be achieved through team building exercises, training, and other activities that help to build a sense of camaraderie among remote workers. This can help to ensure that employees feel valued and appreciated, which can help to increase their motivation and productivity.Incentives: Finally, incentives can be used to help motivate and reward employees who are meeting or exceeding expectations. This can include bonuses, promotions, or other rewards. By providing incentives, remote workers will be more likely to stay motivated and engaged in their work, leading to increased productivity and improved performance.These strategies can help organizations increase the performance and productivity of new hires who have been recruited and selected after two years of a work from home (WFH) modality.
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Which of the following pairs of goods is an example of substitutes? A.tea and sugar. B. Tea and Coffee. C. Pen and ink. D. Shirt and trouser.
Among the given options, the pair of goods that is an example of substitutes is (B) Tea and Coffee.
A substitute is an economic term used to describe a product or service that can be used in place of another one.
When the price of one product increases, demand for its substitute also increases.
This is because people start buying the substitute instead of the original product.
Here, tea and coffee are substitutes for each other because if the price of tea rises, people may switch to coffee instead.
Hence, the correct option is B. Tea and Coffee.
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Jins Company sells markers for a regular price on the masks is $2.50 per mask. They received a special order from a buyer who is willing to pay $1.85 each for 6,300 markers.
Jins can produce 60,000 markers yearly and plans to make and sell 51,000 markers this year. The unit costs with producing markers are as follows:
Direct Materials: $0.35 per marker
Direct Labor: $0.60 per marker
Variable MOH: $0.40 per marker
Fixed MOH: $0.70 per marker
What is the financial disadvantage or advantage of accepting the special order?
Accepting the special order from the buyer at a price of $1.85 per mask would result in a financial disadvantage for Jins Company.
By accepting the special order, Jins would be selling the markers at a lower price compared to their regular price of $2.50 per mask. This lower selling price would not be able to cover the unit costs associated with producing the markers, resulting in a loss for each marker sold under the special order.
The unit costs for producing the markers include direct materials ($0.35 per marker), direct labor ($0.60 per marker), variable MOH ($0.40 per marker), and fixed MOH ($0.70 per marker), which total $2.05 per marker. With the selling price of $1.85 per mask under the special order, Jins would be selling the markers at a loss of $0.20 per marker. Therefore, accepting the special order would lead to a financial disadvantage for Jins Company.
In summary, accepting the special order to sell markers at $1.85 each would result in a loss for Jins Company, as the unit costs for producing the markers exceed the selling price. Thus, it is not financially advantageous for Jins to accept the special order.
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QUESTION TWO a) Plot the TFC, TVC, and TC on a graph from the data below (4 marks) TFC TVC TC 0 120 0 120 60 120 120 90 120 105 120 6 120 b) Find the AFC, the AVC, the AC, and the MC schedules (8 marks) c) Plot the AFC, AVC, AC, and MC on graph (8 marks) 1 2 3 4 200 260 330
Plotting the AFC, AVC, AC, and MC on a graph reveals that AFC decreases as output increases, AVC initially decreases and then increases, AC is the sum of AFC and AVC, and MC intersects the AVC and AC curves at their minimum points and increases beyond that.
a) The TFC remains constant at 120 throughout all levels of output, resulting in a horizontal line on the graph. The TVC starts at 120 and increases to 260, then 330 as the output level increases. The TC is the sum of TFC and TVC, resulting in a line formed by vertically adding the TFC and TVC lines on the graph.
b) AFC is calculated by dividing TFC by the output level, while AVC is calculated by dividing TVC by the output level. AC is found by dividing TC by the output level. MC(marginal cost) is determined by taking the difference in TC between two consecutive output levels.
c) Plotting the AFC, AVC, AC, and MC on a graph reveals that AFC decreases as output increases, AVC initially decreases and then increases, AC is the sum of AFC and AVC, and MC intersects the AVC and AC curves at their minimum points and increases beyond that.
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a) What is Excess Cash? If the only imperfection is the
corporate tax advantage of debt, would you recommend a company to
hold excess cash? If there are other imperfections, would you
recommend a comp
The recommendation to hold excess cash depends on the presence of imperfections. If the only imperfection is the tax advantage of debt, it is generally not advisable.
Excess cash represents cash reserves that exceed the company's immediate requirements for operational expenses and investment opportunities. When considering whether a company should hold excess cash, it is essential to evaluate the impact of imperfections in the corporate financial environment.
If the only imperfection present is the corporate tax advantage of debt, it is generally not recommended for a company to hold excess cash. The tax advantage of debt arises from the deductibility of interest payments, which reduces the company's taxable income. Holding excess cash reduces the interest expense, thus diminishing the tax advantage of debt. Consequently, the overall value of the firm may decrease.
However, if there are other imperfections in the corporate financial landscape, the decision to hold excess cash becomes more nuanced. Imperfections such as financial distress costs, asymmetric information, or agency costs can create potential benefits from holding excess cash. Excess cash provides a buffer to alleviate financial distress, increases the firm's flexibility in seizing investment opportunities, and mitigates agency conflicts by reducing the need for external financing.
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Jon Mitchel is trying to determine if he needs to file a tax return. Which of the following is not a factor that Jon should consider when deciding if he is required to file a tax return? Taxpayer's employment O Filing status O Taxpayer's gross income Taxpayer's age O None of the choices are correct.
The "Taxpayer's age" is the right response.
The age of the taxpayer is not a criterion that Jon Mitchel should take into account when assessing whether he needs to file a tax return. Age alone does not determine whether or not a tax return has to be submitted, even if the taxpayer's job, filing status, and gross income are all important considerations in establishing the criteria for filing taxes. No of their age, people should assess their job situation, including if they are self-employed or have additional sources of income. Along with their gross income, their filing status—such as single, married filing jointly, or head of household—will also be used to ascertain if they fulfil the minimal filing standards established by the tax authorities.
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What is the Return on Total Assets (ROA)? O Indicates how a firm finances its capital with regard to amount of debt. Measures the extent to which earnings can decline without defaulting on debt service Measures a corporation's profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have investedon's profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested O Measures a company's success in using its assets to earn a profit O Indicates earnings attributable to each share of stock
Return on Total Assets (ROA) measures a company's success in using its assets to earn a profit.
ROA is a financial ratio that indicates how efficiently a company utilizes its assets to generate profits. It shows the percentage of earnings the company generates in relation to its total assets.
The formula to calculate ROA is: ROA = Net Income / Total Assets
Net Income represents the company's profits after deducting all expenses, including taxes and interest. Total Assets refer to the sum of all the company's assets, including both tangible and intangible assets.
The Return on Total Assets (ROA) is an important financial metric that helps investors and analysts assess a company's ability to generate profits from its assets.
A higher ROA indicates that the company is utilizing its assets effectively to generate income, while a lower ROA suggests inefficiency in asset utilization.
By analyzing ROA over time or comparing it with industry benchmarks, stakeholders can evaluate a company's profitability and make informed investment decisions.
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The value of output is maximized in a competitive market because: it is easy for an industry dominated by a single firm to achieve economies of scale, producing output at a low cost. government taxation reduces the profit motive of entrepreneurs. entrepreneurs are always on the lookout to move resources into higher-value uses, in an effort to create more profit for themselves. social planners are better able to plan and make resource decisions when there are many buyers and sellers.
The value of output is maximized in a competitive market because entrepreneurs are always on the lookout to move resources into higher-value uses, in an effort to create more profit for themselves.
In a competitive market, entrepreneurs are motivated by the profit motive and constantly seek opportunities to create value and generate higher profits. They analyze market conditions, consumer preferences, and resource availability to identify ways to allocate resources efficiently and produce goods or services that are in demand. This drive to maximize their own profits leads entrepreneurs to allocate resources to their most valuable and productive uses, resulting in an optimal allocation of resources in the economy. As a result, the value of output is maximized as resources are efficiently utilized to meet consumer needs and preferences.
It is easy for an industry dominated by a single firm to achieve economies of scale, producing output at a low cost.
In contrast to the above statement, the value of output is not necessarily maximized when an industry is dominated by a single firm. While a dominant firm may achieve economies of scale, which can lead to cost advantages and lower production costs, it does not guarantee that the value of output is maximized. In fact, monopolistic or oligopolistic market structures can result in reduced competition, limited consumer choices, and potentially higher prices. The absence of competition can hinder innovation, efficiency, and the incentive for firms to continuously improve their products or services.
Regarding the statements about government taxation and social planners, they are not directly related to the maximization of output in a competitive market. Government taxation affects the profitability and incentives of entrepreneurs, but it does not inherently maximize the value of output. Similarly, while social planners may benefit from having many buyers and sellers in terms of gathering market information and making resource decisions, it is not a direct factor in maximizing the value of output. The main driving force behind the maximization of output in a competitive market lies in the entrepreneurial pursuit of profit and the efficient allocation of resources based on market signals and consumer demand.
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Explain the importance of warehouse management in running the warehouse economically AND illustrate with an example how this can be achieved.
Warehouse management is essential for any company that operates a warehouse, which is an essential component of their operations. Warehouse management has a significant impact on the economic viability of the warehouse and the entire company that it serves.
Warehouse management is a critical aspect of running a warehouse economically. It is responsible for the flow of goods and supplies through the warehouse, as well as the organization and management of the warehouse. Proper warehouse management helps to optimize the use of space, reduce errors and waste, and ensure that customer orders are fulfilled accurately and on time.
This, in turn, contributes to the profitability of the warehouse and the company as a whole. A good warehouse management system helps to control costs, improve efficiency and productivity, and enhance customer service.
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