Endomysium is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fibers.
A complex network of connective tissue called the endomysium surrounds each individual muscle fiber, housing the arteries, nerves, and proteoglycan matrix necessary for metabolic and ion exchange. Each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell, is sheathed in the thin layer of areolar connective tissue known as the endomysium, or within the muscle.
Nerves and capillaries are also present. The sarcolemma covers the cell membrane of the muscle fiber. The tiniest and deepest part of muscular connective tissue is called endomysium. The excitement and subsequent contraction of a muscle fiber depend on the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium, all of which are supported by this thin layer.
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in the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter _____.
In the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter B in the double stranded DNA structure.
Nucleotide refers to the molecule consisting of a nitrogen containing base, a phosphate group, and a sugar. The nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) molecule. In RNA (ribonucleic acid), thymine is replaced with uracil. These molecule pair together according to Chargaff's rule. Nucleotides are considered as the building block of DNA and RNA. They are responsible for functions such as the cell signaling, metabolism, and enzyme reactions. Nucleotides are synthesized from small molecules and amino acids and carry huge importance in nucleobases and nucleosides.
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(16.3) the haw fly/apple borer story is one of evolution for which exact dates and locations are known...a particular new york farm in 1862. what type of speciation is it and what are the results of this example? answer here
In a process known as sympatric speciation, a new species develops from a single ancestral species while coexisting in the same geographic area. In plants, sympatric speciation is more frequent.
What kind of speciation is allopatric?Geographic separation causes allopatric speciation: Both the northern and Mexican spotted owls live in physically distinct regions with unique climatic conditions and ecological systems. An illustration of allopatric speciation is the owl.
What are the categories of speciation?Speciation is an evolutionary process that results in the emergence of new, unique species. Through genetic alteration, species evolve. The new species cannot mate with the old species since they are reproductively separate from one another. Read Concept of Species as well.
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which of the following is an exclusively primate trait? a) tapetum lucidum (reflective layer in the retina) b) prehensile hands and feet with nails, not claws c) birthing only one or two offspring at a time d) incumbent incisors
The exclusively primate trait is prehensile hands and feet with nails, not claws.
What is primate trait?
The following characteristics set primates apart from other mammals: unspecialized structure, specialised behaviour, a short muzzle, a low sense of smell, prehensile five-digit hands and feet with flat nails instead of claws, keen vision with depth perception due to forward-facing eyes, a large brain, and protracted pre- and postnatal development. Most species only have one young and group together in male-led units.
Several primates share the following traits:
strong hands.a skeleton that is broadly adapted for remarkable physical agility.a large brain.sharp vision.Most of the time, smaller offspring than other animals demand more care during their upbringing.Therefore, Option B is correct.
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imagine a transmembrane molecule that lies in the plasma membrane and acts as a receptor for an extracellular signaling molecule. when the ligand-binding domain is inserted into the er during synthesis of this transmembrane molecule, will it lie on the lumen side of the er or the cytoplasm side?
A ligand binding region will always exist on the lumen side of the ER whenever it is added during the production of the a transmembrane protein located in the plasma membrane.
What is cytoplasm and its function?Cytoplasm is the name for the gel-like substance which makes up a cell. In chemical processes, it acts as a catalyst. It provides a framework again for operation of other organelles within the cell. All of the procedures of cell division, growth, or replication take place in the cytoplasm of every cell.
What are 3 main functions of cytoplasm?Its cytoplasm, that also protects the components against damage, holds the components of the cell in place. It gives the cell its distinct shape and keeps the chemicals required for cellular function.
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peripheral proteins typically use which type of amino acids to bind to the surface of a lipid bilayer?
By interacting ionically with an integral membrane protein (or another peripheral membrane protein) or with the polar head groups of the phospholipids, the peripheral proteins can cling to the membrane surface.
To biological membranes, peripheral membrane proteins form a transient bond. Proteins inserted into lipid bilayers are only allowed to reach the interfacial region, unlike integral membrane proteins, which cover the entire membrane.
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what has microwear analysis revealed about the teeth of paranthropus? a) large canine teeth to defend against predators b) a relatively smooth surface, suggesting meat eating c) a rough surface suggesting a tough diet of roots and tubers d) thin tooth enamel
Microwear analysis revealed thin tooth enamel about the teeth of Paranthropus.
What makes Paranthropus special?
Broom designated it as a new species called Paranthropus robustus due to the skull's distinctive characteristics, which included unusually large premolar and molar teeth and a robust or firmly formed lower jaw. Mary Leakey made the initial Paranthropus discovery in east Africa in 1959.
Had Paranthropus a large set of teeth?
An example of a robust australopithecine is Paranthropus robustus, which possessed big megadont cheek teeth with strong enamel and specialised in chewing in the back of the jaw. The passage of powerful chewing muscles to the jaw was made possible by the broad zygomatic arches.
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suppose you identify a new gene in mice. one of its alleles specifies white fur, another specifies brown. you want to see if these alleles are inherited in a mendelian pattern, or with incomplete dominance. what crosses would give you the answer?
We can make three crosses. first, assuming that white is dominant, Assuming the brown-furred to be dominant, and Incomplete dominance to see if these alleles are inherited in a mendelian pattern,
The geneticists assign the alphabet at random if the alleles follow a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern. We select a true breeding strain of brown-furred mice and a true breeding strain of white-furred mice, both of which consistently produce heterozygous offspring; and the dominant allele is what causes the heterozygous phenotype. It is heterozygous for the F1 generation. Additionally, there must not be a link between the genes because mixing alleles prevent crossing over. A monohybrid crossing between a true-breeding brown-furred strain Mice and a true-breeding white-furred strain mouse is carried out assuming that the gene is only present in one locus.
Cross 1
assuming that white is dominant.
WW × ww
W W
w Ww Ww
w Ww Ww
In keeping with the Mendelian inheritance pattern, all of the F1 offspring are white. The F2 generation's ratio would be 3:1, with three white and one brown individual. This indicates that Browns is outnumbered by white
Cross: 2
Assuming the brown-furred to be dominant:
BB×bb
B B
b Bb Bb
b Bb Bb
All the posterity created in the F1 age is earthy colored following a Mendelian example of legacy. The F2 generation's ratio would be 3:1, with three brown and one white individual. This indicates that white is outnumbered by brown.
Cross: 3
Incomplete dominance
Ww (tan) × Ww (tan)
W w
W WW (white) Ww (tan)
w Ww (tan) ww (brown)
In the F1 generation, crossing over WW (white) and WW (brown) results in a tan color given by WW. In the F2 generation, this genotype exhibits a genotype ratio of 1:2:1 when self-crossed in the F1 generation. We discover that the obtained ratio is one white: 2 tan: 1 brown. Tan serves as an intermediate phenotype, so it represents incomplete dominance in this context.
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how many different genotypes are possible from a self-fertilization of a plant with genotype aabbcc?
A parent having the genotype Aabbcc would result in a large number of distinct types of gametes.
four types
With this genotype, AABbCc, B can produce two different types of gametes, and C can produce two different types of gametes. As a result, a total of four types of gametes will be created.
Given that the genotype is heterozygous for two genes, the number of potential gametes is 22 divided by four, or 4. So, choice B is the right one. AaBBCc generates the gametes ABC, ABc, aBC, and aBc.
Keep in mind that there are 2n different sorts of gametes that can exist, where n is the total number of heterozygous gene loci. For instance, a person having the genotype AaBbCc would generate 23 = 8 different types of gametes.
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What type of inheritance pattern could the trait represented by the shaded symbols represent?
A. Codominance
B. Multiple alleles
C. sex-linked
D. incomplete dominance
Answer:
C. sex-linked
what is the main sign of miscarriage?
One of the most frequent issues relating to early pregnancy is miscarriage. Vaginal spotting or bleeding, which can range from a small brownish discharge to extremely copious bleeding, is the primary indicator of miscarriage.
What are the symptoms of miscarriage?
Symptoms include:
1. Abdominal discomfort and cramping.
2. Varying degrees of back discomfort.
3. Feeling dizzy or lightheaded contractions fluid discharge from the vaginal tissue or clotted discharge from the vagina.
How to diagnose miscarriage?
An ultrasound scan is typically the first test performed to assess your baby's growth and search for a heartbeat.
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ECOSYSTEM IS A DELICATE INTERRELATIONSHIP . LOSS OF EVEN ONE OF THE COMPONENT OF ECOSYSTEM DISTURBS THE ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM.JUSTIFY
Ecosystems are equilibrated interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. The loss of one of the components disturbs the entire ecosystem because they break the equilibrium and cause a cascade effect through which species and habitat composition are severely altered.
What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem is the interaction unit between populations and environment that turn into complex relations between the living and non-living elements in a given area.
In an equilibrated ecosystem, biotic and abiotic factors interact and depend on each other. They create a dynamic equilibrium, which might change but remains equilibrated. These interactions influence the survival and reproduction of living beings.
If one of the ecosystemic components is removed, the whole structure is altered, and the equilibrium is broken. This leads to a cascade effect.
Producing a cascade effect causes,
An alteration in the composition of species and their habits,Populations show changes in their distribution patterns, structure, size, and abundance. Physical and chemical modifications in the environmentEcosystemic services are affected.
Different events might lead to the loss of ecosystemic components, producing alterations that have severe consequences. Some of these events might be natural, but some others are produced by human beings.
In conclusion, by loosing one of the components of the ecosystem, the equilibrium between biotic and abiotic factors is broken and a cascade effect occurs. There is an alteration of species composition, habitats, and cycles.
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damage to the fovea would probably have the least effect on visual sensitivity to ________ stimuli.
The given visual sensitivity to dim visuality stimuli is that fovea would probably have the least effect onto.
Given this excessive cell concentration, it's far expectedly the region of the best visible acuity, or resolution, withinside the eye. A precise characteristic of the important fovea is the displacement of different retinal layers concentrically, which permits for the noticeably green packing of coneslight, this fovea constitutes a 2nd blind spot because it's far completely cones that have low mild sensitivity.
At night, to get maximum acute imaginative and prescient one should shift the imaginative and prescient barely to at least one side, say four to twelve tiers in order that the mild falls on a few rods.
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what is the mechanism of ltp expression? group of answer choices increase in the number of postsynaptic ampa receptors increase in the number of presynaptic ampa receptors increase in the number of postsynaptic nmda receptors decrease in the level of glutamate released into the synaptic cleft increase in the intracellular level of synaptotagmins
Increase in the number of postsynaptic ampa receptors is the mechanism of ltp expression.
Overall, these results show that the principal mechanism for LTP expression at quiet synapses involves vesicular fusion and postsynaptic molecular insertion, whereas the key mechanism for LTP expression at unsilencing-induced synapses is an increase in pr.
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a process in which synaptic connections between neurons get stronger with repeated stimulation. LTP is hypothesized to be a means for the brain to alter in response to experience, and so may be a process underpinning learning and memory.
The insertion of additional AMPA receptors strengthens the synapse and means that the postsynaptic neuron is more likely to fire in response to presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Some drugs of abuse co-opt the LTP pathway, and this synaptic strengthening can lead to addiction.
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Which of the following will be observed in a food product that is being dehydrated?
A) Solute concentration in the food increases
B) Boiling point elevation
C) Freezing point elevation
D) Both A and B are correct
Solute concentration in the food increases and Boiling point elevation will be observed in a food product that is being dehydrated.
What is boiling point elevation?A solution's boiling point is always higher than that of the pure solvent. As we add non-volatile solutes in a pure solvent, the boiling point rises. The quantity of solute particles, not the composition of those particles, determines how high the boiling point will rise. The increase in boiling point for diluted solutions is proportional to the molal concentration of the solute. A colligative property, a solution's boiling point elevation is determined by the quantity of solute molecules present rather than by their makeup.
What is concentration in food?Before final dehydration in a spray or freeze drier, the concentration process is typically used as a pre-treatment to lower the initial moisture content of various commodities like milk, tea, or coffee. By freezing or sterilizing the product, such as frozen orange juice or evaporated milk, the bulk can be reduced.
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after several weeks of no rain during the summer, you observe that leaves of some plants are wilted. which of the answer choices would you expect to observe at the cellular level with respect to photosynthesis?
Because there isn't enough water photosynthesis, the rate of degradation of chlorophyll molecules will be slower.
What is the most likely reason for the seedlings grown in the dark losing biomass?What causes the dark-grown seedlings to lose biomass, and what scenario is MOST likely? - Plants exposed to darkness do not produce the same amounts of cellular respiration and ATP as plants exposed to light.
What comes first in photosynthesis?The initial phase is known as the light reactions because it only takes place when light is present. These early processes utilize water, which releases oxygen. A tiny quantity of ATP and the energy transporter NADPH are produced from the energy of sunlight.
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The heart is located_______ to the lungs,_________ to the vertebral column, and_______ to the sternum. a. medial, posterior, anterior b. lateral, posterior, anterior c. medial, anterior, posterior d. lateral, anterior, posterior
The vertebral column is posterior to the heart's location, which is anterior to the sternum and medial to the lungs.
What is behind the vertebral column?The vertebral arch faces the back of a person since it is posterior. These cover the vertebral foramen, which houses the spinal cord, when taken together. The sacrum and coccyx don't have a central foramen because the spinal cord is connected with the lumbar spine at its end.
What are location of the spinal column?skeletal column (spine) Bony vertebrae are joined by cartilaginous intervertebral discs to form the vertebral column, sometimes known as the spine or backbone. It runs from the skull's base to the coccyx's tip and is a component of the axial skeleton.
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what body processes affect the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, and lipids in the various body tissues, and what are some of the most important functions of calcium, phosphorus, and lipids in the body of animals? g
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by actions of hormones that regulate calcium transport in the gut, kidneys, and bone. The 3 primary hormones are parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (Vitamin D3), and calcitonin.
Calcium salts provide rigidity to the skeleton. Calcium phosphate is a major component of the mineral complex (called hydroxyapatite) that gives structure and strength to bones.Many neuromuscular and other cellular functions depend on the maintenance of the ionized calcium concentration in the ECF.Phosphorus is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. Nearly every cellular process that uses energy obtains it in the form of ATP. Thus, it is an essential element for all living cells and important for energy utilization in the body. It is present in the body in the form of phosphates (PO4).The functions of lipids are Storing and providing energy, Chemical messengers, Cholesterol formation, Regulating body temperature, Formation of Prostaglandin and its role in inflammation, Membrane lipid layer formation.The main function of both calcium and phosphorus is skeletal. Nearly 99% of the calcium in the body if found in the skeleton, while 80% of the phosphorus is in bones and teeth.To know more about Calcium check the below link:
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the conversions of proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into monosaccharides, and lipids into glycerol and fatty acids are all examples of
Examples of hydrolysis include the transformation of proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into monosaccharides, and lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
In biological hydrolysis, a water molecule is consumed to cause the dissociation of a bigger molecule into its component parts. Hydrolysis converts carbohydrates into a part of the sugar molecule. For instance, saccharification is the process by which sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose.The general formula of a hydrolysis reaction is:
AB+H2O→AH+BOH.Condensation reactions are the opposite of hydrolysis reactions. A water molecule is created when two molecules combine to form a bigger entity. As a result, condensation is created by eliminating water and hydrolysis is used to break things down.In organic chemistry, hydrolysis is acid hydrolysis. In this, a protic acid is used to catalyse the breaking of a chemical bond with the addition of water components H2O and a nucleophilic replacement reaction. For instance, when starch or cellulose is converted to glucose.
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g the endangered species act has part 2 a. saved all endangered species without affecting anyone. b. had no impact on either the number of endangered species or other economic activities. c. caused a loss of economic activities on some private land. d. further reduced the number of endangered species.
Conserving vulnerable and endangered plants and animals is the main goal of the Endangered Species Act. EPA is a tool for preserving endangered species.
What does the Act's second clause say about endangered species?(2) Each Federal agency shall ensure that any activity approved, supported, or carried out by such agency (hereafter in this section referred to as a "agency action") is not likely to jeopardize the survival of any endangered species or habitat.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 consists of what four essential components?The main components of the ESA are the listing and preservation of species, the identification of important habitat and prevention of habitat degradation, and consultation with federal agencies on acts that might endanger listed species.
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what do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common? group of answer choices seeds dominant gametophyte require water for fertilization produce flowers
With the exception of the flowers, which are discovered to be more simple in the gymnosperm than the more complex angiosperm, which develop fruit to safeguard seed, both contain comparable fundamental elements and plant structures.
The female gametophyte forms an egg, and the male gametophyte creates flagellated sperm that must swim there. For this reason, sexual reproduction must proceed in the presence of water
Fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell signals the completion of the gametophytic phase. It constitutes the maternal to embryonic transition by forming a diploid embryo, the sporophyte.
No, angiosperms do not require water for fertilization. The pollen grains contact the stigma of the flower and move down the style to the ovary where they fertilize the seeds.
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Which of the following is NOT considered an essential nutrient? phytochemicals proteins fats carbohydrates water
Phytochemicals are the nutrients that are not considered as essential in the nutrients. The correct answer is 1st option.
These are the chemicals which are produced by plants and these may affect the health of the plant but are not essentially the essential nutrients.
Among the other list, carbohydrates are important to eat but dietary carbohydrates are non-essential nutrients of the body. These are not required by the most of the population but a few ratio needs it.
Water is required by the body in which there is a statement that a body is made up of 70% of water and with that the breakdown of most of complex products is through water only.
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Farmers who use genetic engineering to grow pesticide-resistant crops: a,need to frequently till the soil to reduce Weed growth b. waste ilrigation water fiom runoff reduce the Use of petroleum and energy d.contribute to soil depletion decrease tlle Hutrient content of foods
The correct answer (C) a, need to frequently till the soil to reduce Weed growth.
Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA.
What three kind of genetic engineering are there?
DNA extraction: DNA is taken out of an organism that has the desired characteristic and is known to exist. Gene cloning involves finding and copying the desired gene. Gene modification: By changing and replacing gene sections, the gene is transformed to express in a desired manner.
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Full question :Farmers who are using genetic engineering to grow pesticide-resistant crops are: Select one: a. helping to decrease environmental pollution. b. wasting irrigation water from run-off. c. contributing to soil depletion. d. increasing the cost of foods.
the fundamental mechanism by which enzymes catalyze reactions is: a. they bind substrate just as a lock holds a key b. they utilize free energy from atp to convert substrate to product c. they stabilize the substrate of the reaction d. they stabilize the transition state of the reaction e. they stabilize the product of the reaction
A biological catalyst is an enzyme. Reactions' activation energies are reduced by catalysts. The rate of a reaction increases with decreasing activation energy. Enzymes accelerate processes by reducing activation energy.
The bonds holding together the atoms in molecules are ruptured, altered, and repaired during a chemical reaction, recombining the atoms to form new molecules. By lowering the activation energy, the energy hurdle that must be cleared for a chemical reaction to take place, catalysts improve the efficiency of this process. As a result, catalysts facilitate the formation of chemical bonds between atoms to create novel combinations and new compounds. Chemical reactions are accelerated and become more energy-efficient when catalysts are used. Additionally, catalysts possess a crucial quality known as selectivity that allows them to control an unwanted products.
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How does a central receiver system collect the sun's heat energy?
O A. by using a large dish studded with mirrors to reflect sunlight onto a receiver mounted at the center of the dish
by using long curved mirrors to reflect sunlight onto a receiver installed along the length of each mirror
О в.
OC.
by using an array of solar panels to reflect sunlight onto a receiver made from a semiconductor material
OD. by using rows of mirrors called heliostats to reflect sunlight onto a receiver mounted at the top of a tower
A central receiver system collect the sun's heat energy by usuing rows of mirrors called heliostats to reflect sunlight onto a receiver mounted at the top of a tower.
Briefing:What is heliostat?A heliostat is an instrument that continuously tilts a mirror or a no. of mirror surfaces to follow the path of the sun and reflect sunlight toward a predefined destination, such as a receiver perched atop a solar tower. The technologies used in concentrating solar power (CSP) and solar thermal power towers require heliostats.
What is a central reciever system?Central reciever systems are considered to have an expansive potential for mid-term fetched lessening of power compared to parabolic trough innovation, since they can accomplish higher temperatures, coming about in more productive steam cycles or eventually higher exergy cycles utilizing gas turbines at temperatures over 1000°C.
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Which of the following correctly explains the importance of coral reefs to living things?
a. they are breeding grounds for many land animals
b. they catch particles of dirt and a sand that build up the shorelines
c. they have the ability to filter out the salt from the water for food-making
d. they provide homes for marine animals which makes marine food chains active
Answer:D
Explanation:
Its D because if does provide homes for living things
During the systole phase of the cardiac cycle, high blood pressure in the ventricles forces the
1. aortic valve to open
2. atrioventricular valves to open
3. atria to contract
4. pulmonary valve to close
During the systole phase of the cardiac cycle, high blood pressure in the ventricles forces the aortic valve to open. That is option 1.
What is cardiac cycle?Cardiac cycle is defined as the phases of contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles which would lead to deoxygenation and oxygenation the blood for body use.
The stages of cardiac cycle include the following:
Atrial systole: At this stage of cardiac cycle, the aortic valve and pulmonary artery closes and atrioventricular valves openVentricular systole: At this stage, the contraction of the ventricles leads to the Pulmonary artery and aortic valve closure.Atrial diastole: At this stage, their is relaxation of the heart chambers which occurs when aortic valve and pulmonary artery closes and atrioventricular valves open. Ventricular diastole: At this stage, venous blood enters the left atrium, and when blood pressure within the left atrium exceeds blood pressure in the left ventricle, the mitral valve opens and passive filling of the ventricle occurs.Learn more about cardiac cycle here:
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In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation?
In males which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation? a). interstitial cells: increased androgen-binding protein (ABP) secrections b). sustentocytes: increased spermatogenesis c). sustentocytes increased testosterone d). interstitial cells: increased androgen secretions
Answer: interstitial cells: increased androgen secretions
Explanation: In males, LH targets interstitial cells. As a result of LH stimulation of interstitial cells, the levels of androgens, such as testosterone, increase.
10.Which of the following statements about trans fatty acids is true?a. they are made by the body to a large extentb. their amounts are never listed on food labelsc. they arise when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenatedd. they occur naturally in foods to a large extent
11.You have gone to the doctor recently, and she says you have high blood cholesterol.You have high LDL and lowHDL.Which of the following would NOT be effective in improving your blood lipid profile? Form A15. Olive oil is high in ____ fats which some research suggests may ___ HDL cholesterol levels in the body.View full document16. Which of the following best describes individuals who have had their gallbladder removed?View full document
Trans fatty acids arise when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated. Trans fats may be mono or polyunsaturated in nature. When hydrogenation is only partially complete, trans fats are produced.
Vegetable oils that are frequently referred to as "polyunsaturated." This merely serves to highlight the existence of several double bonds. Vegetable oils that are liquid can become solids by the hydrogenation reaction. Trans fatty acids, by chemically introducing hydrogen atoms, the process of hydrogenation breaks the double bonds that exist between the carbon atoms in cis unsaturated fat. Thus, saturated fat is produced.
The body's cholesterol is comparable to fat chemically. Your body and food both contain it. Having too much cholesterol can damage your arteries and increase your risk of heart disease even though it is necessary for wellness. Bile is immediately released into the small intestine. Gall bladder removal may affect enterohepatic circulation since the gallbladder's bile storage and rhythmic contractile pump activity are no longer present.
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Suppose you were able to watch all of the stages of succession in an area from the beginning to the end. Choose primary, secondary or aquatic succession and explain what you would see at the beginning (including what might have triggered the event if applicable), and the stages in between and at the end of the succession process. Be sure to use any relevant vocabulary from the lesson.
Aquatic succession is a process by which bodies of water transform into plain land. Aquatic succession is also known as hydrosere succession and hydrarch succession.
What are stages of aquatic succession?1. Phytoplankton stage
Your favorite pond formerly had algae, phytoplankton, bacteria, and zooplankton in its water (small aquatic animals). These tiny organisms create a community as pioneers. Pioneer species produce organic materials and nutrition through photosynthesis. As pioneer species die, the pond bottom becomes sludge.
2. Rooted Submerged
The second stage, rooted submerged, begins when muck builds up and shallowens the pond. Rooted plants get optimal nutrition and sunshine. Chara, Elodea, Ceratophyllum, and Hydrilla are submerged hydrophytes.
Hydrophytes develop and entangle. Sediment enters the pond as these plants die. Rising bottom layers shallow the pond. The pond eventually suits a different vegetation.
3. The Floating stage
In the third stage, rooted, floating plant species grow and develop throughout the pond. These plants' leaves float on the water, obscuring sunlight. This kills submerged plants.
Nymphaea and Trapa have roots. However, rooted floating plants will experience the same thing as submerged plants. As more dead plants fall into the pond, its depth will diminish.
4. Reed-Swamp Stage
Stage four—the amphibious reed-swamp stage—follows. The rooted floating plants at the bottom of the pond will die, enriching the soil and making it more productive for water- and land-loving plants.
Typha and Phragmites, thicker amphibious plants, block sunlight from reaching the pond's depths. Rooted submerged or floating plants die.
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the large eukaryote, amoeba proteus belongs to the large "group" amoebozoa because
The large eukaryote, amoeba proteus belongs to the large "group" Amoebozoa because (d) cells have a very fluid shape.
About 2,400 identified species of amoeboid protists belong to the primary taxonomic group known as Amoebozoa, which frequently has blunt, finger-like, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. Amoebozoa is classified as a phylum inside either the kingdom Protista or the kingdom Protozoa in conventional and currently defunct classification schemes. The International Society of Protistologists' preferred taxonomy maintains it as an unranked "supergroup" inside Eukaryota. The monophyletic clade Amoebozoa is supported by molecular genetic study. The sister group of Opisthokonta, a significant clade that includes both animals and fungus as well as numerous additional clades that collectively contain some 300 species of unicellular eukaryotes, according to recent studies of eukaryotic phylogenetic trees. Sometimes Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are combined into a high-level taxon known as Unikonta, Amorphea, or Opimoda.
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The large eukaryote, Amoeba proteus belongs to the large "Group" Amoebozoa because
(a) live in high temperature.
(b) cells lack mitochondria.
(c) two flagella of unequal size.
(d) cells have a very fluid shape.
(e) cells are autotrophic.
