(When exposed to oxygen, human cells do aerobic respiration, which produces acetyl CoA. Human cells may ferment lactic acid in the absence of oxygen, producing lactate.
Lactate: fermentation in human muscle
Ethanol: fermentation in yeast and bacteria
Acetyl CoA: aerobic oxidation
Alcohol fermentation occurs under anaerobic settings and creates ethanol in yeasts and many bacteria.) Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate can diffuse into mitochondria.
where it enters the citric acid cycle and generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and FADH2. These reducing equivalents then join the electron transport system, producing 32 ATP per glucose molecule.
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What is disruptive and directional selection?
Disruptive selection and directional selection are two types of natural selection that can lead to changes in the traits of a population over time.
Disruptive selection occurs when the environment favors individuals at both extremes of a trait, while selecting against those in the middle. This can lead to the formation of two distinct subpopulations, Disruptive selection each with a different set of traits. Directional selection occurs when the environment favors individuals with a certain trait and selects against individuals without that trait. This can lead to a shift in the distribution of traits within a population over time. Directional selection For example, in a population of giraffes, giraffes with longer necks may be able to reach taller trees for food, while giraffes with shorter necks may not. Both disruptive and directional selection can lead to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time and can contribute to the evolution of a species.
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Identify one provisioning service of forest ecosystems.
Providing wood is one provisioning service of forest ecosystems.
One provisioning service of forest ecosystems is the provision of timber and wood products. Forests are a major source of timber for construction, furniture, paper, and other products. Trees in a forest ecosystem grow over time and can be harvested for use as a raw material for these products. This service is important for human societies as it provides a source of building materials and fuel, as well as other wood-derived products such as paper and charcoal. Moreover, the forest ecosystem also provides non-timber forest products, such as fruits, nuts, and medicinal plants, which are also important provisioning services that support human livelihoods.
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Some humans exhibit piebald spotting: patches of skin that lack pigmentation. The condition results from the inability of pigment-producing cells to migrate properly during development. Two adults with piebald spotting have one child who has this characteristic and a second child with normal skin pigmentation g
Answer:
Piebald spotting is caused by an inability of pigment-producing cells to migrate properly during development. This condition is usually inherited, and it results in patches of unpigmented skin. In some cases, two adults with piebald spotting may have a child who has this characteristic and a second child with normal skin pigmentation. This happens because the genetic trait responsible for piebald spotting is a recessive trait. In other words, the child must inherit two copies of the recessive gene in order to display the trait. If the child only receives one copy of the gene, they will not exhibit piebald spotting.
What was the cure for methemoglobinemia?
Answer:
The cure for methemoglobinemia is oxygen therapy. Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which there is an abnormal amount of methemoglobin in the blood. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is unable to carry oxygen. Oxygen therapy involves the administration of 100% oxygen, which helps to convert the abnormal methemoglobin back to its normal form, allowing the hemoglobin to bind with oxygen and transport it to the body's tissues.
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Prokaryotic cells are differentiated from eukaryotic cells because prokaryotic cells:
Select one:
a.
have no nuclei
b.
are much larger
c.
don’t have permeable membranes
d.
have lower rate of reproduction
Answer:
Eukaryotic cells are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In contrast, prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms.
what situation shows kinetic energy being transformed into potential energy ???????????
A situation of kinetic energy being transformed into potential energy is when an object is lifted upward.
As the object is lifted, its potential energy increases while its kinetic energy decreases. This is because the object has the ability to do work due to its position, or potential energy, and as it is lifted higher, the amount of potential energy it possesses increases. Conversely, as the object is lifted, its speed, or kinetic energy, decreases.
This is because work is being done on the object to lift it, which reduces its kinetic energy. Overall, as the object is lifted, its kinetic energy is being converted into potential energy.
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SCIENCE. EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL what would happen to air pollution produced by factories in the midwest united states?
Chemical vapors and smoke are emitted into the atmosphere by factories through vents and smokestacks, and garbage is burned in open dumps or incinerators. Exhaust from generators, diesel vehicles, and buses also pollutes the air.
Factors of air pollution produced by factories in the Midwest united states:Humidity and precipitation increases have eroded soils, provided ideal conditions for pests and diseases, and reduced the quality of stored grain.
Projected changes will drop Midwest agricultural production to 1980s levels unless significant technical and cultural advancements are made.
Climate change threats interact with current stressors like invasive species and pests to increase tree death and impair forest output.
These interactions will result in the extinction of commercially and culturally significant tree species if no adaptive efforts are taken.
Climate stressors, such as temperature rises, are often most dangerous when they interact with land-use change, habitat loss, pollution, fertilizer inputs, and nonnative invasive species.
Climate change is expected to exacerbate existing health conditions and introduce new health threats by increasing the frequency and severity of poor air quality days, extreme high temperature events, and heavy rainfalls; extending pollen seasons; and changing the distribution of disease-carrying pests and insects.
Changes in precipitation patterns and increased flood risks are already having an impact on stormwater management systems, transportation networks, and other essential infrastructure.
At-risk towns in the Midwest are growing increasingly exposed to the effects of climate change, such as floods, drought, and increased urban heat islands.
Tribal countries are especially susceptible since their cultural, sustenance, and economic requirements are dependent on imperiled natural resources.
Hence, All about air pollution.
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if you were stranded in the middle of nowhere and you lost one set of lug nuts on your car, what would you do and why?
the bacterium acetobacter aceti is found in acidic environments and has an acidic cytoplasm. for this reason, most of its proteins are able to function in acidic conditions. this property distinguishes acetobacter aceti proteins from those of most other organisms. which characteristic does acetobacter aceti most likely share with other organisms?
Acetobacter aceti is found in acidic environments and has an acidic cytoplasm, which allows most of its proteins to function in acidic conditions.
This characteristic is likely to be shared with other organisms that also live in acidic environments and have acidic cytoplasms.
These organisms would also have adapted their proteins to function in acidic conditions so that they can survive in their environment.
It is common for organisms to evolve proteins that allow them to survive in their specific environment, so it is likely that other organisms found in acidic environments would also have acidic cytoplasm and proteins that can function in acidic conditions.
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when the last phosphate on atp breaks off, what is released?
Answer:
When the last phosphate on ATP breaks off, energy is released and a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed.
Explanation:
An adenosine molecule and three phosphate groups make up ATP. The final phosphate group on the molecule is held by a high-energy bond that is hydrolyzed, or broken down, by the presence of water. As a result, energy is released, and the molecule ADP (adenosine diphosphate), which is made up of an adenosine molecule and two phosphate groups, is created. This exothermic process is known as ATP hydrolysis. Endothermic processes, including the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose, can be fuelled by this energy.
Celiac disease causes the destruction of the villi cells. Which of the following is most likely to happen to people with celiac disease?answer choicesA. Incomplete digestion of fatsB. Poor absorption of calciumC. Increased levels of glucose in bloodD. Damage in the esophagus caused by increase in acid content of the stomach
Answer:
The correct answer is B. Poor absorption of calcium.
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Poor absorption of calcium. b/c the villi cells in the small intestine are destroyed by celiac disease, a digestive ailment. The small intestine is lined by projections that resemble fingers called villi, which aid in the body's absorption of nutrients from meals. When these villi are lost, the body cannot effectively absorb nutrients, such as calcium. In those with celiac disease, this can result in impaired absorption of calcium and other minerals.
how does gene flow affect genotype and phenotype of a population?
Answer:
increases variability within the population and makes possible new combinations of traits
Explanation:
7a. If you search for "cellular respiration equation" on the web, some of the most popular sites give the following chemical equation for cellular respiration of glucose. C6H12O6+6 026 CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
What is wrong with this chemical equation?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
What is Cellular respiration ?A metabolic pathway called cellular respiration breaks down glucose and generates ATP. The phases of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation.
In order to get chemical energy for cellular processes, organisms require oxygen to break down food molecules during cellular respiration. In addition to algae and other protists, cellular respiration also occurs in the cells of animals, plants, and fungus.
Oxygen and glucose are changed by cellular respiration into water and carbon dioxide. ATP is produced from the process along with water and carbon dioxide as byproducts.
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how would the smiley faces change if one of the parents were homozygous dominant for all the traits while the other was heterozygous?
The following variances were calculated for two traits in a herd of hogs.
Trait VP VG VA
Back fat 28.9 13.7 7.98
Body length 49.1 27.2 12.4
calculate broad-sense (h2 ) heritability for back fat in this herd.
0.474
0.554
0.276
0.253 Diet-induced obesity was linked to the liver's expression of hundreds of genes.
Using computations of numerous biweight midcorrelation (bicor) and their related normalized gene expression levels, we examined the correlations between post-diet adiposity and The expression levels of the genes that were connected to body fat percentage and pertinent attributes were identified using student correlation p-values. Many genes' expression analysis levels that had significant negative or positive relationships with body fat percentage also had reciprocal relationships with lean percentage and heat generation. High-quality RNA from the livers of 123 CC mice collected following an 8-week challenge with either a high-protein (HP) or high-fat high-sugar (HS) diet was used in a microarray gene expression analysis of 11,542 genes.
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in a population of jellyfish, there's jellyfish that have either blue, purple, or blue and purple colored tentacles. in a cross between a blue-tentacle and a purple-tentacle jellyfish, how many of the offspring would be expected to have blue tentacles
aqqdeqFwfawfwafaen of jellyfish, there's jellyfish that have either blue, purple, or blue and purple colored tentacles. in a cross between a blue-tentacle and a purple-tentacle jellyfish, how many of the offspring would be expected to have blue tentacles
in a cross between a blue-tentacle and a purple-tentacle jellyfish, all the offspring would be expected to have blue tentacles.
The color of the tentacles in jellyfish is determined by the presence or absence of certain pigments, and these pigments are controlled by genes that are located on the chromosomes. The color of the tentacles is determined by the interaction between these genes. If the color of the tentacles is controlled by a single gene with two alleles, one for blue tentacles (B) and one for purple tentacles (b), we can assume that the jellyfish with blue tentacles are homozygous (BB) and the jellyfish with purple tentacles are homozygous (bb).When the blue-tentacle jellyfish (BB) and the purple-tentacle jellyfish (bb) mate, they produce offspring that are all heterozygous (Bb) for the tentacle color gene. Since B is dominant over b, all the offspring will have blue tentacles because the blue allele (B) masks the purple allele (b). In summary, in a cross between a blue-tentacle and a purple-tentacle jellyfish, all the offspring would be expected to have blue tentacles.
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15 3 points Identify the correct statement below about transposons. Both types of transposons utilize an integrase enzyme coded for on the transposon itself. Retrotransposons are likely to propogate more frequently than DNA transposons. Retrotransposons are more common in prokaryotes, while DNA transposons are more common in eukaryotes. DNA transposons produce full-length transcripts which facilitate movement to a different position in the genome.
DNA sequences known transposons element (TEs) are flexible & spread into genomes. DNA virions create full-length rnas by using a range of invasion tactics, it helps them to go to a nearby spot in the genome.
A genome versus DNA: what are they?An organism's whole DNA is contained in its genome. The entire manual, from cover to cover, would represent the genome if the DNA code were a collection of instructions that were meticulously organized into sentences (genes) and chapters (chromosomes). The arrangement of the genome, chromosomes, and genes is essentially the same in all humans.
What number of genomes do people have?46 Dna strands of 24 different kinds make up the diploid human genome. Only 3 billion base pairs (the diploid genome) must be sequenced in order to fully understand a typical human genome due to the nearly identical pairings that human chromosomes exist in.
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explain the relationship between the dominant allele of a gene and the recessive allele of the same gene
Answer:
see below
Explanation:
The relationship between a dominant allele and a recessive allele of the same gene is that the dominant allele will always be expressed if it is present. This means that if an organism has one or two copies of the dominant allele, it will always be expressed in the organism's phenotype. On the other hand, the recessive allele will only be expressed if the organism has two copies of the recessive allele. In this case, the dominant allele will be masked and the recessive allele will be expressed.
which is an example of a structural homology? view available hint(s)for part a which is an example of a structural homology? the same group of embryonic cells forms the adult jaw of a perch and of a dog. all organisms share a common genetic code. vertebrate forelimbs generally have the same number and a similar arrangement of bones. all vertebrate embryos form pharyngeal pouches.
Because evolution uses and modifies what is already present, there are similarities between species that are known as homology.
What is homology?We would anticipate that organisms would resemble one another if different species had common ancestors. Homologies are characteristics that have been passed down from common ancestors, even though they look very different in close relatives.
What does genetic homology mean?Possession of a characteristic state acquired from the common ancestor of two or more species, with or without change. Sister chromatids are those in a complement of chromosomes that share the same genes.
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In pea plants, the allele for having round peas (R) is dominant over the allele for having wrinkled peas (r). As seen in the Punnett square, a pea plant with RR genotype is crossed with a pea plant with Rr genotype. What should be written in the squares marked 1 and 2
In pea plants, the allele for having round peas (R) is dominant over the allele for having wrinkled peas (r). In a Punnett square, the genotype of one parent is written along the top, and the genotype of the other parent is written along the side.
When a pea plant with RR genotype is crossed with a pea plant with Rr genotype, the Punnett square would look like this:
R - R
R - r
Square 1 would have the genotype of Rr and square 2 would also have the genotype of Rr. The R allele codes for round peas, and the r allele codes for wrinkled peas.
When a pea plant with the genotype RR is crossed with a pea plant with the genotype Rr, the offspring will all have the genotype Rr, which means they will all have the round pea phenotype (R is dominant over r). So, the squares marked 1 and 2 should have Rr written in them.
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Organisms can reproduce in one of two ways—sexually or asexually. Amoeba are examples of organisms that reproduce asexually.
When amoeba reproduce, they replicate their DNA and then divide in half. Thus,
A.
half of the offspring's genes come from the parent.
B.
very few of the offspring's genes come from one parent.
C.
none of the offspring's genes are identical to those of the parent.
D.
all of the offspring's genes come from one parent.
In a case whereby Organisms can reproduce in one of two ways—sexually or asexually. Amoeba are examples of organisms that reproduce asexually. When amoeba reproduce, they replicate their DNA and then divide in half. Thus, D.all of the offspring's genes come from one parent.
What was sexual reproduction ?Asexual reproduction refers to a type of reproduction where a child is born to a single parent. The newly created people are clones of their parents since they have the same genetic makeup and physical characteristics. Both multicellular and unicellular species can reproduce asexually.
Lower eukaryotes like Acanthamoeba have asexual reproduction, which is defined as the mother cell dividing into two daughter cells by a process called binary fission. To put it another way, amoebae do not require genetic material from other organisms to reproduce.
Therefore, option D is correct.
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hypothermia is an excessive decline in a body temperature. T/F
Answer:
Hypothermia is a medical emergency. When a person body temperature is low, the brain and body cannot function like how it should…
The body temperature can drop to:
95 degrees Fahrenheit
Or
35 degrees Celsius
( What the body temperature should be ) :
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Or
37 degrees Celsius.
Does Pleurotus ostreatus have cells that have a nucleus?
Answer:
Yes, Pleurotus ostreatus, like all living organisms, has cells that have a nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material.
Explanation:
which axis indirectly shows the relative amount of dna per cell? by what relationship? the data are plotted in a type of graph called a histogram, which groups values for a numeric variable on the x-axis into intervals. a histogram allows you to see how an entire group of experimental subjects (cells, in this case) are distributed along a continuous variable (amount of fluorescence). in these histograms, the bars are so narrow that the data appear to follow a curve for which you can detect peaks and dips. each bar represents the number of cells observed to have a fluorescence level in that interval. this in turn indicates the relative amount of dna in those cells.which axis indirectly shows the relative amount of dna per cell? by what relationship? the x-axis; the dna is naturally fluorescent so there is a positive correlation between fluorescence and dna content. the y-axis; dna content was the dependent variable. the x-axis; the dna was stained, so there is a positive correlation between fluorescence and dna content. the y-axis; the dna was stained, so there is a positive correlation between fluorescence and dna content.
Which axis subtly depicts the proportion of DNA each cell? DNA was labelled, therefore there is a positive association between fluorescent and DNA content, depending on how the x-axis is arranged.
Humans & almost all other species carry their genetic data in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic. The DNA of an individual can be found in several of their cells. The information molecule is DNA. It provides information needed to create proteins, which are some other big molecules. These instructions are distributed throughout 46 lengthy structures called chromosomes that are located inside each of your cells. Numerous smaller strands of Dna, known as genes, make up these chromosomes. Adenine (A), nucleotides (C), purine (G), and pyrimidines are indeed the four different types of shorter chemical molecules together known as nucleotide bases that comprise the linear molecule DNA (T).
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the membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.
A. K+; Na+
B. K+; Cl-
C. Na+; Cl-
D. Na+; K+
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to K+ but only slightly permeable to Na+. Because so many channels are open, the membrane is permeable to K+ when it is at rest.
Since the potassium ion-permeable cell membrane of neurons is extremely permeable, potassium leakage channels allow large amounts of potassium to escape from the neurons (holes in the cell wall). Because sodium atoms can partially pass through the neuron cell membrane and enter as sodium ions, sodium leakage channels allow this to happen. The neuron's plasma membrane is semipermeable, with K+ being the cation that can pass through it most easily and Cl and Na+ coming through more slowly. while Na+ permeability is around 5% of K+ permeability or even less in a normal cell (EK).
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What is a group of similar cells that performs some discrete function within an organ described as?
Answer: Tissue. A group of similar cells performing similar functions is known as tissues. It is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function.
Explanation: Hope this helps!! :)))
What are the two main components of species diversity?
species richness (the number of species in a local community) and species composition (the identity of the species present in a community) are the two main components of species diversity.
The number of different species represented in a given community is defined as species diversity. The effective number of species is the number of species that must be equally abundant in order to achieve the same mean proportional species abundance as observed in the dataset of interest (where all species may not be equally abundant). Species richness, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity, and/or species evenness are all definitions of species diversity. Species richness is simply a count of the number of species. The genetic relationship between various groups of species is referred to as taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity. The evenness of species quantifies how evenly the abundances of the species are distributed.
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eukaryotic why is cell division important for both single-celled and multicellular organisms?
Cell division is important for both single-celled and multicellular organisms because it is the fundamental reproduction cycle of both cells.
What is single-celled and multicellular organisms?Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism, A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, while multicellular organisms use many different cells to function. The term “multi” is technically used to refer to something that is more than one, hence “multicellular” means more than one.
important of single celled and multicellular organism:
In unicellular organisms, cell division is important for reproduction only. They produce their daughter cells by the mitosis type of cell division. In multicellular organisms, cell division is important for producing new body cells and reproduction.Multicellular and unicellular organisms are similar in a way that they show almost all the life functions and processes such as reproduction and metabolism. They possess RNA and DNA, which can display a range of lifestyles that are essential to most of the ecosystem that we currently exist in.To learn more about single and multicellular organisms refers to;
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Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of
a. adenine molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of guanine molecules.
b.pyrimidines in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines.
c. purines in DNA is much greater than the percentage of pyrimidines.
d. cytosine molecules in DNA is much greater than the percentage of guanine molecules.
Base pairing in DNA refers to the specific bonding between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). These bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G. This specific base pairing is what allows for the accurate replication and transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
Because of base pairing, the percentage of adenine molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of guanine molecules. This is because A always pairs with T, and G always pairs with C, so the proportion of A and T must be equal, as must the proportion of G and C.
Similarly, the percentage of pyrimidines (C and T) in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines (A and G) in DNA. This balance of purines and pyrimidines helps to maintain the stability of the DNA double helix.
Therefore, the correct answer is a: Adenine molecules in DNA are about equal to the percentage of guanine molecules.
experiments involving recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules that do not pose a significant risk to health or the environment fall under which category of experiments in the nih guidelines?
Experiments involving recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules that do not pose a significant risk to health or the environment fall under the "exempt" category of experiments in the NIH guidelines.
These types of experiments are considered to be of minimal risk and do not require any special oversight or approval. Examples of exempt experiments include the use of recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules for basic research, the use of plasmids or other vectors for gene transfer in cell culture systems, and the use of recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules in diagnostic tests. The NIH guidelines define "exempt" as experiments that pose no more than minimal risk to human subjects, and have no potential for harm to the environment.
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