The Mucous membrane provides a mechanical barrier at body openings
Pathogens are disease-causing agents
Leukocyte is a type of white blood cell
Biological barriers living organisms that help protect the body
The Skin is the most important mechanical barrier
Mucus is a slimy substance that traps pathogens
Phagocytosis is the process in which leukocytes engulf pathogens
Chemical barriers destroy pathogens on the outer body surface, at body openings, and on inner body linings
The inflammatory response is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection
Mechanical barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body
The immune system protects the body from worms, germs, and other agents of harm
Cilia sweep mucus and pathogens toward body openings
What is the immune system?The immune system is the system of organs and tissues that help protect the body from infections and from pathogens.
The immune system consists of
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5. what is the most likely consequence of a mutation in the acetylcholine binding site of an acetylcholine-gated na channel in the post-synaptic nerve terminal? (note: this mutation prevents the binding of acetylcholine to the channel) a: there is no effect b: the channel will not insert properly into the membrane c: the channel will now transport k d: the channel will stay in an open conformation e: the channel will not open when acetylcholine is present
The correct option is (e) i.e. the channel will not open when acetylcholine is present, is most likely consequence of a mutation in the acetylcholine binding site of an acetylcholine-gated Na channel.
Mutation in the acetylcholine binding site of an acetylcholine-gated Na channel in the post-synaptic nerve terminal. This is because the binding of acetylcholine to the channel is necessary for the channel to open and allow the influx of sodium ions, which is an essential step in the process of neurotransmission. The binding of acetylcholine, the channel will not open and neurotransmission will not occur. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the nervous system. It plays a key role in many physiological processes such as muscle contraction, memory and learning, and is involved in the regulation of several endocrine and autonomic functions. ACh is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline in the terminal of the presynaptic neuron, and then stored in vesicles. Once released into the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and triggers a cascade of events that lead to the opening of ion channels and the initiation of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. ACh is also involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of the brain to change in response to experience.
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help meh please i need this soon
Answer:
Before meiosis, there is an interphase, which includes the G1, S, and G2 phases. During the G1 phase, the cell grows and carries out normal functions. In the S phase, DNA replication occurs, resulting in each chromosome having two identical sister chromatids joined at a centromere. In the G2 phase, the cell performs a final growth and checks for DNA damage before initiating meiosis.
explain the components of the homeostatic control system for mammalian body temperature regulation, and how this functions when air temperatures are low.
The components of homeostatic control system for mammalian body temperature regulation consists of temperature sensors, neurons and hypothalamus.
The temperature sensors are present at various parts of the body on the skin that sense the change in temperature and send the signals to the hypothalamus of the brain through the neurons.
The hypothalamus acts as the integrator that balances the correct temperature of the body by sending the signals through the efferent neurons to set the appropriate temperature. If the temperature is low the signals are sent such the body shivers and the response generated by the individual would be wearing woolen clothes.
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the iris if the eye can have many colors, including brown, blue, green and hazel. how do you think polygenic inheritance explain why many iris colors are possible
The iris of the human eye can have many colors because this trait is controlled by polygenic inheritance. Polygenic traits are phenotypic traits controlled by two or more genes that have a subtle effect on trait variation.
Eye color follows a polygenic pattern of inheritance. Humans recognize nine eye colors. Expression of the eye color phenotype is controlled by two major genes and 14 additional genes associated with the X chromosome. Different combinations of these alleles produce different eye colors. Eye color is directly related to the amount of melanin in the anterior layer of the iris. Brown-eyed people have a lot of melanin in their irises, while blue-eyed people have much less of this pigment.
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if frequency of aa genotype is 0.36, the frequency of aa genotype is 0.48, and the frequency of aa genotype is 0.16, what are the frequencies of the a and a allele?
If frequency of AA genotype is 0.36, the frequency of AA genotype is 0.48, and the frequency of AA genotype is 0.16, than the frequencies of A and A allele is 0.4.
A person with the AA genotype has a very low chance of producing sickle-celled offspring and can choose a mate from almost any other genotype category. According to several studies, the AA genotype is the most malaria-prone even if it has the best concordance.
At a specific genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent.
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List and describe the characteristics of living organisms.
Living organisms are made up of a cell.
What is living organisms?Living organisms can be defined as any organism or a life form that possesses characteristics of life or being alive.
There are seven characteristics of living organisms such as :
Movement : all living organism can moves a body part or parts to bring without a change in the position of the organisms.Breathing : is the process of taking in of oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide with the help of respiratory organs. Respiration: is metabolic process wherein the living cells of an organism obtains energy by taking in oxygen and liberating carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.Excretion :is a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism. Growth: is increase in size of all living organismSensitivity: is the capacity of an organism to respond to stimulationReproduction: is the production of offspring, all living organism can give birth to one another.Learn more about living organisms here: brainly.com/question/17259533
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Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell? A. clones B. humulin C. PCR D. plasmids E. GM
plasmids E. GM these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell.
Due to the ease with which plasmids are transferred from one bacteria to another in nature, plasmids make excellent vectors for introducing novel genes into host cells. A so-called recombinant plasmid can be made by researchers inserting DNA snippets or genes into a plasmid vector. Through a procedure known as transformation, this plasmid can be added to a bacteria. Cloned animals; humulin Plasmids, PCR, and C E. GM Restrictions enzymes are used to separate the desired DNA from the vector and to open the vector in order to clone a segment of DNA (such as a gene) into the vector. By combining the vector and DNA in the presence of the enzyme DNA ligase, the DNA is inserted into the vector.
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color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait. a male that is color-blind is crossed with a female that is homozygous for normal vision. what is the probability they will have a color-blind child?
Color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait. a male that is color-blind is crossed with a female that is homozygous for normal vision, All the offspring will have normal color vision.
The gene responsible for color blindness is on the X chromosome. In other words, red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. If a female inherits a normal color vision gene and a mutated gene, she will not develop red-green color blindness, as this is a recessive trait.
Color blindness is most commonly inherited as a recessive trait on the X chromosome. The gene responsible for red-green blindness is inherited on the X chromosome. Red-green blindness is more common in males because it is inherited on the X chromosome. A male has only her one X chromosome from her mother.
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in paragraph 7, orenstein reports on two studies of primates. what conclusion does this evidence support? what conclusion does lise eliot's research (para. 9) support?
Conclusion that this evidence support gave is important characteristics of evidence analysis are: It should be logical and self-sustaining and The conclusions and interpretations should be convincing.
It should support the audit observation, Provides basis of arguments against the best possible counter argument. The analysis may be in the form of Cause and effective studies; Before and after studies; Process studies; Comparative studies; etc.
Evidence gathered leading to audit findings stand the test of their sustainability assured by the standards of their competence, relevance and sufficiency (reasonableness).
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when an individual is born with a certain genetic predisposition or inherited characteristic. it is known as:
Individual when born with a certain genetic predisposition or inherited characteristic. it is known as congenital.
Congenital condition is seen when an individual is born with a certain genetic predisposition or inherited characteristic. Genetic predisposition is termed as an increased chances of forming a specific kind of disease based on a person's genetic makeup. A genetic predisposition often end to from definite genetic variations that are often inherited from a parent.
illnesses related to a genetic predisposition include certain cancers, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, asthma, celiac disease. While Researchers have also linked many mental illnesses like , autism to Genetic predisposition .
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Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of Bacteria?
Select one:
a.
Can live in many types of environments
b.
Eukaryotic
c.
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
d.
Unicellular
The statement that we know that can be characteristic of the bacteria is that they are unicellular. Option D
What is bacteria?We know that bacteria is the kind of organism that we can say that it is ubiquitous. This is because we can be able to find the bacteria in so many different kinds of habitats.
Bacteria are well adapted to different habitats. There are some of thye bacteria that can be able to live in a salty habitat and we call such the halophytes. We also have the kind of bacteria that can be able to withstand a high temperature and we call such bacteria the thermophytes. Hence, there is no kind of habitat that we can think of that do not have the presence of many different kinds of bacteria that have been adapted to the environment of the area.
Bacteria have one cell and this why we call them unicellular organisms.
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you're studying a population of an endangered wildcat in india. this population has been hunted aggressively, but there was also a rumor that the remaining ones are heavily inbred. you sample all 500 remaining cats to look for evidence of inbreeding and get the following genotypes: aa: 31, aa: 188, aa: 281 what do you conclude?
We conclude that the cats are not detectably inbred when studying about the population of an endangered wildcat in India.
Signs of immoderate inbreeding encompass ordinary small clutter sizes (one or kittens), crooked noses, misaligned jaws, extraordinary eye set and asymmetry. Male and ladies might also additionally revel in low fertility and most cancers is greater not unusualplace in more youthful cats.
Inbreeding is the mating collectively of intently associated cats, as an instance mother/son, father/daughter, sibling/sibling matings and half-sibling/half-sibling. It is the pairing of animals which might be greater intently associated than the common population.
In the wild, there'll constantly be a few diploma of inbreeding when you consider that cats will obviously breed with their near loved ones if they arrive into touch with every different while the girl is in heat. Therefore, a few diploma of inbreeding is natural.
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Is natural selection a stabilizing factor?
Answer:
Stabilizing selection in evolution is a type of natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population.
increased levels of hormones during puberty can cause a(n) response to plaque biofilm. group of answer choices a) decreased b) exaggerated c) typical d) optimal
Option B, Increased levels of hormones during puberty can cause an exaggerated response to plaque biofilm.
The hormones during puberty can cause an exaggerated response to plaque biofilm without scientific evidence. It is important to note that oral hygiene and oral health are complex subjects and the effects of hormones on oral health are not well studied.
It would be best to consult with a dentist or a medical professional for more information.
Plaque biofilm is a complex bacterial ecosystem that forms on the surfaces of teeth and gums, and it is known that it plays a major role in the development of tooth decay and gum disease.
However, there is not enough scientific evidence to support the claim that increased levels of hormones during puberty can cause an exaggerated response to plaque biofilm.
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the number of genes estimated in the human haploid genome is about 21,000. how many genes are present in a zygote? group of answer choices 21,000 10,500 42,000 84,000
There are 42,000 genes present in a zygote if the number of genes estimated in the human haploid genome is about 21,000.
The 3 billion base pairs of DNA that make up the human genome are arranged into 23 different chromosomal pairs. There are 6 distinct gene types known to science: 1. 2. complementing genes 3. duplicate genes 4. polymeric genes Gene modification: 5. Lethal Genes: 2, 6, and 7. Transient Genes. Although the precise number of genes in the human genome is unknown, it is believed to be between 21,000 and 25,000.
The number of genes is doubled when two haploid genomes are combined (fertilization)
At all stages of development, the human population has an identical amount of genes. As you develop from a zygote to an embryo to a child to an adult, the number of genes doesn't vary.
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Independent assortment and genetic variation
Consider a diploid cell where 2n = 6. During metaphase I of meiosis, as the pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, each pair may orient with its maternal or paternal homolog closer to a given pole. There are four equally probable arrangements of the homologous pairs at metaphase I. (Note that this problem assumes that no crossing over has occurred.)
The cells below show the eight possible combinations of chromosomes that the daughter cells of meiosis II can receive.
Sort each daughter cell into the appropriate bin depending on which arrangement at metaphase I would create it.
The first daughter cell can receive either the maternal chromosomes or the paternal chromosomes, and the second daughter cell can receive the other set.
During metaphase, I of meiosis, the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. Depending on which homolog is closer to the pole, there are four arrangements of the homologous pairs.
During anaphase I, the homologous pairs separate and go their own way to the opposite poles. As a result, each daughter cell receives a combination of either the maternal chromosomes or the paternal chromosomes.
This arrangement is called the independent assortment and it results in genetic variation among the daughter cells. If a single homolog is passed to each daughter cell, the genetic variation would be reduced. Therefore, the independent assortment is important in creating genetic variation in the daughter cells.
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autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons.
False: The two reflex centres located in the pons are how autonomic regulation of heart rate occurs.
What is meant by ventricular muscles?Blood is pumped from the heart into the circulatory system via the muscular ventricle. In several invertebrates, ventricles are present.Fishes, amphibians, and other vertebrates typically have a single ventricle, but reptiles, birds, and mammals typically have two. The right and left ventricles, which are the heart's lower chambers, are known as ventricles.The blood is pumped to the body's other organs by the ventricles, which take blood from the atria, the heart's upper chambers.Blood is pumped by both the left and right ventricles of the heart, with the right ventricle sending blood to the lungs.The largest and thickest of the heart's chambers, the left ventricle is in charge of delivering oxygen-rich blood to tissues throughout the body.To learn more about ventricular muscles, refer to:
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The complete question is:autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons. true or false
which type of blood vessel surrounds tissues and cells?
Answer:
Capillaries
Explanation:
Capillaries surround tissues and cells and help deliver blood, nutrients, and oxygen to cells throughout the body. They work in various different ways to support organs and the functioning of the vascular system.
Capillaries are Blood vessels that do not have the elastic tissue of other blood vessels.
The capillaries also connect the branches of arteries to the branches of veins.
Functions of capillaries:
Capillaries help the circulatory system by connecting arteries to veins:
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to your organs whereas veins help the body remove low-oxygen blood and waste.Capillaries also support Bone marrow it enables new blood cells to enter our bloodstream.The liver is supported by capillaries as it removes defective red blood cells and bacteria.the structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters
Answer: Axon Terminals
You overhear a group of people talking about how they support the cloning of endangered species. they believe that the genome of these cloned populations will never change, no matter how many generations of offspring they produce. do you agree with this? explain your answer with reasons.
It is false that the genome of the endangered species will not change upon cloning for several generation. This is because mutations can occur at any stage of the cloning and hence will result in genome change.
Cloning is the process of synthesizing a genetically identical copy of the genome of an organism. This process can occur naturally as well as be done artificially. Naturally cloning can occur by the process of asexual reproduction.
Mutations are the changes in the genetic sequence of a living organism. It can result in the change of the characteristics of the organism due to the change in the protein that is formed from the gene. Some mutations do not cause any change in the protein synthesized and are thus known as silent mutations.
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Answer:
Genetic mutations can always occur, even in cloned organisms. So, genomes of cloned populations can change as well.
Explanation:
Edmentum Answer
the bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture is known as
Pyoderma, a frequent acute superficial bacterial skin infection, is very infectious and causes impetigo. Impetigo affects the epidermis and is typically noticed in young children.
The superficial layers of the epidermis are infected with an acute, highly contagious gram-positive bacterial illness called impetigo. The same microorganisms that cause typical impetigo can also secondary infect (impetiginize) skin wounds like cuts, abrasions, and chickenpox. A strikebreaker is someone who continues to work during a strike (also known as a scab, blackleg, or knobstick). Strikebreakers are typically people who were not working for the company prior to the labour dispute but were hired following or during the strike to keep the business operating.
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What is directional selection and give an example?
Directional selection occurs when individuals in a population with features on one side of the mean outlive or reproduce more than those on the other.
It has been proven numerous times in wild populations, using both observational and experimental methods.
Fossil data demonstrate that the size of black bears in Europe dropped throughout interglacial times of the ice ages, but increased during each glacial period, which is an example of directional selection. Another example is the size of a finch's beak in a population.
Natural selection is classified into three types: directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection. They are also illustrations of adaptive evolution. Natural selection is an evolutionary mechanism that rewards organisms that are more adapted to their environments.
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The Best Park
of my
Christmas Holiday...
Include detail on that you did, the place you
went and who you share the experience with.
The best park of my Christmas holiday was visiting the National Zoo in Washington, DC. I spent the day with my family exploring the zoo, seeing all of the animals, and learning about conservation efforts.
Other details of my Christmas holiday:We arrived early in the morning and were among the first to enter the gates. We made our way through the park, making sure to take in all the sights and sounds. We saw elephants, giraffes, rhinos, lions, and many more animals. We also visited the Reptile House, the Great Ape House, and the Children's Zoo, which was a great experience for the younger members of our group.
The day was filled with laughter and learning as we explored the zoo. We took plenty of pictures and made lots of memories. We also stopped by the gift shop to pick up souvenirs like stuffed animals, t-shirts, and postcards. By the end of the day, we were all exhausted but happy.
The National Zoo was the perfect place to spend part of my Christmas holiday. It was a great way for my family to have fun, learn, and make memories together.
Why is Christmas the best holiday paragraph?Christmas is the best holiday because it is a time of joy, love, and celebration. It is the season when we come together to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, which is a reminder of the gift of love and peace.
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a biologist studying antibiotic resistance gives one half of his petri dish colonies of e.coli exposure to augmentin and the other half to amoxycillin. this is an example of a(n) .
A biologist studying antibiotic resistance gives one half of his petri dish colonies of e.coli exposure to augmentin and the other half to amoxycillin. this is an example of an experimental studies.
What is an Antibiotic Substance?Antibiotic can be defined as follows :
A drug or substance that can eliminate or suppress the growth of dangerous microorganisms in the body:A particular class of antimicrobial agent that works against bacteria is an antibiotic.a medication used to treat bacterial and other microorganism-related illnesses.Any chemical substance produced by various microbes, such as penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, is an antibiotic.To know more about Antibiotic visit
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!!!!!HURRY PLEASE!!!!!How does the theory of plate tectonics explain the movement of Earth’s plates? Explain In 2 or more sentences.
The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's surface is made up of several large, moving plates. These plates are constantly moving, colliding, and pulling apart due to forces generated by the movement of material in the Earth's mantle. The movement of these plates causes the creation of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges as well as the formation of oceanic crust and the reshaping of continents over time. The movement of the plate is caused by the convection currents in the Earth's mantle, which causes the plate to move in a slow and steady way.
Organelle in every cell which part of the cell contains genetic information?
a. Cell
b. Nucleus
c. Chloroplast
d. Mitochondria
b.Nucleus. The nucleus, also referred to as the cell's "command centre," is a sizable organelle that houses the DNA of the cell (deoxyribonucleic acid). Using the genetic information contained in the DNA, the nucleus regulates every aspect of a cell's functioning, including growth and metabolism.
The membrane-enclosed organelle in a cell that houses the chromosomes is known as a nucleus in the context of genomics. Selective passage of some molecules (such proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus is made possible by a variety of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane.What exactly does a nucleus do?
The nucleus houses the genes, structures that hold the hereditary information, and regulates and controls the functions of the cell (such as growth and metabolism). In the nucleus, nucleoli, which are tiny bodies, are frequently seen. Nucleoplasm is the matrix that resembles a gel and contains the various nuclear parts.
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Gene mutations can be positive, negative or neutral. Suppose that the normal gene in Model 2 produced a polypeptide that was necessary for cellular respiration.Choose a mutation from those in Model 2 that would be neutral for a cell. Explain your rea- soning by relating the mutation to the cellular respiration process.A) mutation b
B)mutation A
C) mutation C
Genetic mutations are alterations in the normal gene sequence that result in the production of aberrant proteins.
The correct answer is all of them, gene mutation can be positive, negative, or neutral.
A) Various environmental influences and spontaneous occurrences can cause changes in genes, often known as mutations, which can affect the structure and function of the proteins that our cells utilize. Genes encoded in our DNA produce proteins that carry out particular activities within human cells. All new alleles in nature emerge spontaneously from mutations, which occur at a low frequency due to mistakes in DNA replication and the chemical instability of purine and pyrimidine bases.
Therefore, a gene mutation is a modification of the nucleotide sequence inside a single coding segment of DNA that takes place during cell replication (mitosis and meiosis). Variations in alleles result in variations in the organisms that make up a population. Cellular respiration, or the conversion of inspired oxygen to water that powers cellular activity, also produces highly reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA.
The purine bases G and A are particularly vulnerable to this attack. Positive mutations increase the likelihood that the organism will survive, which increases the likelihood that the mutation will be passed on to the offspring.
B) The human body replaces every cell during cellular respiration because of metabolism, and any errors in mRNA transcription or polypeptide translation can also happen. As temporary alterations to the cell, these modifications are nonetheless regarded as negative mutations since they might cause an organism to die before it has a chance to reproduce.
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Biologists measure the length of a tagged sea turtle. They learn that the turtle is 2.3 cm longer than the last time it was measured. Where did the sea turtle get the nutrients it needed to grow?
A. from the jellyfish it ate
B. from sunlight it absorbed
C. from the oxygen it breathed
D. from nutrients it absorbed from the water
The correct option (A) from the jellyfish it ate.
Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes known as sea turtles, are reptiles belonging to the order Testudines and the suborder Cryptodira.
The flatback, green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, and olive ridley sea turtles are the seven extant sea turtle species.Under the Endangered Species Act, all six sea turtle species present in US waters (excluding the flatback) are designated as endangered or vulnerable.
The flatback sea turtle is the seventh sea turtle species, found in the oceans of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia. Sea turtles are classified as either hard-shelled (cheloniid) or leathery-shelled (dermochelyid)
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
A. 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
B. 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and cabboxyl group
C. 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and adenosine
Answer:
A. 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Explanation:
The three parts of a nucleotide are a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The 5-carbon sugar is typically either ribose or deoxyribose, the phosphate group is composed of one phosphate ion, and the nitrogenous base is either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
The capacity of a brain area to reorganize in response to damage is known as brain ____ a. hemispherectomy b. cognitive neural prosthetics. c. plasticity. d. lateralization
The capacity of a brain area to reorganize in response to damage is known as brain plasticity. Option C is correct.
Brain plasticity, also called as neuroplasticity, is the biological, chemical, as well as physical capacity for the brain to reorganize its structure and its function.
Neuroplasticity occurs as a result of learning, experience as well as memory formation, or as a result of damage to the brain.
Plasticity allows the brain to cope better with the indirect effects of brain damage resulting from an inadequate blood supply following a stroke. Fundamentally, the nervous system will needs to rearrange itself in order to adapt to the unfolding situation that it faces. The genes program of the body to have neuroplasticity so that animals can survive in an unpredictable environments.
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