The Hadean Bioscience colleagues refer to the early Earth as a "bare planet," meaning that it didn't have an atmosphere or an ocean when it originally formed.
What means of environment?Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life. While all living or biotic elements are animals, plants, forests, fisheries, and birds, non-living or abiotic elements include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air.Environment mainly consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. However, it can be loosely categorised into two sorts, namely (a) Micro environments and (b) Macro environments. It can also be split into two more categories, such as (c) the physical environment and (d) the biotic environment.
What is importance of environment?Healthy living as well as the continuation for life on Earth both depend on the environment. Earth is home to many different living beings, and all of us rely on it for necessities like food, air, & water. Therefore, it is imperative that each individual protect and preserve our ecosystem. Geographical setting & artificial environment are the two categories of environments.
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A forensic anthropologist is attending your school’s career
fair. She brings with her both actual bone specimens as well as a presentation.
She picks up a hip bone and says “did you know that when you are born this bone
is actually three separate bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis? In most of you
they are just now beginning to fuse together.” Then, while holding a femur she
explained that “the ends of the long bones fuse to the shaft at various ages,
and for the femur, this is between 14 and 21 years, and for the clavicle, it
occurs between 20 and 30 years of age. Why do you think the skeleton starts off
with more separate bones and fuses them along the life span? Are there any
advantages to either unfused or fused bones?
The skeleton(hipbones) starts off with more separate bones and fuses them along the life span to allow for complete development of underlying organs and for flexibility needed during the birth of the developing foetus. This flexibility is the advantage of the unfused bone before birth.
What is skeleton?Skeleton is defined as the hard structures that makes up the musculoskeletal system specific f the body which provides support and ability for movement.
During the development of the foetus, not all the bones of the body are fused especially the bones of the skull and the bones of the hip. This leads to the total number of bones in a baby being 300 bones and that of an adult is 206.
After birth, the bones of an infant undergoes ossification. That is to say that the skull and hip bones which where separate before birth fuses together and forms a stronger structure.
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A donkey and a beetle both use legs for locomotion, but the donkey has an internal bony skeleton while the beetle has an exoskeleton made of chitin. Which of the statements accurately describe the relationship between the donkey and beetle? choose all that apply.
Legs in donkey and the beetle are analogous structures. D) The donkey and the beetle do not share a recent common ancestor because the legs of these organisms have a common purpose but not a common structure.
What are convergent evolution and analogous structures?Convergent evolution is the emergence of phenotypical similarities in different groups independently from each other.
Convergent evolution occurs when two or more taxonomic groups share the same traits or characteristics even when they do not share a common ancestor.
Usually, this is a pattern observed in groups that are exposed to the same or similar environmental pressures. The development of these similar phenotypes is related to higher fitness and competitive ability.
The traits or characteristics developed by these different and distant groups are analogous structures.
Analogous structures are those body parts of different organisms that accomplish the same function, but they originated from different areas. These structures do not share the same origin.
In the exposed example, the donkey and a beetle's legs are analogous structures. We can tell it because,
donkey and a beetle do not share a recent common ancestorlegs have a different origin in donkey and beetlelegs are used for locomotion in both species. In both cases, legs have the same function.Among the option, option D is the correct one. The donkey and the beetle do not share a recent common ancestor because the legs of these organisms have a common purpose but not a common structure.
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one-way anova is used to determine if differences exist between the means of three or more populations under dependent sampling.
To ascertain whether there are differences between the means of three or more populations under dependent sampling, one-way ANOVA is performed.
What can you infer from a one-way ANOVA?In order to ascertain whether there is statistical support that the linked population means are statistically substantially different, one-way ANOVA ("analysis of variance") examines the means of two or more independent groups. A parametric test is one-Way ANOVA. Another name for this test is the one-factor ANOVA
Can two groups be studied using ANOVA?One-way ANOVAs are typically used when there are three or more categorical independent groups, although they can also be employed when there are only two groups (but an independent-samples t-test is more commonly used for two groups).
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In what important way does research on taste aversion conducted by john garcia and robert koelling demonstrate how biology can strongly influence classical conditioning? responses by showing that some associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are more easily learned than others by showing that some associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are more easily learned than others by showing that pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus is not required by showing that pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus is not required by showing that the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus must be presented together by showing that the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus must be presented together by showing that cognition is not necessary for conditioning to occur by showing that cognition is not necessary for conditioning to occur by showing that all learning cues can be conditioned equally well.
John Garcia and Robert Kahring used flavored water. There was combination of taste (conditioned stimulus) and nausea (unconditioned stimulus) that led to the illness experienced. In case of, taste was combined with other unconditioned stimuli and no conditioning occurred.
What is Classical Conditioning Theory?Classical conditioning is a behaviorist theory of learning that occurs unconsciously. It has been hypothesized that when naturally occurring and environmental stimuli are repeatedly paired, the environmental stimulus ultimately elicits a response similar to that of the natural stimulus.Learning through classical conditioning pairs autoconditioned responses with specific stimuli. This creates behavior.Why is classical conditioning important?Most psychologists now agree that classical conditioning is a fundamental form of learning. In addition, Pavlovian principles are known to influence human health, emotions, motivation, and the treatment of mental disorders. Classical conditioning has many clinically relevant uses.
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Which area of the brain is associated with consolidation of information into long-term memories?.
Area of the brain that is associated with consolidation of information into long-term memories is called : the hippocampus.
What is the function of hippocampus?The hippocampus is the catalyst for long-term memory but actual memory traces are encoded at different places in the cortex.
The hippocampus is important for the rapid formation of new memories and for prolonged process of consolidating newly acquired memories into permanent storehouse of autobiographical and world knowledge in the neocortex .
When long-term memories are formed, hippocampus retrieves the information from working memory and starts to change the physical neural wiring of brain. The new connection formed between neurons and synapses stay as long as they are in use.
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How would this affect the ability of the leaf to retain water especially in dry conditions?
If the stomata are open in dry condition, the leaf could lose water vapor and dehydrate or dry out.
Photosynthesis is when green plants and other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Plant photosynthesis generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.
If the stomata are open in dry conditions to carry out the process of photosynthesis then the leaf loses water vapor and dehydrates. To lower the rate of water vapor loss through the openings of the stomata the guard cells close to prevent further loss of water vapor.
Less water for photosynthesis, so the rate of photosynthesis and glucose production decreases.
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In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced?.
Glucose is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced during the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration.
Glucose is a simple sugar. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide, a type of carbohydrate. Glucose is primarily produced by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight, where it is used to produce cellulose in cell walls, the world's most abundant carbohydrate.
A glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water during cellular respiration. Some ATP is produced directly along the way in the reactions that transform glucose. However, much more ATP is produced later in the process known as oxidative phosphorylation. The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, drives oxidative phosphorylation.
During glycolysis, a six-carbon sugar, glucose, undergoes a series of chemical transformations. It eventually degrades into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. ATP is produced in these reactions.
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which substances show variations in composition on both a particulate level and a macroscopic level?
A heterogeneous mixture shows variations in composition on both a particulate level and a macroscopic level.
The mixture's composition is not consistent.
What is heterogeneous mixture?
If the composition of a mixture varies over time, it is said to be heterogeneous. Vegetable soup is a sophisticated mixture. The proportions of the different vegetables and other ingredients will vary.
Heterogeneous mixes are made up of two or more different phases. Examples include ice cubes in a liquid, sand and water and salts and oils.
Therefore, a heterogeneous mixture shows variations in composition on both a particulate level and a macroscopic level.
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GIVING BRAINLIEST what is the relationship between blood viscosity and blood pressure
reganglionic sympathetic fibers typically synapse with sympathetic chain ganglia unless they pass through, forming____________nerves that instead enter collateral ganglia.
splanchnic
preganglionic sympathetic fibers typically synapse with sympathetic chain ganglia unless they pass through, forming splanchnic nerves that instead enter collateral ganglia.
The sympathetic nerves enter the spinal cord through the intermediolateral horn and exit through the T1 through L2 segments. Before the postganglionic nerve fibers reach the target tissue, the preganglionic nerve fibers synapse in either the paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia or the prevertebral ganglia.
The splanchnic nerves are bilateral autonomic nerves that supply stomach and pelvic viscera. Except for the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, all splanchnic nerves carry preganglionic (presynaptic) sympathetic fibers.
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what is the difference between nonhomologous end-joining (nhej) and homology-directed repair (hdr) in the context of genome editing?
While HDR-breaks require a template to assist repair, NHEJ-break end can be ligated with out it.
In biology, what does homology mean?Homology refers to similarity at all levels due to a common origin (organism, population and species). Genealogs classified as homoplasts do not have a common ancestor among species. Homoplasy is resemblance resulting from a shared ancestry at the organism & population levels but not at the species.
What is an example of homology?Homologies are characteristics shared by two or more species and derived from their common ancestor. For instance, our common ancestor who lived more than 300 Mya ago left us with both the humans five-fingered hand and also the lizard's five-toed foot.
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in dogs, coat color (b or b) and hearing (d or d) are both genetically determined. if a dog is genotype bbdd, what gametes could it make?
If a dog is genotype and hearing (d or d) are both genetically determined.
A genotype is a scoring of the kind of version gift at a given area (i.e., a locus) inside the genome. it could be represented by way of symbols. as an example, BB, Bb, bb may be used to represent a given variation in a gene.
In a huge sense, the term "genotype" refers to the genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism's entire set of genes. In a extra narrow feel, the term may be used to refer to the alleles, or variant types of a gene, which might be carried by way of an organism.
Genotype normally stays constant from one environment to some other, even though occasional spontaneous mutations can also arise which reason it to trade. however, while the same genotype is subjected to specific environments, it may produce a wide range of phenotypes.
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among molluscs, only members of the class have a circulatory system, in which all of the blood is contained in vessels to maintain higher blood pressure.
Among mollusks, only members of the class have a circulatory system, in which all of the blood is contained in vessels to maintain higher blood pressure. Annelids.
The circulatory machine is made up of blood vessels that bring blood far away from and closer to the heart. Arteries bring blood far from the coronary heart and veins convey blood returned to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and eliminates waste merchandise, like carbon dioxide.
Arteries bring blood far away from the heart and veins convey blood returned to the coronary heart. The circulatory gadget includes oxygen, vitamins, and hormones to cells, and removes waste merchandise, like carbon dioxide.
Our coronary heart is the best circulatory machine organ. Blood is going from the coronary heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The lungs are a part of the breathing system. Your coronary heart then pumps oxygenated blood via arteries to the rest of the body.
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pleaseeeeee help me! i’ll give u brainliest fr
Answer:
A.
The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is smooth, freely permeable to most small molecules, contains fewer enzymes and is poor in proteins. It has porin proteins which form channels for the passage of molecules through it. It allows the uptake of substrates and release of ATP. The inner membrane is semipermeable and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the mitochondrion. It is rich in enzymes and carrier proteins (permeases). It is usually produced into numerous infolds called cristae (singular crista). It bears minute regularly spaced lollipop-shaped particles known as oxysomes. The rest of the inner membrane contains the electron carrier molecules of the electron transport chain.
Explanation:
Please give the brainliest, really appreciated.
Answer: Option 1
Explanation:
The outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable. The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable.
How can we best summarize the role of watson and crick in discovering the structure of dna?.
They created a key speculation for the shape of DNA. (They did now no longer carry out experiments themselves; they created a accurate speculation the usage of statistics from a couple of sources.)
Watson and Crick evolved their thoughts approximately genetic replication in a 2d article in Nature, posted on May 30, 1953. The had proven that during DNA, shape is function: the double-stranded molecule may want to each produce genuine copies of itself and deliver genetic instructions.
Taken in 1952, this picture is the primary X-ray image of DNA, which caused the invention of its molecular shape through Watson and Crick. Created through Rosalind Franklin the usage of a method referred to as X-ray crystallography, it found out the helical form of the DNA molecule.
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When are the genes involved in lactose metabolism in e. Coli expressed and when are they turned off?.
Genes involved in lactose metabolism can be found in the E. coli lac operon. Only when lactose and glucose are both present does it express.
E. coli processes lactose in what way?By hydrolyzing the 1,4 glycosidic link on the lactose disaccharide in E. coli, -D-glucosidase produces -D-glucose and -D-galactose.
The lac operon turns on when there is lactose present?When lactose is available in the environment, it binds to the repressor protein and inhibits it from binding to the operator, allowing the transcription of the genes in the lac operon. Repressing the repressor is therefore how the lac operon is activated.
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The heart can be found in which body cavity?
spinal
cranial
thoracic
pelvic
Answer:
thoracic
Explanation:
Answer:
C
Explanation:
thoracic cavity is the correct answer can you mark me brainliest I need it please and thank you :P
Which hormones help the body resist stress and make stored nutrients available to prepare the body for action?.
When under stress, cortisol accesses protein reserves through the liver's gluconeogenesis pathway in order to provide the body with glucose.
Which hormone aids the body in coping with stress?The main stress hormone, cortisol, raises blood sugar levels (glucose), improves how well your brain uses glucose, and increases the availability of compounds that help tissues heal. Cortisol also prevents actions that can be needless or harmful in a fight-or-flight situation.
What hormone is secreted to support energy maintenance during prolonged stress?The endocrine glands on top of your kidneys, the adrenal glands, generate and release the steroid hormone cortisol. Your body's response to stress is one of the many things that cortisol has an impact on.
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If the haploid number of an organism is 5, then each dividing diploid cell will have how many chromatids at mitotic metaphase?.
Haploid = 1 chromosome. diploid = 1 chromatid.
A haploid number of an organism = 5.
A diploid number of an organism = 10.
Chromosomes are duplicating in the metaphase stage, so 10 x 2 = 20 chromatids.
Therefore, each dividing diploid cell will have 20 chromatids at mitotic metaphase.
A diploid germ cell divides into four haploid cells into two cell divisions. This process does not occur in organisms that reproduce via asexual processes such as binary fission. A haploid cell contains only one set of chromosomes. Diploids, as the name suggests, contain two sets of chromosomes.
Haploid cells are formed through the process of meiosis. A diploid cell is a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes. Diploid cells have paired chromosomes from both biological parents. Mitosis produces a diploid cell if the parent cell is also diploid. Mitosis produces two genetically and morphologically identical cells.
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the two sorting processes eukaryotic cells may follow to produce new daughter cells that receive the correct number and types of chromosomes are
Two sorting processes eukaryotic cells may follow to produce new daughter cells that receive the correct number and types of chromosomes are mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes .
Mitosis is used to produce new identical somatic (body) cells for growth and healing while meiosis is used to produce sex cells (eggs and sperm).
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what is the major source of increased muscle mass for plantaris muscles from both legs? why did the right leg also increase in mass during these 2 months?
The age of the experimental rats was a substantial contributor to the increased muscle mass in the plantaris muscles from both legs. The muscles grew since they were still so young.
Part of the poster superficial compartment of the calf, the plantaris is a tiny muscle that runs along the back of the leg. The plantaris muscle, which is frequently seen as an accessory, vestigial muscle, is absent from only 7–20% of limbs.
The plantaris functions to plantar flex the knee joint and ankle joint sporadically. The central nervous system may receive proprioceptive feedback information about the location of the foot from the plantaris muscle.
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what are the four common structures of all living cells? how did these structures differ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell models in photo 1?
All cells share four common components: 1) a plasma membrane, outer protection that separates the interior of the cell from its surrounding surroundings; 2) cytoplasm, including a jelly-like region within the cell wherein other cellular additives, are determined; three) DNA, the genetic cloth of the cell, and 4) ribosomes.
The structures which are observed in all kinds of cells are the cellular membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA. The cellular membrane also referred to as the plasma membrane, is the outer barrier of the cell. It protects the cell and allows modify what is going in and out through selective permeability.
Prokaryotes are usually unicellular, at the same time as eukaryotes are regularly multi-celled organisms. additionally, eukaryotic cells are more than 100 to 10,000 times large than prokaryotic cells and are much extra complicated. The DNA in eukaryotes is saved inside the nucleus, even as DNA is stored within the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
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Why would contractile vacuoles be of little value to one celled organisms living in the ocean.
Contractile vacuoles be of little value to one celled organisms living in the ocean because in a hypotonic solution water will enter the organism because there is more solute inside the cell than outside the cell.
What are Contractile vacuoles?Contractile vacuoles are intracellular structures involved in osmoregulation. It occurs mainly in protists and unicellular algae. Formerly known as pulsatile or pulsatile vacuoles. The contractile vacuole complex (CV) is an osmoregulatory organelle in free-living amoebae and protozoa that regulates intracellular water balance by accumulating excess water and expelling it from the cell, thus controlling the water balance in ponds.Allows cells to survive under hypotonic stress such as A vacuole is a membrane-enclosed organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help release waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help in maintaining water balance. Tropomyosin, along with other proteins actin and myosin, is a ubiquitous contractile protein in animal cells that functions to regulate contraction in both muscle and non-muscle cells.To learn more about Contractile vacuoles from the given link :
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Does a monopolistically competitive firm tend to have a more elastic or less elastic demand than a monopoly? explain why.
Answer: The monopolistically competitive firm will have a more elastic demand than a monopoly because there will likely be more close substitutes. A monopoly has fewer substitutes and no close substitutes. The greater number of substitutes will cause elasticity to increase. It is easier for individuals to switch to consuming other goods when prices rise.
To repair a thymine dimmer by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the necessary enzymes act?.
When repairing a thymine dimer via nucleotide excision repair, the essential enzymes Endonuclease, DNA polymerase I, and DNA ligase should be used in that order.
Which enzyme is necessary for thymine dimer excision repair?According to the needs of the cell, a number of processes, including photolyase, can remove or repair T-T dimers from DNA. A photo reactivating enzyme termed photolyase, which has chromophores capable of absorbing blue light photons, is present in several organisms (of wavelength 350-450 nm).
What enzyme is in charge of mending thymine dimers with light energy?Photoreactivation can be used to fix pyrimidine dimers. A thymine dimer is split into two thymine monomers during photoreactivation, an enzyme reaction triggered by light (between 300 and 600 nm).
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If a green pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas, what other allele must be present.
Answer: If a pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!!!
in reactions mediated by protein kinases what does phosphorylation of successive proteins ddo to drive the reaction
Phosphorylation of successive proteins drives the reaction by causing the proteins to change shape. The proteins can then bind to each other, or to other molecules, more tightly.
This increased binding affinity allows the proteins to work together more efficiently to drive the reaction.Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins. Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein. This modification can change the activity of the protein. Protein kinases are important in many cellular processes, including cell division, cell signaling, and cell death.
Protein kinases can phosphorylate multiple proteins in a cascade, which is a series of reactions in which each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme. The phosphorylation of successive proteins in a cascade can amplify the signal that is being transmitted.
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1.contols cell activities 2.surrounds the nucleus and is where most cell activities occur 3.is the partially permeable outer covering enclosing the cytoplasm 4.mitochondria 5.golgi apparatus 6.ribosomes 7.vacuoles
The nucleus, also referred to as the cell's "command center," is a sizable organelle that houses the DNA of the cell (deoxyribonucleic acid). Using the genetic information contained in the DNA, the nucleus regulates every aspect of a cell's functioning, including growth and metabolism.
The Nuclear Envelope is a double-layered membrane that encloses the nucleus's contents for the majority of a cell's lifespan.
Cell Membrane- It is a delicate, flexible membrane that is semi-permeable or selectively permeable. The cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm and nucleus.
The mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles, generate the majority of the chemical energy needed to power a cell's metabolic processes (mitochondrion, singular). The small molecule adenosine triphosphate serves as a reservoir for the chemical energy produced by the mitochondria (ATP).
An organelle found in cells called a Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus, helps in the processing and packaging of proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins meant for cell export. The Camillo Golgi-named Golgi body looks like a stack of membranes.
At a ribosome, an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, the process of making proteins occurs in a cell. The ribosome decodes the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a specific string of amino acids that stretch into lengthy chains and fold to form proteins.
What is vacuole?
A vacuole is a region of a cell that is membrane-lined, empty of cytoplasm, and filled with fluid in biology. Particularly in protozoa (single-celled eukaryotic organisms), vacuoles play an important role as cytoplasmic organelles, carrying out functions such water storage, intake, digestion, excretion, and expulsion. Large core vacuoles in plant cells allow them to expand without gaining the mass that would make metabolism difficult. To protect the cell against self-toxicity, plants, fungus, algae, and certain other species also store powerful secondary chemicals in their vacuoles, such as tannins or other biological pigments.
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How does a homeostatic imbalance, such as diabetes, provide evidence for feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis?
The homeostatic imbalance, such as diabetes, provides evidence for feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis because they are able to increase or decrease the imbalance of the system and thus we can observe the outcome.
What is a biological feedback mechanism?A biological feedback mechanism is any type of pathway in an organism whose output is able to modify the input of the system, thereby producing a relationship that may be positive (i.e., positive biological feedback mechanism) or negative (i.e., negative biological feedback mechanisms).
The biological feedback mechanism is able to change the input and therefore we can trace a given output by means of its input.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a biological feedback mechanism can be used to understand the intrinsic features of a homeostatic mechanism by observing the relationships between the output and the input, which may be positive or negative.
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What is the blood type of individuals who cannot add the terminal sugar to the h substance?.
The blood type of individuals who can't add the terminal sugar to the H substance is the O blood type.
Blood types are determined by the presence (or absence) of certain antigens in the blood. Antigens are substances that are able to trigger the immune response.
The major blood type groups are based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. In addition to A and B antigens, there is also a protein that can be either present or absent called the Rh factor. Combined, A and B antigens and Rh factor create eight major groups of blood types.
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