Crime is one of the major problems of any society and every individual must contribute to its eradication. Criminology is the study of crime, its causes, prevention, and penalties.
Crime is one of the major problems of any society and every individual must contribute to its eradication. Criminology is the study of crime, its causes, prevention, and penalties. A theory refers to a plausible explanation of an observed phenomenon. Thus, theories of criminology endeavor to explain the various causes of crime.Individuals commit crime due to various reasons such as poverty, unemployment, peer pressure, mental illness, drug abuse, and lack of education. However, from my perspective, the most common cause of crime is poverty. Poverty leads to unemployment, poor education, lack of healthcare and housing, and all of these factors contribute to the criminal activities of people. If a person is unable to afford basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing, then they may resort to crime to acquire these basic needs.Furthermore, social learning theory may also apply to this. This theory proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others in their social environment. Thus, exposure to criminal activities increases the probability of an individual committing a crime. For instance, if a person's family members are criminals, they may learn these criminal behaviors and develop the mindset that crime is a way of life.In conclusion, poverty is the most common cause of crime from my personal perspective, and social learning theory may also apply to it. However, there are various other theories of criminology that may also contribute to this explanation, and it is crucial to analyze these theories to develop effective crime prevention strategies.
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D Any sunk costs and financing costs should be considered when determining the cash flow of an investment project. O True O False Question 6 7 pts An increase in net working capital due to an investment results in a increase in cash flows. O True False Question 7 7 pts One can estimate the cost of common equity by using the capital asset pricing model that says cost of common equity riskfree rate + beta of the stock x (return on market portfolio - riskfree rate). O True O False
The statement "Any sunk costs and financing costs should be considered when determining the cash flow of an investment project" is False.
Sunk costs, which are costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered, should not be considered when determining the cash flow of an investment project. Only future costs and revenues that are relevant to the project's decision-making should be included in the cash flow analysis. Similarly, financing costs, such as interest expenses or fees associated with obtaining funding, are not included in the cash flow analysis as they are considered separate from the project's operating cash flows.
Regarding the statement "An increase in net working capital due to an investment results in an increase in cash flows," the statement is True. Net working capital represents the difference between a company's current assets and current liabilities. When an investment leads to an increase in net working capital, it means that the company has more current assets available to support its operations. This increase in net working capital generally results in an increase in cash flows since the company has more liquid assets to cover its short-term obligations and fund its ongoing activities.
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Sheila and Jiwon had another big argument. Though they live together, their excitement for the relationship is dwindling. What stage of the relationship process are Sheila and Jiwon going through?
a. Intensifying
b. Circumscribing
c. Stagnating
d. Integrating
Option c. Stagnating is the correct option. Sheila and Jiwon are currently going through the stage of the relationship process known as stagnating.
Stagnating is a stage in the relationship process characterized by a lack of growth or progress. During this stage, the excitement and enthusiasm in the relationship start to diminish, and conflicts and arguments become more frequent. Sheila and Jiwon's ongoing arguments and the dwindling excitement for their relationship indicate that they are experiencing stagnation.
In the intensifying stage, couples typically experience a deepening of their emotional connection and an increase in their commitment to each other. Circumscribing, on the other hand, is characterized by a decrease in communication and sharing of personal information. Integrating is the stage where couples develop a shared identity and begin to integrate their lives more fully. Given the description provided, it is evident that Sheila and Jiwon are not in the intensifying, circumscribing, or integrating stages. The conflicts and diminishing excitement point to the stagnating stage, where they may need to address the issues in their relationship to prevent further deterioration.
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oration was organized by five individuals on January 1, 2020. At the end of January 2020, the financial data are available: Total revenues Total expenses (excluding income taxes) $314,000 202,500 Income tax expense (all unpaid as at January 31) Cash balance, January 31, 2020 34,970 69,650 Receivables from customers (all considered collectible) 39,000 Merchandise inventory (by inventory count at cost) 101, 100 Payables to suppliers for merchandise purchased from them (will be paid during February 2020) 20,050 Contributed capital (3,400 shares) 78, 200 No dividends declared in January 2020. Required: 1. Prepare a summarized statement of earnings for the month of January 2020. DUCHARME CORPORATION Summary Statement of Earnings For the Month of January 2020 Total revenues oration was organized by five individuals on January 1, 2020. At the end of January 2020, the financial data are available: Total revenues Total expenses (excluding income taxes) $314,000 202,500 Income tax expense (all unpaid as at January 31) Cash balance, January 31, 2020 34,970 69,650 Receivables from customers (all considered collectible) 39,000 Merchandise inventory (by inventory count at cost) 101, 100 Payables to suppliers for merchandise purchased from them (will be paid during February 2020) 20,050 Contributed capital (3,400 shares) 78, 200 No dividends declared in January 2020. Required: 1. Prepare a summarized statement of earnings for the month of January 2020. DUCHARME CORPORATION Summary Statement of Earnings For the Month of January 2020 Total revenues
The contributed capital was $78,200, and no dividends were declared in January 2020.
To prepare the summarized statement of earnings for the month of January 2020, we need to calculate the net income by subtracting the total expenses from the total revenues. The statement will also include information about the income tax expense, which is unpaid as of January 31, 2020.
Total Revenues: $314,000
Total Expenses (excluding income taxes): $202,500
Net Income (Total Revenues - Total Expenses): $314,000 - $202,500 = $111,500
The statement of earnings will show a net income of $111,500 for the month of January 2020.
Other financial data provided includes the cash balance, receivables from customers, merchandise inventory, payables to suppliers, contributed capital, and dividends. However, these items are not directly relevant to the preparation of the summarized statement of earnings.
They may be used to analyze the company's financial position and liquidity, but are not part of the statement of earnings itself.
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Any method of production of a good or service is ________________, _______________ the maximum utility or benefit that the company can obtain.
a. limited information restriction.
b. An information constraint always increases.
c. One technology, limits.
d. One technology: always on the rise
Any method of production of a good or service is limited by one technology, limits the maximum utility or benefit that the company can obtain. The correct option is A.
The production possibility curve illustrates the relationship between the production of one item and the production of another. Production is constrained by one technology, which means that the curve cannot be shifted outward without a change in technology.
A business, for example, can only manufacture a limited quantity of products in a given period. As a result, the production possibilities frontier assists firms in determining which combination of goods to produce in order to maximize the total utility or profit gained from using resources.
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The demand for apples in the United States is Qus = 800-20P, and foreign demand for apples is QF = 1200-40P, where quantity demanded is measured in millions of bushels and price is in dollars per bushel. The world demand for apples is therefore A. Q=2000-20P when P is $30 or less. B. Q=2000-60P when P is $30 or less. C. Q=400+ 20P for all prices.. D. Q=400-20P when P is $20 or less. The world supply of apples is Qs = 200+30P. Therefore, the world equilibrium price for apples is $ per bushel and the equilibrium quantity of apples is million bushels. (Enter your responses as integers.) At the equilibrium price, million bushels will be sold in the U.S., and million bushels will be sold in foreign markets. (Enter your responses as integers.)
The world equilibrium price for apples is $20 per bushel, and the equilibrium quantity of apples is 600 million bushels. At the equilibrium price, 400 million bushels will be sold in the U.S., and 200 million bushels will be sold in foreign markets.
To determine the world equilibrium price and quantity of apples, we need to find the price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.First, we equate the quantity demanded and supplied to find the equilibrium price: 800 - 20P (U.S. demand) + 1200 - 40P (foreign demand) = 200 + 30P (world supply) Simplifying the equation, we get: 2000 - 60P = 200 + 30P Combining like terms, we have: 90P = 1800 Dividing both sides by 90, we find: P = 20 So the equilibrium price for apples is $20 per bushel. To find the equilibrium quantity, we substitute the equilibrium price back into any of the original demand or supply equations. Using the world supply equation Qs = 200 + 30P Qs = 200 + 30(20) Qs = 200 + 600 Qs = 800 Therefore, the equilibrium quantity of apples is 600 million bushels. To determine the quantities sold in the U.S. and foreign markets at the equilibrium price, we substitute the equilibrium price into the respective demand equations: Qus = 800 - 20P Qus = 800 - 20(20) Qus = 800 - 400 Qus = 400 million bushels QF = 1200 - 40P QF = 1200 - 40(20) QF = 1200 - 800 QF = 400 million bushels
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Every day, you and your best pal watch a TV show at the same time. To choose the next TV series that you're going to binge-watch during the era of social distancing you decide to use skHype™, a video-conferencing software, to play matching-pennies. On command, you each display the face of your coin. If the faces match (i.e. "heads, heads" or "tails, tails"), you win and your preferred show is chosen; if they do not match (i.e. "heads, tails" or "tails, heads") your friend wins and their preferred show is chosen. The payoff matrix is the following: Your BFF H T H 1,-1 -1, 1 T -1,1 1, -1 a) [5] Find the pure strategy Nash equilibria of this game. b) [5] If you always choose to play "heads", how will your friend respond? What is the payoff that you would expect to win, on average? c) [5] If you always choose to play "tails", how will your friend respond? What is the payoff that you would expect to win, on average? d) [10] Clearly state and derive the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium.
The given scenario involves a game of matching-pennies played between you and your friend to determine the next TV series to binge-watch during social distancing. The payoff matrix represents the outcomes of the game. The task is to find the pure strategy Nash equilibria, analyze the strategies when you always choose "heads" or "tails," and derive the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium.
a) The pure strategy Nash equilibria occur when both players choose the strategy that maximizes their payoff given the other player's strategy. In this case, there are two pure strategy Nash equilibria: (H, T) and (T, H), where each player has an equal probability of winning.
b) If you always choose to play "heads," your friend will respond by always playing "tails" since it maximizes their payoff. In this scenario, your expected payoff would be -1 on average since your friend always wins.
c) Similarly, if you always choose to play "tails," your friend will respond by always playing "heads" to maximize their payoff. In this case, your expected payoff would also be -1 on average.
d) The mixed strategy Nash equilibrium occurs when both players randomize their strategies. In this game, if you choose "heads" with probability p and "tails" with probability 1-p, your friend will respond by also choosing "heads" with probability q and "tails" with probability 1-q. The probabilities p and q will satisfy the condition that each player is indifferent between their choices.
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30. At any point on the LM curve. a. There is equilibrium in the
labor market. b. The money supply is equal to the demand for money.
c. Equilibrium output is equal to potential output. d. Both the
goo
At any point on the LM curve, the equilibrium output is equal to potential output, known as full employment output.
The LM curve represents the equilibrium in the money market, where the supply of money equals the demand for money. However, the LM curve intersects with the aggregate demand (AD) curve, which represents the equilibrium in the goods market. At the point where the LM curve and the AD curve intersect, both the goods market and the money market are in equilibrium.
When the goods market is in equilibrium, the output produced in the economy is equal to the aggregate demand for goods and services. This level of output is often referred to as equilibrium output. At this output level, firms are producing at their full capacity, and there is no cyclical unemployment. In other words, the economy is operating at its potential output, which represents the maximum sustainable level of output given the available resources and technology.
Therefore, at any point on the LM curve, option (c) is correct: equilibrium output is equal to potential output. Options (a) and (b) are not necessarily true because equilibrium in the labor market or the equality of money supply and demand may not hold at every point on the LM curve. The LM curve primarily represents the relationship between interest rates and output in the goods market, rather than directly reflecting labor market equilibrium or the equality of money supply and demand.
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a.) Several methods for collecting 'job analysis' data are available.
i.) Name FOUR methods for collecting 'job analysis' data (do NOT include
'combination' as a method!). (4 marks)
ii.) Choose any TWO of the methods you listed in a) above and, for each of
those two, state ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage. (4 marks)
b.) Why does 'autonomy' in a job tend to increase the motivation and job
satisfaction of the job-holder? (2 marks)
Interviews can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, requiring skilled interviewers. Autonomy allows individuals to align their work with their own preferences and strengths.
Interviews: This method involves conducting structured or semi-structured interviews with job incumbents, supervisors, or subject matter experts to gather information about job tasks, responsibilities, and required competencies.
Questionnaires: Job analysis questionnaires are distributed to job holders, supervisors, or HR professionals to gather data on job-related information such as tasks, skills, and work behaviors.
Observations: Job analysts directly observe employees while they perform their job tasks to gather accurate and detailed information about the job requirements, work environment, and physical demands.
Job Diaries or Logs: Job holders maintain records or diaries of their daily activities, providing a detailed account of the tasks performed, time spent on each task, and any challenges faced.
ii) Advantages and disadvantages of two methods:
Interviews:
Advantage: Interviews allow for interactive communication, enabling the interviewer to probe for detailed information, clarify responses, and capture nuanced job-related details.
Disadvantage: Interviews can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, requiring skilled interviewers. There is also the possibility of bias or inaccurate information due to self-reporting by job incumbents.
Observations:
Advantage: Observations provide direct insight into actual job behaviors, environmental factors, and interactions with others. It allows for the collection of objective and reliable data.
Disadvantage: Observations may alter the behavior of job incumbents, known as the Hawthorne effect. Additionally, certain tasks or behaviors may be difficult to observe or may occur infrequently.
b) Autonomy in a job tends to increase the motivation and job satisfaction of the job-holder because it provides a sense of control and ownership over one's work. When individuals have autonomy, they can make decisions, exercise creativity, and take responsibility for their outcomes. This increased level of control fosters a sense of empowerment and self-determination, which positively impacts motivation and job satisfaction.
Autonomy allows individuals to align their work with their own preferences and strengths. It enables them to set their own goals, prioritize tasks, and choose the methods they believe will lead to successful outcomes. This freedom and flexibility lead to a greater sense of personal fulfillment and satisfaction. Moreover, autonomy reduces micromanagement and promotes trust between employees and their supervisors, creating a positive work environment.
In summary, autonomy enhances motivation and job satisfaction by providing individuals with a sense of control, enabling them to make decisions, utilize their creativity, and take ownership of their work. It fosters a positive work environment that values trust and empowers employees to align their work with their own preferences and strengths.
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Suppose a condo generates $17,000 in cash flows in the first year. If the cash flows grow at 1% per year, the interest rate is 8%, and the building will be sold at the end of 23 years with a value of $65,000, what is the present value of the condo's cash flow?
The present value of the condo's cash flow is approximately $231,946.59, considering the cash flows in the first year, annual growth rate, interest rate, and the future value of the building.
To calculate the present value of the condo's cash flows, we can use the formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity and the formula for the present value of a future lump sum. First, let's calculate the present value of the growing cash flows for the first 22 years. The formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity is:
[tex]PV = \frac{CF}{{r - g}}[/tex],
where PV is the present value, CF is the cash flow in the first year, r is the interest rate, and g is the growth rate.
PV = $17,000 / (0.08 - 0.01) = $212,500.
Next, let's calculate the present value of the lump sum at the end of 23 years. The formula for the present value of a future lump sum is:
[tex]PV = \frac{FV}{{(1 + r)^n}}\\[/tex]
where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
[tex]PV = \frac{65,000}{{(1 + 0.08)^{23}}}[/tex] = $19,446.59.
Finally, let's sum up the present values of the cash flows:
Present value = PV of cash flows + PV of lump sum
= $212,500 + $19,446.59
= $231,946.59.
Therefore, the present value of the condo's cash flow is approximately $231,946.59.
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TRUE or FALSE
An increase in the supply of real balances would shift the LM curve to the right because at the prevailing rate of interest, income must rise to increase the demand for real balances and thus absorb the additional supply of real balances.
The more sensitive demand for money is to income and the lower the responsiveness of the demand for money to the interest rate, the steeper will be the LM curve.
Combinations of interest rate and output lying to the left of the LM curve means that interest rate is so high that for a given level of income, the demand for real balances exceeds the supply of real balances.
As implied in the wealth constraint, excess demand for money indicates that people are holding more of other assets.
In the presence of money illusion, the demand for money is a demand for real balances.
The stock of high-powered money is always bigger than money stock.
A change in the public’s preference to currency relative to deposit can affect money supply.
In equilibrium, unintended changes in inventories are zero.
The proportional income tax is considered as an automatic stabilizer because it increases the effect of spending on equilibrium income.
A decrease in transfers lowers equilibrium output or income by the marginal propensity to consume times the reduction in transfers.
According to the accelerator model, the demand for capital increases with the expected level of output and the tax credit on investment but declines with the real rate of interest.
The IS curve is negatively sloped because an increase in the interest rate reduces unintended investment spending and therefore reduces aggregate demand and consequently equilibrium income.
The position of the IS curve maybe affected by the size of government spending.
The smaller the multiplier and the less sensitive investment spending is to changes in interest rate, the steeper is the IS curve.
Points to the right of the IS curve means that income or output is so high that for a given rate of interest, aggregate demand falls short of output.
The LM curve is positively sloped. An increase in the interest rate reduces demand for real balances. To maintain equilibrium in the money market, the level of income must fall.
Neoclassical investment theory explains that investment behavior of firms relates to the balance between the value of the marginal product of capital and the rental cost of capital. Since output increases with more capital employment, with other inputs constant, firms will employ more capital even if rental cost of capital rises.
The bigger the discount rate on banks’ borrowing from the Central Bank, the bigger is the money supply for a given supply of high-powered money.
Other things equal, if the public prefers to hold more currency compared to deposits, the bigger is money stock.
The higher the rate of interest, the bigger is money stock for a given supply of high-powered money.
The IS curve is steeper if investment is less sensitive to the rate of interest, so that for a given increase in output, the required increase in interest rate is small to clear the goods market.
The Life-cycle theory of consumption suggests that individuals seek an even consumption over their entire lifetime.
Points to the right of IS and to the left of LM requires output and interest rate to decrease to clear the goods and money markets.
The Keynesians believe that markets do not always clear because of the failure of wages and prices to automatically adjust to the changing market conditions.
The classical school believes that active government intervention ensures that the economy is always at full-employment.
The statement '' As the supply of real assets increases, the LM curve shifts to the right. This is because at prevailing interest rates, income must increase to increase demand for real assets, thereby absorbing the additional supply of real assets '' is false because An increase in the supply of real assets creates a monetary surplus in the economy. This excess reduces the interest rate.
Lower interest rates make borrowing cheaper, encouraging investment and consumption. This increase in investment and consumption leads to an increase in aggregate demand and, ultimately, an increase in income.
As a result, an increase in income (from increased investment and consumption) leads to an increase in demand for real assets (money), thereby absorbing the additional supply of real assets. This adjustment process occurs within the IS (investment savings) curve, not within the LM curve.
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The correct question is :
TRUE or FALSE
An increase in the supply of real balances would shift the LM curve to the right because at the prevailing rate of interest, income must rise to increase the demand for real balances and thus absorb the additional supply of real balances.
the+total+amount+of+the+note+and+interest+due+on+the+maturity+date+of+a+6.400.+45+day,+9%+note+recievable+is
The total amount of the note and interest due on the maturity date of a $6,400, 45-day, 9% note receivable can be calculated as follows:
Step 1: Calculate the interest amount:
Interest = Principal × Interest Rate × Time
Interest = $6,400 × 0.09 × (45/365)
Step 2: Calculate the total amount due:
Total Amount Due = Principal + Interest
Please note that the time is expressed in terms of days and needs to be converted to a fraction of a year (365 days in a year) for calculation purposes.
By substituting the values into the formulas, we can compute the total amount due on the maturity date of the note.
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A contractor wants to buy a piece of equipment to use over 30 years and then sell t. The equipment initially cost $35,000. It provides an annual revenue of $8,000 and incurs annual expenses of $2,400. At the end of these 30 years, the contractor sells the equipment. Using the MARR of 4%, what should be the salvage value at the end of 30 years given that the Annual Worth of this equipment is $3,754.25?
The salvage value of the equipment at the end of 30 years should be approximately $14,660.74.
To find the salvage value of the equipment at the end of 30 years, we can use the Annual Worth method. The Annual Worth is the equivalent uniform annual cash flow over the project's life that yields the same net present value as the project.
Given data:
Initial cost (C0) = $35,000
Annual revenue (R) = $8,000
Annual expenses (E) = $2,400
MARR (i) = 4%
Annual Worth (AW) = $3,754.25
The Annual Worth can be calculated using the following formula:
AW = R - E + P(A/P, i, n)
Where:
P = Salvage value at the end of the project
n = Number of years (30 years)
Rearranging the formula to solve for P:
P = (AW - R + E)(P/A, i, n)
Using the Present Worth factor (P/A, i, n), we can calculate the salvage value:
P/A, i, n = (1 - (1 + i)^(-n)) / i
P = (AW - R + E) * [(1 - (1 + i)^(-n)) / i]
Plugging in the values:
P = ($3,754.25 - $8,000 + $2,400) * [(1 - (1 + 0.04)^(-30)) / 0.04]
P = $14,660.74
Therefore, the salvage value of the equipment at the end of 30 years should be approximately $14,660.74.
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the real estate marketplace is a stratified marketplace. stratified means that
In the context of a marketplace, "stratified" means that the market is divided into distinct strata or layers based on certain characteristics. In the case of the real estate marketplace, these characteristics could include factors such as location, property type, price range, and other features that differentiate one segment of the market from another.
For example, within the broader real estate market, there may be distinct segments for luxury properties, affordable housing, commercial properties, and so on. Each of these segments may have its own pricing dynamics, competition, buyer demographics, and other factors that make it unique compared to other segments of the market.
Understanding these different strata is important for buyers, sellers, and investors in the real estate market, as it can help them identify opportunities and risks associated with each segment. It can also inform strategies for marketing, pricing, and positioning properties within a given segment of the market.
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If you deposited $200 now (n = 0) and $500 three years from now (n = 3) in a savings account that pays 10% annual interest, how much would you have at the end of year 12? Oa. $1,338.24 b. $2,776.74 Oc. $22.386.46 Od. $1,806.66 Oe. $20,515.30 Of. $15.082 81
The ANSWER is od.$1,671.to calculate the future value of the deposits with compound interest, we can use the formula:
a = p * (1 + r/n)⁽ⁿ*ᵗ⁾.
where:a = future value
p = principal amount (initial deposit)r = annual interest rate (as a decimal)
n = number of times the interest is compounded per yeart = number of years
in this case, we have two separate deposits: $200 at n = 0 and $500 at n = 3. we want to find the total future value at the end of year 12.
for the $200 deposit at n = 0:
p = $200r = 10% = 0.10 (as a decimal)
n = 1 (compounded annually)t = 12 years
a1 = $200 * (1 + 0.10/1)⁽¹*¹²⁾
a1 = $200 * (1.10)¹²a1 ≈ $576.32
for the $500 deposit at n = 3:
p = $500r = 10% = 0.10 (as a decimal)
n = 1 (compounded annually)t = 9 years (12 - 3 years)
a2 = $500 * (1 + 0.10/1)⁽¹*⁹⁾
a2 = $500 * (1.10)⁹a2 ≈ $1,095.35
to find the total future value, we sum up the individual amounts:
total future value = a1 + a2
total future value ≈ $576.32 + $1,095.35total future value ≈ $1,671.67 67.
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Which of the following equations describes the calculation of the Natural Unemployment Rate, NRU? 01. Natural unemployment = cyclical unemployment + structural unemployment. 2. Natural unemployment = frictional unemployment + structural unemployment. 03. Natural unemployment = frictional unemployment + cyclical unemployment. Natural unemployment = frictional unemployment + structural unemployment + cyclical unemployment
The correct equation that describes the calculation of the Natural Unemployment Rate (NRU) is:
Natural unemployment = frictional unemployment + structural unemployment.
The Natural Unemployment Rate (NRU) represents the level of unemployment that exists when the economy is in a state of equilibrium and operating at its potential output level. It is composed of frictional unemployment, which is the temporary unemployment resulting from people transitioning between jobs, and structural unemployment, which is the unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills and qualifications of workers and the available job opportunities. These two components make up the NRU as they are considered to be part of the natural functioning of the labor market.
Cyclical unemployment, which is caused by fluctuations in economic activity and business cycles, is not included in the calculation of the NRU. Cyclical unemployment is temporary and varies with the state of the economy. The NRU represents the underlying level of unemployment that remains even when the economy is at its full potential.
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The following payoff table shows profit for a decision analysis problem with two decision alternatives and three states of nature. States of Nature Decision Alternative 5₁ 5₂ d₂ 250 100 25 d₂
The maximin criterion is a decision criterion that selects the alternative that maximizes the minimum payoff for each state of nature. In the given problem, the best alternative is d1 with a maximum profit of 250.
Decision analysis is a vital aspect of the decision-making process and involves considering various alternatives to choose the best course of action. The payoff table is one of the tools used in decision analysis and represents the possible outcomes in a tabular form. The following payoff table shows profit for a decision analysis problem with two decision alternatives and three states of nature: States of Nature Decision Alternative 5₁ 5₂ d₂ 250 100 25 d₂The above table shows that there are two decision alternatives, d1 and d2, and three states of nature, 5₁, 5₂, and d₂. The objective is to choose the best decision alternative based on the highest profit. The first step in decision analysis is to identify the possible alternatives. The second step is to identify the possible states of nature that can occur. In this case, there are three states of nature: 5₁, 5₂, and d₂. The third step is to create a payoff table, which shows the profit or loss for each alternative and state of nature. From the above payoff table, the best alternative is d1, which has a maximum profit of 250.The decision criteria used in this analysis is the Maximin criterion, which selects the alternative that maximizes the minimum payoff for each state of nature. In this case, the maximin criterion selects d1, which has the maximum profit of 250 in the worst-case scenario (state of nature 5₁). The maximin criterion is a conservative approach that assumes that the decision maker is risk-averse and chooses the alternative with the best worst-case scenario.In conclusion, decision analysis involves considering various alternatives to choose the best course of action. The payoff table is a useful tool that represents the possible outcomes in a tabular form. The maximin criterion is a decision criterion that selects the alternative that maximizes the minimum payoff for each state of nature. In the given problem, the best alternative is d1 with a maximum profit of 250.
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Galaxy Jewelers sells diamond necklaces for $481.00 less 6%. Starlight Jewelers offers the same necklace for $566.00 less 26%, 19% What additional rate of discount must Galaxy offer to meet the competitor's price? CECOR The additional rate of discount that Galaxy Jewelers must offer to meet the competitor's price is %. (Round to two decimal places as needed Round all intermediate values to six decimal places as needed)
The additional rate of discount that Galaxy Jewelers must offer to meet the competitor's price is 10.37%.
Given information: Galaxy Jewelers sells diamond necklaces for $481.00 less 6%. Starlight Jewelers offers the same necklace for $566.00 less 26%, 19%.We need to determine what additional rate of discount must Galaxy offer to meet the competitor's price .
Let's calculate the price of the diamond necklace in each case: Price of the necklace at Galaxy Jewelers = $481.00 less 6%We know that the percentage decrease is 6%.Therefore, the new selling price of the diamond necklace at Galaxy Jewelers = $481.00 - 6% of $481.00= $451.74Price of the necklace at Starlight Jewelers = $566.00 less 26%, 19%Here, there are two discounts offered by Starlight Jewelers.26% + 19% = 45% . Therefore, the effective discount offered by Starlight Jewelers = 45% . Therefore, the new selling price of the diamond necklace at Starlight Jewelers = $566.00 - 45% of $566.00= $311.30Galaxy Jewelers needs to offer additional discount on its selling price to match the price of the necklace offered by Starlight Jewelers .
Now, we can equate the above two prices as follows: $311.30 = $481.00 (1 - 6%) - x (1)Where x is the additional discount rate that Galaxy Jewelers needs to offer to match Starlight Jewelers' price. From equation (1), we get :x = 10.37% .
Therefore, the additional rate of discount that Galaxy Jewelers must offer to meet the competitor's price is 10.37%.Hence, the correct option is: The additional rate of discount that Galaxy Jewelers must offer to meet the competitor's price is 10.37%. (Round to two decimal places as needed Round all intermediate values to six decimal places as needed).
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a. Compute the following for 2010: 1. working capital 2. current ratio 3. acid-test ratio (conservative) 4. operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable 5. operating cash flow/total debt 6. operating cash flow per share b. 1. Review the statement of cash flows and comment on significant items. 2. Comment on cash dividends in relation to net income and net cash provided by operating activities. c. 1. Which items appearing on the cash flow statement do not directly represent cash flow? 2. Why are these items disclosed on the cash flow statement? Required: a. Compute the following for 2010: 1. working capital 2. current ratio 3. acid-test ratio (conservative) 4. operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable 5. operating cash flow/total debt 6. operating cash flow per share b. 1. Review the statement of cash flows and comment on significant items. 2. Comment on cash dividends in relation to net income and net cash provided by operating activities. c. 1. Which items appearing on the cash flow statement do not directly represent cash flow? 2. Why are these items disclosed on the cash flow statement? Required: a. Compute the following for 2010: 1. working capital 2. current ratio 3. acid-test ratio (conservative) 4. operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable 5. operating cash flow/total debt 6. operating cash flow per share b. 1. Review the statement of cash flows and comment on significant items. 2. Comment on cash dividends in relation to net income and net cash provided by operating activities. c. 1. Which items appearing on the cash flow statement do not directly represent cash flow? 2. Why are these items disclosed on the cash flow statement?
Operating cash flow is positive and exceeded net income. Capital expenditures are greater than depreciation expense. The company paid dividends on its common stock.
Working capital=Current assets - Current liabilities= $4,417,000-$3,463,000= $954,0002. Current ratio. Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities= $4,417,000 / $3,463,000= 1.27:13. Acid-test ratio (conservative)Acid-test ratio = Current assets - Inventories / Current Liabilities= ($4,417,000-$1,730,000) / $3,463,000= 0.98:14. Operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable. Operating cash flow/current maturities of long-term debt and current notes payable= ($2,034,000 + $630,000) / $637,000= 4.85 times5. Operating cash flow/total debt. Operating cash flow/total debt= $2,034,000 / $5,651,000= 0.36 times6. Operating cash flow per share. Operating cash flow per share= $2,034,000 / 400,000 shares= $5.085 per share.
b)Review the statement of cash flows and comment on significant items. Significant items on the statement of cash flows include the following: The company repurchased its own common stock. Comment on cash dividends in relation to net income and net cash provided by operating activities. Cash dividends paid by the company were greater than its net income, and net cash provided by operating activities is positive. The company used $2,850,000 of cash in investing activities and $1,150,000 of cash in financing activities. c)Which items appearing on the cash flow statement do not directly represent cash flow? Non-cash items appearing on the cash flow statement are: Depreciation and amortization.
Gain or loss on sale of fixed assets. Stock options expense. Interest expense. Why are these items disclosed on the cash flow statement? These items are disclosed because they are used to determine operating cash flows. It is important to note that non-cash items can affect net income but not affect cash flows. The disclosure of these items helps financial statement users reconcile net income and cash flows.
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A company has a risk free rate of return of 3.25% and a required rate of return on market of 7.25%. The last dividend paid was $2.75, the constant growth rate is 3.50% and the company's beta is 1.00. What is the current value of the stock? Let's say the economy changes and the company's beta jumps to 1.20. What happens to the required rate of return and the current value of the stock?
The current value of the stock is $47.92. If the company's beta jumps to 1.20, the required rate of return will increase, leading to a decrease in the current value of the stock.
To calculate the current value of the stock, we can use the Gordon Growth Model, which is given by the formula: Stock Value = Dividend / (Required Rate of Return - Growth Rate).
Using the given information, the last dividend paid is $2.75, the constant growth rate is 3.50%, the risk-free rate of return is 3.25%, and the required rate of return on the market is 7.25%.
Plugging in these values, we get: Stock Value = $2.75 / (0.0725 - 0.035) = $47.92.
If the company's beta jumps to 1.20, the required rate of return will increase as beta measures the stock's sensitivity to market movements. This means the stock will have a higher level of risk, and investors will require a higher return. Consequently, the current value of the stock will decrease as the denominator in the Gordon Growth Model formula increases.
Therefore, if the company's beta jumps to 1.20, the required rate of return will increase, leading to a decrease in the current value of the stock.
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(figure: long-run average cost) use figure: long-run average cost. this firm has _____ in the output region from 0 to a.
Long-run average cost. This firm has economies of sale in the output region from 0 to a.
The long-run average cost (LRAC) curve in the output region from 0 to a for a firm can be determined as per the following explanation:
In the long run, all input costs are variable, including capital expenditures on plant and equipment. Because capital investments entail a fixed cost, the long-run average cost (LRAC) curve reflects the entire cost curve, including both fixed and variable costs. In other words, in the long term, the company is not constrained by any factor and may alter all of its production inputs. The LRAC, therefore, reflects the lowest average cost of producing different levels of output over the long term, after all inputs are variable. It is a u-shaped curve, just like the short-run average total cost (SRATC) curve, but it is flatter at the bottom since it encompasses both fixed and variable expenses. As the output level increases from 0 to point a, the long-run average cost curve falls steeply initially and then flattens out at a certain point a. The LRAC curve initially slopes downward as the company expands output production by utilizing economies of scale. There is a point beyond which the LRAC curve becomes flatter because of economies of scale being exhausted or diseconomies of scale taking over, resulting in a flat region of output as output increases, signifying minimum average cost of production for that level of output.
Therefore, this firm has a decreasing long-run average cost in the output region from 0 to a.
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the+yield+to+maturity+on+this+bond+when+it+was+issued+was+5.6%.+assuming+the+yield+to+maturity+remains+constant,+what+is+the+price+of+the+bond+immediately+before+it+makes+its+first+coupon+payment?
The given yield to maturity on the bond when it was issued was 5.6%. Therefore, the price of the bond immediately before it makes its first coupon payment is $1,509.70.
The price of the bond immediately before it makes its first coupon payment can be calculated using the following formula: PV = PMT / (1 + r)1 + PMT / (1 + r)2 + … PMT / (1 + r)n + F / (1 + r)n Where, PV is the present value or price of the bond, PMT is the periodic coupon payment, r is the yield to maturity, F is the face value of the bond, and n is the total number of coupon payments. Let's assume that the face value of the bond is $1000 and the coupon payment is $70. The bond has a maturity period of 5 years and makes annual coupon payments. Therefore, the total number of coupon payments will be 5.Using the formula mentioned above, we can calculate the price of the bond immediately before it makes its first coupon payment as follows: PV = $70 / (1 + 0.056)1 + $70 / (1 + 0.056)2 + $70 / (1 + 0.056)3 + $70 / (1 + 0.056)4 + $70 / (1 + 0.056)5 + $1000 / (1 + 0.056)5= $70 / 1.056 + $70 / 1.11594 + $70 / 1.17892 + $70 / 1.24697 + $70 / 1.32049 + $1000 / 1.32049= $66.23 + $62.68 + $59.32 + $56.17 + $53.21 + $712.09= $1,509.70
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"Comparative consolidated balance sheet data for Iverson, Inc., and its 80 percent–owned subsidiary Oakley Co. follow:
2021 2020
Cash $ 31,700 $ 26,350
Accounts receivable (net) 55,100 31,000
Merchandise inventory 95,150 51,750
Buildings and equipment (net) 95,300 115,500
Trademark 96,100 114,000
Totals $ 373,350 $ 338,600
Accounts payable $ 93,050 $ 72,250
Notes payable, long-term 0 28,600
Noncontrolling interest 61,450 55,750
Common stock, $10 par 200,000 200,000
Retained earnings (deficit) 18,850 (18,000 )
Totals $ 373,350 $ 338,600
Additional Information for Fiscal Year 2021
Iverson and Oakley’s consolidated net income was $53,750.
Oakley paid $6,000 in dividends during the year. Iverson paid $10,000 in dividends.
Oakley sold $13,500 worth of merchandise to Iverson during the year.
There were no purchases or sales of long-term assets during the year.
In the 2021 consolidated statement of cash flows for Iverson Company:
Net cash flows from operating activities were:
Multiple Choice
o $8.600. o $20.800. o $41,600 o $45,150"
In the 2021 consolidated statement of cash flows for Iverson Company, net cash flows from operating activities were $41,600.
Based on the information provided, the net cash flows from operating activities for Iverson Company in the 2021 consolidated statement of cash flows would be $41,600. This is calculated as follows:
Consolidated net income: $53,750
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation (net): $20,200 ($95,300 - $95,150)
Trademark amortization: $1,900 ($96,100 - $114,000 + $13,500)
Changes in working capital:
Increase in accounts receivable: $24,100 ($55,100 - $31,000)
Increase in merchandise inventory: $43,400 ($95,150 - $51,750)
Increase in accounts payable: $20,800 ($93,050 - $72,250)
Net cash flows from operating activities: $41,600
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6. A and B are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 2:3. They admit C for 1/4th share in the business. The sacrificing ratio of A and B is: (A) 3:1 (B) 1:4 (C) 2:3 (D) 1:1
In the given scenario, the sacrificing ratio of partners A and B can be determined by comparing their respective loss in the sharing of profits due to the admission of partner C. Based on the given information, the sacrificing ratio of A and B is option (B) 1:4.
The sacrificing ratio determines the ratio in which the existing partners are willing to give up their share of profits in order to admit a new partner into the business. In this case, partners A and B are sharing profits in the ratio of 2:3, which means A receives 2 parts and B receives 3 parts of the profits.
When partner C is admitted for a 1/4th share in the business, it means that C will receive 1 part out of the total 4 parts of profits. To accommodate C, the existing partners A and B must sacrifice a portion of their share in the profits.
Since the total profit-sharing ratio after admission becomes 2:3:1 (A:B:C), the difference between the old ratio and the new ratio indicates the sacrificing ratio. In this case, partner A sacrifices 1 part (2 - 1) and partner B sacrifices 2 parts (3 - 1), resulting in a sacrificing ratio of 1:4 (A:B).
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Preparing and posting journal entries; preparing a trial balance LO Elizabeth Wong has strong problem-solving skills and loves to work with people. After becoming a Certifi Professional (CHRP) and working for several companies, she opened her own business, HR Solutions. She transactions during May 2020: May 1 Invested $70,000 in cash and office equipment that had a fair value of $43,000 in the business. 1 Prepaid $12,900 cash for three months' rent for an office. 2 Made credit purchases of office equipment for $21,500 and office supplies for $4,300. Completed a report on hiring solutions for a client and collected $7,500 cash. 6 9 Completed a $15,500 project implementing a training program for a client, who will pay within 30 days. 10 Paid half of the account payable created on May 2. 19 Paid $7,000 cash for the annual premium on an insurance policy. 22 Received $12,300 as partial payment for the work completed on May 9. 25 Developed a performance review process for another client for $4,780 on credit. 25 Paid wages for May totalling $31,500. 31 Withdrew $4,500 cash from the business to take a trip to Paris in June. 31 Purchased $1,350 of additional office supplies on credit. 31 Paid $1,350 for the month's utility bill. Required:
The trial balance prepared from the ledger is given below : H R Solutions Trial Balance May 31, 2020Account Titles Debit Credit Cash $57,800Accounts Receivable $27,780Office Supplies $5,950Prepaid Rent $12,900Prepaid Insurance $7,000Office Equipment $64,500 Accumulated Depreciation—Office Equipment $0Accounts Payable $17,100Salaries Expense $31,500Utilities Expense $1,350Service Revenue $35,780Total $143,680 $143,680
Journal Entries: Date Accounts Debit Credit May 1 Cash $70,000Office Equipment $43,000Capital $27,000May 1Prepaid Rent $12,900Cash $12,900May 2Office Equipment $21,500Accounts Payable $21,500May 2Office Supplies $4,300Accounts Payable $4,300May 6Cash $15,500Service Revenue $15,500 May 9 Accounts Receivable $15,500Service Revenue $15,500May 10Accounts Payable $10,750Cash $10,750May 19Prepaid Insurance $7,000Cash $7,000May 22Cash $12,300Accounts Receivable $12,300May 25Accounts Receivable $4,780Service Revenue $4,780May 25Salaries Expense $31,500Cash $31,500May 31Withdrawals $4,500Cash $4,500May 31Office Supplies $1,350Accounts Payable $1,350May 31Utilities Expense $1,350Cash $1,350The journal entry is the first step in the accounting cycle, where all financial transactions are recorded systematically in chronological order. The transactions were recorded in chronological order in the journal. Posting is the second step in the accounting cycle, where journal entries are transferred to accounts in the ledger, thus creating a record of all transactions that occurred during the period. In the third stage of the accounting cycle, a trial balance is prepared, which is a list of all accounts with their balances at a specific date. The trial balance, which is a listing of the ending balances in all accounts at a specific date, serves as a tool to determine whether the total debits and credits are equal, ensuring that the accounting records are correct and in balance.
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Wiseman Video plans to make four annual deposits of $4,250 each to a special building fund. The funds assets will be invested in mortgage instruments expected to pay interest at 12% on the fund's balance of 51. PV of S1,EVA 1. DVA S1. EVAD S1 and PVAD of SD (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.) Determine how much will be accumulated in the fund on December 31, 2024 after four years, under each of the following situations 1. The first $4,250 annual deposit is made at the end of each of the four years on December 31, 2021, and interest is compounded annually 2 The first $4.250 annual deposit is made at the beginning of each of the four years on December 31, 2020, and interest is compounded annually 3. The first $4,250 annual deposit is made at the beginning of each of the four years on December 31, 2020, and interestis compounded quarterly 4. The first $4,250 annual deposit is made at the beginning of each of the four years on December 31, 2020, Interest is compounded annually, and interest earned is withdrawry at the end of each year. care VAL Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.
The accumulated amounts for each situation are as follows:
$21,013.24
$18,348.35
$18,906.44
$15,644.88
To solve this problem, we can use the compound interest formula:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = Accumulated amount
P = Principal (initial deposit)
r = Interest rate
n = Number of times interest is compounded per year
t = Number of years
Let's calculate the accumulated amount for each situation:
Situation 1:
The first $4,250 annual deposit is made at the end of each of the four years on December 31, 2021, and interest is compounded annually.
P = $4,250
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 1 (compounded annually)
t = 4 years
A = 4250(1 + 0.12/1)^(1*4)
A = 4250(1 + 0.12)^4
A ≈ $21,013.24
Situation 2:
The first $4,250 annual deposit is made at the beginning of each of the four years on December 31, 2020, and interest is compounded annually.
P = $4,250
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 1 (compounded annually)
t = 4 years
To calculate the accumulated amount for situation 2, we need to find the future value of an ordinary annuity.
FV = P * ((1 + r)^t - 1) / r
FV = 4250 * ((1 + 0.12)^4 - 1) / 0.12
FV ≈ $18,348.35
Situation 3:
The first $4,250 annual deposit is made at the beginning of each of the four years on December 31, 2020, and interest is compounded quarterly.
P = $4,250
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 4 (compounded quarterly)
t = 4 years
A = 4250 * (1 + 0.12/4)^(4*4)
A ≈ $18,906.44
Situation 4:
The first $4,250 annual deposit is made at the beginning of each of the four years on December 31, 2020. Interest is compounded annually, and interest earned is withdrawn at the end of each year.
P = $4,250
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 1 (compounded annually)
t = 4 years
To calculate the accumulated amount for situation 4, we need to subtract the interest withdrawn each year.
A = (4250 * (1 + 0.12)^4) - 4250 - 4250 - 4250 - 4250
A ≈ $15,644.88
Therefore, the accumulated amounts for each situation are as follows:
$21,013.24
$18,348.35
$18,906.44
$15,644.88
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For a firm that perfectly price discriminates,
a. price is less than marginal revenue.
b. price is greater than marginal revenue.
c. price equals marginal revenue.
d. price has no definite relationship with marginal revenue.
The correct answer is c. Price equals marginal revenue for a firm that perfectly price discriminates. For a firm that perfectly price discriminates, the price is equal to marginal revenue. This means that the firm charges each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay, resulting in a price that aligns with marginal revenue.
Perfect price discrimination occurs when a firm is able to charge each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay for a product or service. In this scenario, the firm can extract the entire consumer surplus, which is the difference between the price the customer is willing to pay and the actual price they pay. To achieve perfect price discrimination, the firm must have perfect information about each customer's willingness to pay. By tailoring the price to each customer's specific valuation, the firm can capture all the surplus and maximize its profits. In this case, the price charged by the firm is equal to the marginal revenue it earns from each additional unit sold. Marginal revenue represents the change in total revenue resulting from selling one more unit. Since the firm can charge different prices for each unit, the price and marginal revenue are equal.
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Use the Dixit and Stiglitz model to find and compare the Optimum Product Variety (OPV) of a society where consumers do not value differentiated products, with the OPV of another society where differentiation is highly valued. What does this comparison tell us about whether product differentiation is welfare enhancing for society? Use relevant diagram(s) to illustrate your answer. please use keyboard writing and diagram with clear hand writing.
The Optimum Product Variety (OPV) in a society is a complex question that depends on several factors, including the consumer preferences for variety, production costs, and the allocation of resources to meet demand.
The Dixit and Stiglitz model is an economic model that tries to capture these complex relationships and provides a framework to analyze the OPV in different societies.
When consumers do not value differentiated products, it means that they are indifferent to the variety of goods available in the market, and their demand is solely based on the price. This situation is referred to as the zero-differentiation case, where the consumers are willing to pay a premium only for the cheapest product. In this case, the OPV is determined by the intersection of the marginal cost and the marginal utility of consumption.
On the other hand, when differentiation is highly valued by consumers, it means that they are willing to pay a premium for a variety of goods. In this case, the OPV is determined by the intersection of the marginal cost and the marginal willingness to pay.
In conclusion, the Dixit and Stiglitz model provides a useful framework to analyze the OPV in different societies, and the comparison of the OPV in the zero-differentiation case and the high differentiation case suggests that product differentiation can be welfare-enhancing for society, but there are also potential costs to consider.
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DESCRIBE THE CLASSIC THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: 4 APPROACHES NAMELY, THE LINEAR-STAGES-OF-GROWTH MODEL, THEORIES AND PATTERNS OD STRUCTURAL CHANGE, THE INTERNATIONAL-DEPENDENCE REVOLUTION, THE NEOCLASSICAL, FREE-MARKET COUNTER-REVOLUTION. IN DETAIL PLEASE- DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
There are 4 classic theories of development, namely the linear-stages-of-growth model, theories and patterns of structural change, the international-dependence revolution, and the neoclassical, free-market counter-revolution. Each of these approaches has unique characteristics that distinguish it from the others.
Linear-stages-of-growth model, This approach is based on the belief that all countries move through a series of five stages of economic development, beginning with a traditional stage and culminating in a stage of mass consumption. According to this theory, the most developed countries are those that have passed through the stages of growth and have reached the stage of mass consumption. Theories and patterns of structural change This approach hold that economic development is the result of changes in the structure of an economy. These changes include the shift from agriculture to industry, the emergence of new industries, and the adoption of new technologies. The international-dependence revolution This approach views the global economy as a system in which developing countries are dependent on developed countries. It argues that the underdevelopment of developing countries is a result of their economic dependence on developed countries. The neoclassical, free-market counter-revolution This approach advocates for free-market policies that promote economic growth. It argues that government intervention in the economy is inefficient and that free markets are the best way to allocate resources and promote economic development. In conclusion, each of the four classic theories of development has unique characteristics and has been influential in shaping the field of development economics. The linear-stages-of-growth model emphasizes the importance of economic growth, while the theories and patterns of structural change focus on changes in the structure of an economy. The international-dependence revolution emphasizes the role of international factors in economic development, while the neoclassical, free-market counter-revolution emphasizes the importance of free-market policies in promoting economic growth.
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Which of the following is correct?
Group of answer choices
The value of a bond is the present value of future coupon payments.
The longer the maturity, the higher the maturity risk premium.
The coupon rate is used as the discount rate when determining the value of a bond.
The correct statement is that the coupon rate is used as the interest rate when determining the value of a bond, not as the discount rate.
The coupon rate is the interest rate that a bond issuer pays to its bondholders. The discount rate, on the other hand, is the rate of return required by an investor to purchase a bond. It is used to discount the future cash flows of the bond to their present value.Bonds are financial instruments that enable organizations to raise funds from investors. They are sold at a face value, which is the amount of money that the bondholder will receive at the maturity of the bond. Bonds have a fixed interest rate that is paid to bondholders periodically, typically semi-annually or annually. This interest rate is known as the coupon rate and is determined at the time of issuance of the bond.
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M/s Promising Company undertook a contract for erecting a sewage treatment plant for Prosperous Municipality for a total value of $, 24 millions. It was estimated that the job would be completed by January 31, 1998. You are asked to prepare the Contract Account for the year ending January 31, 1997, from the following particulars (1) Materials $3,00,000 (2) Wages $ 6,00,000 (3) Overhead charges $1,20,000 (4) Special plant $ 2,00,000 (5) Work certified was for $ 16 millions and 80% of the same was received in cash. (6) Materials lying at site on Jan, 1, 1997, were $ 40,000, (7) Depreciate plant by 10% (8) 5% of the value of materials issued and 6% of wages may be taken to have been incurred for the portion of the work completed, but not yet certified. Overheads are charged as a direct percentage on wages. (9) Ignore depreciation on plant for use on uncertified portion of the work. (10) Ascertain the amount to be transferred to Profit and loss account on the basis of realised Profit.
To prepare the Contract Account for M/s Promising Company's sewage treatment plant contract, various financial particulars need to be considered, including materials, wages, overhead charges, special plant, work certification, cash received, plant depreciation, and allocation of costs.
The amount to be transferred to the Profit and Loss account based on realized profit is also to be determined.
The Contract Account for the year ending January 31, 1997, can be prepared by considering the given particulars.
Total Cost Incurred:
Materials: $300,000
Wages: $600,000
Overhead Charges: $120,000
Special Plant: $200,000
Total Cost Incurred: $1,220,000
Value of Work Certified and Cash Received:
Work Certified: $16,000,000
Cash Received (80%): $12,800,000
Cost of Work Completed but Not Certified:
Materials: 5% x $300,000 = $15,000
Wages: 6% x $600,000 = $36,000
Cost of Work Completed but Not Certified: $51,000
Cost of Plant Depreciation:
Depreciation (10% of $2,000,000): $200,000
Closing Inventory of Materials:
Materials Lying at Site on Jan 1, 1997: $40,000
Based on the above calculations, the Contract Account can be prepared by subtracting the cost of work completed but not certified and the closing inventory of materials from the total cost incurred. The Profit and Loss account transfer can be determined based on realized profit, which would be the difference between the cash received and the cost incurred.
Please note that the specific calculations and account preparation may require further details and clarification for a precise solution.
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