Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (solanaceae) that acts as a stimulant in mammals. Nicotine is made up of 74% carbon, 8.7% hydrogen, and 17.3% nitrogen, what is the empirical formula?
What is the ratio of moles?

Hydrogen molecules will move the fastest if their kinetic energies are equal to those of nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine molecules.

Boltzmann and Maxwell have also examined the dispersion of gas speed, although this is outside the purview of this course. You may have noticed that for oxygen and hydrogen gas to share the same average kinetic at the same temperature, their average speeds must be 4 times greater than each other.

As the temperature increases, the particles amass kinetic energy and accelerate.. Both their mass and the temperature affect the particles' real average speed; heavier particles move slower than

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The tapetum lucidum, a reflective substance found in the choroid coat of cows, is responsible for a cow's ability to see at night by reflecting light that is absorbed by the retina back into the retina.

Many vertebrates and certain other creatures have a tissue layer in their eyes called the tapetum lucidum. There is a retroreflector directly behind the retina. It increases the amount of visible light that is available to the photoreceptors by reflecting it back through the retina (although slightly blurring the image). Some animals have excellent night vision thanks to the tapetum lucidum. The majority of these creatures are nocturnal, particularly the carnivores, while others are deep-sea creatures.

Some spider species have comparable adaptations. Humans are haplorhine primates, which do not have a tapetum lucidum and are nocturnal. Animals can see in lower light than they otherwise could thank to the presence of a tapetum lucidum. Iridescent tapetum lucidum reflects light roughly in accordance with thin-film optics' interference principles.

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12) Ammonium chromate and aluminum perchlorate

a. Molecular Equation: (NH4)2CrO4 + Al(ClO4)3 ->

b. Complete Ionic Equation: (NH4)2CrO4 + 2Al3+ + 6ClO4- -> 2NH4+ + CrO42- + 2Al3+ + 6ClO4-

c. Net Ionic Equation: (NH4)2CrO4 + 2Al3+ + 6ClO4- -> 2NH4+ + CrO42-

13) Nickel nitrate and sodium hydroxide

a. Molecular Equation: Ni(NO3)2 + 2NaOH -> Ni(OH)2 + 2NaNO3

b. Complete Ionic Equation: Ni2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2OH- -> Ni2+ + 2OH- + 2Na+ + 2NO3-

c. Net Ionic Equation: Ni2+ + 2OH- -> Ni(OH)2

14) Hydrobromic acid and lead perchlorate

a. Molecular Equation: HBr + Pb(ClO4)2 -> PbBr2 + 2HClO4

b. Complete Ionic Equation: H+ + Br- + Pb2+ + 2ClO4- -> Pb2+ + Br2 + 2H+ + 2ClO4-

c. Net Ionic Equation: H+ + Br- + Pb2+ + 2ClO4- -> Pb2+ + Br2 + 2H+

A chemical equation is a written representation of a chemical reaction that shows the reactants, products, and the reactant-product relationships. It is a concise way of describing the changes that occur during a chemical reaction, and it helps chemists understand and predict the outcomes of chemical reactions.

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For the dehydrobromination of 1-bromobutane, no bubbling in the collection tube was seen after introducing heat into the system. however, bubbling can be seen in the reaction tube. to fix this situation introduce more heat in to the reaction tube.

In the dehydrobromination of 1-bromobutane, no bubbling in the collection tube was seen after the heat introduce in to system, so to fix the situation we should do :  By increasing the more heat in the reaction tube we should fix this situation.

The energy given to the system is not sufficient for the reaction. so we should increase the amount of heat in to system.

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The Lewis structure of KrF4 can be drawn as follows:

Kr -- F

|

F

|

F

|

F

KrF4 is a chemical compound made up of the elements krypton and fluorine. It is a gas at room temperature and has a pale green color. The molecule has a tetrahedral shape, with four fluorine atoms bonded to a central krypton atom. KrF4 is used in the production of semiconductors and in the etching of microchips. It is also used in the manufacturing of glasses and ceramics. It is a highly reactive substance and must be handled with care.

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Grams of sucrose are required to make 3.0 liters of 0.50 m sucrose solution is 513 g.

The given data as :

molar mass = 342 g /mol

molarity of sucrose = 0.50 M

volume of sucrose  = 3 L

The molarity expression is given as :

molarity  = moles / volume in L

moles = molarity × volume

moles = 0.50 × 3

moles = 1.5 mol

the mass = moles × molar mass

              =   1.5   ×  342

              = 513 g

Thus, the molar mass of sucrose, or table sugar, is 342 grams. grams of sucrose are required to make 3.0 liters of 0.50 m sucrose solution is 513 g.

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A line graph would best represent the relationship between pressure and Kelvin's temperature.

The x-axis would represent the Kelvin temperature while the y-axis would represent the pressure. As the Kelvin temperature increases, the pressure should also increase.

As the Kelvin temperature increases, the pressure also increases in a linear fashion. This is because when the temperature increases, the molecules of a gas move faster, resulting in higher pressure.

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C, 0.01M glucose solution is the appropriate selection. The urea solution's molarity is  0.01 M glucose solution(option c)

That which is an isotonic aqueous solution?

Isotonic solutions are those in which the val.ue of is the same. A and C are therefore isotonic with the specified NaCl solution.

What sort of thing is an isotonic?

IV fluids known as isotonic solutions have a comparable level of dissolved particles to blood. Normal saline, or 0.9% sodium chloride, is an illustration of an isotonic IV solution.

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The correct option is A.

A proteolytic enzyme cleaves bonds that are peptides.

What is a proteolytic enzyme?

Proteolytic enzymes are enzymes that damage protein. These enzymes are formed by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Proteolytic enzymes damage proteins in the body or on the skin. This might help with digestion or with the damage of proteins mixed in swelling and pain.

The correct option is A.

A proteolytic enzyme cleaves bonds that are peptides.

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In some kind of a 0.800 m ba(oh)2 solution, each individual ion has a concentration of 1.81M.

Together with magnesium, calcite, phosphate, and bicarbonates, salt, potassium, & chloride are the important electrolytes. We obtain electrolytes from our diet and drinks. Unbalanced amounts of these electrolytes might result in either low or high levels.

In a solution of Ba(OH)2 at a concentration of 0750 M, Ba2+ is the predominant ion.  = 0.800M and OH⁻  = 1.50 M.

The dissociation equation is:

Ba(OH)²(s)=Ba²+aq+2OH-aq

Using the Ba(OH)2 mole ratio:  Ba₂⁺which is 1: 1 the concentration of Ba² is = 0.750M

By utilising Ba(OH)2's mole ratio: which is 1:2 the concentration of

OH=0.800*2/1

=1.81M

Individual ion concentration is therefore ba(oh)2 = 0.800M & = 1.81M.

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The molecule Difluoromethane will have higher boiling point. The dispersion forces depends upon molar mass only and Molar mass of Dichloromethane is greater than molar mass of difluoromethane.

Since molecule is highly polar due to strong dipole dipole interaction boiling point is so low. London dispersion forces occur when one molecule has a "temporary dipole" in the  beginning  and this creates an "induced dipole" in another molecule. Hence London dispersion forces are the attractions between the temporary dipole and the induced dipole  while Dipole Dipole forces are only polar molecules because they need dipoles to exist permanently.  C-F bond in more polar than C-Cl hence , interaction will be more in Difluoromethane molecule so lower vapor pressure hence higher Boiling point.

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The product for each of the following SN​2 reactions

The SN2 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution process in which a bond is broken and a new one is simultaneously created. The step in the reaction that determines rate involves two reacting species.

The substrate is attacked from behind in this reaction by the nucleophile. The angle between the nucleophile and the carbon-leaving group bond as it approaches the chosen substrate is 180o. Through a transition state, the carbon-leaving group bond breaks and the carbon-nucleophile bond forms concurrently.

The leaving group is now forced out of the transition state on the other side of the carbon-nucleophile link, resulting in the formation of the necessary product. The product is created by inverting the tetrahedral geometry at the central atom, which is a crucial fact to remember.

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Answer:

2:1

Explanation:

oxgyen=2

nitrogyen=1

The electronic bonding, including fractional bonds and fractional charges, of a single polyatomic species is collectively represented by resonance structures, which are a collection of two or more Lewis structures.

Resonance structures are two types of molecules where the chemical interaction is the same but where the distribution of electrons varies across the structure. Resonance happens when electrons can move between two opposing pi configurations.

Resonance is a term used in valence bond theory to describe how different contributing structures (or forms, also known as resonance structures or canonical structures) come together to generate a hybrid resonance (or hybrid structure) in certain molecules or ions.

Resonance is what you'll experience if the frequency matches the object's resonant frequency, which it does. When the vibrations of one object cause the frequency of its oscillations to increase, this is known as resonance.

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Antibiotics are effective on bacterial cells. This means they would not work on which two infections from question 1? Common cold and influenza ("flu").

Antibiotics are a type of medication that will fight bacterial infections by killing the bacteria and preventing their growth. It will then affect living microorganisms.

It will then not be effective in viral infections since viruses are not living beings, which will not do anything to them and what will generate is that in the individual who is taking the antibiotics, the bacteria generate antibiotic resistance making it more difficult to eradicate them when it is generated by a bacterial infection.

Therefore, we can confirm that in a common cold and influenza the use of antibiotics is not going to be effective because they are caused by viral agents that will not be eradicated.

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Nuclear reaction: U235 + n ----> Xe144 + Sr90 + 2n , Krypton-92 and barium-141 are the two smaller nuclei that arise from the splitting.

Three neutrons as well as a significant amount of energy are released by the process. This nuclear equation may be used to describe it: 92 235 U + 1 neutron 36 92 K r 56 141 B a + 3 neutrons + energy.

Fission is the term for this action (see diagram below). A split U-235 nucleus releases two to three neutrons each time it divides.

Fission is the splitting of a uranium-235 nucleus into two smaller atoms while simultaneously releasing energy and neutrons (n).

Other uranium-235 atoms take up some of these neutrons. These atoms then disintegrated, releasing more energy and neutrons.

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If the electron's binding energy is low enough, light with a wavelength of 68 nm can remove one electron from the a specimen of potassium metal.

A negative charge subatomic particle known as an electron can either be free or attached to an atom (not bound). One of the three main types atomic particles within an atom is an e that is bonded to it; an other two include proton and neutrons.

An electron must always be oscillating at some frequency because it is a classical object with wave-like characteristics. An electron must be annihilated in order for its vibrational frequency to drop to zero.

Binding energy of electron = 176 × 10³ Kj/ mol or (1.76× 10⁶ j/mol)

h = (6.63×10⁻³⁴ J/s)

c = (3×10⁸ m/s)

The energy require per electron is

1.76 × 10⁶ j / 6.02× 10²³ = 2.92 × 10⁻¹⁸ J

E = hc / λ

λ = hc / E

λ = 6.63×10⁻³⁴ m².kg.s⁻¹ * 3×10⁸ m/s / 2.92 × 10⁻¹⁸ J

λ = 6.8 ×10⁻⁸ m

λ = 6.8 ×10⁻⁸ × 10⁹

λ = 68 nm

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water are the byproducts of this chemical process, which involves methane (CH4) and oxygen (O2) (H2O).Due to O2's molecule having a zero oxidation number, this reaction is both a combustion and a redox reaction.

In an exothermic reaction, 394 kJ/mol of heat is generated when carbon interacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide. An analysis of the data can demonstrate that the combustion reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic. Reactants in a chemical equation are the substance(s) to the left of the arrow. When a chemical reaction first begins, a substance is said to be the reactant. It is referred to as a product if there is a substance to the right of the arrow

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Answer: Carbon dioxide: product

Methane: reactant

Oxygen: reactant

Water: product

Explanation: did it!! :p

So, the charge on Lewis acid (Co) is +3 . So, correct answer is :-d). +3

As we know in a coordination compound metal atoms or ions are Lewis acid . So, here Cobalt is Lewis acid .Now , the charge of ethylenediamine (en) is 0 , the charge of Cl is -1 . Let the charge on Co be X . Then as overall compound is neutral . So,

1 × X + 2 × 0 + 3 × -1 = 0

X - 3 = 0

X = +3

So, the charge on Lewis acid (Co) is +3 . So, correct answer is : d). +3

A Lewis acid can be an atom, ion, or molecule having an uncompleted octet of electrons (e.g., BF3, AlF3). Lewis acids are a subclass of molecules whose core atoms can take electrons from more than eight valence shells (e.g., SiBr4, SiF4).

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The most common charge associated with scandium in its compounds is Indicate the chemical formulas you would expect for compounds formed between scandium and sulfur.

What we want to record are the formulas for various binary ionic compounds. We need to consider the octet rule in order to accomplish this. Atoms will either gain, lose, or share electrons to have the electron configuration of the neighboring noble gas in accordance with the octet's rule (8 valence electrons except for He with 2). Iodine and potassium, or KI

K has 1 valence electron, hence losing one electron will result in K+. I already contains 7 valence electrons, thus to create I, I will gain 1 electron. Between K+ and I, a neutral chemical called KI exists. Chlorine and magnesium - sulfur Mg has two valence electrons, it must give up two of them to create Cl and gain one electron to become

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We want to draw 3 resonance structures for this problem because we have no -3.

Resonance is a quality of being resonant.

We're going first. Look at the number of electrons. Nitrogen has a number. A minus charge means we add 1 more to get 24 electrons. We have a 0 electron difference because we have 3 outer atoms that are oxygen and each one of them has a single electron. It doesn't matter which oxygen we get, because we're going to need 1 double bond to get nitrogen. We're going to have a querlon resonance structure where we're just going to shift the double bond and then we're going to be asked about putting in formal charges. We don't want to only look at one atom at a time. If we have 1 bond to oxygen, that means we have 6 lon electrons to add, and if we have a double bond, we need 2 more electron pairs,

so we can look at formal charges. That's 6 bonds. The number of long electrons is 6 and that's what we have here. All singly bound oxygen's have a negative charge. Our double down oxygen still has 6 bands electrons. There are 2 bonds and 4 lone electrons, so we get zero and nitrogen has 5 on electrons. There are 4 bonds and no electrons in this location. Our overall charge is going to be negative 1, which is what we want, since we get a plus 1 charge. Your three resonance structures.

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NH3, PH3, and AsH3 are all covalent compounds. SbH3 is a metallic compound.

The boiling point of a substance is a measure of the strength of the forces that hold the molecules together in the liquid state. In general, the stronger the forces between the molecules, the higher the boiling point will be.

The boiling points of NH3, PH3, AsH3 and SbH3 show a significant variation, which can be explained in terms of the different types of intermolecular forces that are present in these substances.

NH3, PH3, and AsH3 are all covalent compounds, which means that they are composed of molecules that are held together by covalent bonds. These bonds involve the sharing of electrons between the atoms in the molecule, and they are generally quite strong.

However, the strength of the intermolecular forces in these substances can vary depending on the types of atoms that are present and the way that they are bonded together. For example, NH3 has a relatively low boiling point (-33.4 oC) because the N-H bonds in the molecule are fairly weak. This allows the molecules to move more easily and escape from the liquid state at a lower temperature.

On the other hand, PH3 and AsH3 have much higher boiling points (-87.5 oC and -62.4 oC, respectively) because the P-H and As-H bonds are stronger. This makes it more difficult for the molecules to escape from the liquid state, so they need to be heated to higher temperatures in order to boil.

SbH3, on the other hand, has a much lower boiling point (-18.4 oC) because it is a metallic compound. In metallic compounds, the atoms are held together by a network of delocalized electrons, which are not as tightly bound as the electrons in covalent bonds. This means that the intermolecular forces in metallic compounds are generally weaker, which leads to lower boiling points.

Overall, the variation in the boiling points of NH3, PH3, AsH3 and SbH3 can be explained by the different types and strengths of the intermolecular forces that are present in these substances.

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The concentration of H2SO4 is 98% H2SO4 by mass and has a density of 1.8 g/L.

In chemistry, concentration is the amount of an ingredient divided by the total volume of the mixture. There are several types of mathematical descriptions, such as mass concentration, molarity, number concentration, and volume concentration. Concentration is usually expressed in molarity, defined as the number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.

Specializations are specializations within the selected course. You can choose your concentration at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, depending on which university you want to study.

Quantitative units of concentration include molarity, molarity, mass percent, parts per thousand, parts per million, and parts per billion.

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While the molecular geometry of ClBr3 C l Br 3 is T-shaped because of the presence of a lone pair on the chlorine atom, the electron geometry of ClBr3 C l Br 3 is trigonal bipyramidal.

Bond angles and molecular geometry for BCl3 The structure reveals that the molecular shape of BCl3 is trigonal planar. 120° is the bond angle.

Due to the electronegativity difference between the atoms of chlorine and bromine, chlorine tribromide, an interhalogen chemical, is a polar molecule. A Chlorine atom (Cl) in the heart of the ClBr3 Lewis structure is surrounded by three Bromine atoms (Br).

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Francium is an alkali metal with atomic number 87 is present in seventh period.

As we go down the group, the number of shells are added and the gap between nucleus and electrons in valence shell increases.

which means the electron in outer most shell, experiences more shielding.

Or we can say that electron in outer most shell experiences less attraction to the nucleus.

This means, the outer most valence electron is easy to remove in case of Francium than any other elements of group 1.

Also, Francium has the lowest electronegativity and with largest atomic radius.

So removal of its valence electron is easy making Francium as the most reactive metal.

And this is the reason why, the most reactive metal on the periodic table is francium.

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The NH₃ weight percentage in aqueous waste is 23.251%.

Here given,

29.44 mL of 0.1066MHCL

= (0.02944 L) * 0.1066 mol/L

= 0.003138mol HCL

= 0.003138mol NH₃

  0.003138mol NH₃ * 17.031 g/mol

= 0.05344g NH₃ in the 13.805 g aliquot

  0.05344g / 13.805 g = 0.38710612% m/m

  23.014 g original H₂O-NH₃ + 77.121 g H₂O = 100.135 g H₂O-NH₃

  0.05344g * 100.135g = 5.3512g NH₃

  5.3512g NH₃/ 23.014 g = 23.251% NH₃

The percentage weight of NH₃ in aqueous waste is 23.251%.

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To put out the flames, roll the mannequin back and forth on the ground.

Use the drop-and-roll method to put out a fire in burning clothing, douse it in cold water, or, if an emergency shower is nearby, use it.

removed right after, and the skin should be thoroughly rinsed with water for at least fifteen minutes.Before being worn again, clothes must be cleaned.If a flammable, volatile substance is spilled, alert everyone right away, put out any flames, and ventilate any area.

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The following alcohols would be most soluble in water Ethanol would be the most soluble in water.

Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from corn and different plant materials. Ethanol use is sizable, and more than ninety eight% of gas in the U.S. consists of a few ethanol. The maximum not unusual mixture of ethanol is E10 (10% ethanol, 90% fuel).

Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) is the sort of alcohol that over billion humans drink each day. This sort of alcohol is produced with the aid of the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches.

Ethanol intoxication is commonplace in older teenagers thru adulthood. The poisonous dose for an grownup is 5 mg/dL, while the poisonous dose in a toddler is 3 mg/dL. Youngsters are at better dangers of developing hypoglycemia following a single ingestion than are adults.

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Two main sources of excess co2 emitted by human activity are fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes.

What is green house gas emission?

Human-related greenhouse gas emissions increase the greenhouse effect and fuel climate change. Coal, oil, and natural gas combustion produce the majority of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and smaller trace gases like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride are only a few of the gases that make up total greenhouse gas emissions (SF6).

Of the CO2 produced by human emissions, only around 50% is still in the atmosphere. Uptake into the land biosphere and ocean account for the remaining amount, roughly split equally.

Therefore two main sources of excess co2 emitted by human activity are fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes.

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A chemokine called chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1) is thought to be responsible for mast cells' activation reaction.

Mast cells are white blood cells that have been extensively linked to the orchestration of allergic reactions. This might cause signs like sneezing or nasal congestion. The following signs and symptoms can be brought on by severe allergic responses, which typically involve foods, medicines, and insect stings: Just seconds after being exposed to an allergen, a severe and abrupt allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis can occur. The primary structural and operational unit of all life forms is the cell. Every cell is made up of a cytoplasm that is surrounded by a membrane and is home to a variety of biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, and RNA.

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