Pfizer, one of the largest pharmaceutical companies globally, is well aware of its role in society. The organization has, therefore, developed ethical considerations to handle human capital development in the best way possible.
Some of the ethical considerations Pfizer uses to develop human capital are as follows:
Fair pay and benefits
Pfizer offers its employees a fair wage and benefits as part of its ethical human capital development program.
The company takes into account the minimum wage requirements set by the law and goes above and beyond it to offer employees better pay. This policy has helped create a healthy work environment that supports productivity and personal growth.
Job security
Pfizer provides job security to its employees, which means it doesn't lay off workers unnecessarily. By ensuring job security, the company instills a sense of belonging and loyalty in its employees, creating a culture of trust and productivity.
Employee developmentPfizer offers training and career development opportunities to its employees, making it a great place to work. Employees are encouraged to grow and develop professionally, and this has created an excellent human capital pool that contributes to the company's growth and success.
Ethical and transparent policies
Pfizer has well-documented ethical policies that guide its human capital development practices. The company has clear rules against discrimination, harassment, and any other unethical practices in the workplace. It has also established policies and procedures for employee grievances, ensuring that everyone is treated with fairness and respect in the workplace.
In conclusion, Pfizer's ethical considerations to develop human capital are critical in ensuring that employees are treated with respect, dignity, and fairness.
Through these considerations, the company creates an environment that promotes productivity, personal growth, and loyalty among employees.
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The Rational Rule for Society is that society should produce another unit of a good if:
the total social benefit exceeds the total social cost.
the marginal social benefit exceeds the marginal social cost.
the marginal private benefit exceeds the marginal private cost.
gains to the producer exceed losses to the producer.
The rational rule for society is that society should produce another unit of a good if the marginal social benefit exceeds the marginal social cost. The option is B.
Marginal social benefit (MSB) is the total gain in satisfaction or utility from an additional unit of a good or service that is enjoyed by the entire society.
Marginal social cost (MSC) is the total cost incurred by society to produce an additional unit of a good or service.
The rule is such that if MSB > MSC, society should produce another unit of good since it will produce an overall net gain to society.
The rationale is to maximize the benefits to society as a whole rather than focusing only on the private benefits or costs.
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Why do the Keynesians claim that the economy will be slow to recover in the face of an AD-driven recession? What fiscal policy would they propose? How does it work to end the recession? Illustrate, using an aggregate demand/aggregate supply diagram.
The Key nesians claim that the economy will be slow to recover in the face of an AD-driven recession because they believe that in the short run, an economy can experience a deficiency of aggregate demand.
This occurs when aggregate demand falls below the level of full employment in the economy. Hence, output, income, and employment levels decline below the full employment level. According to Keynes, the primary cause of a deficiency of aggregate demand is a fall in investment.
This creates a circular flow of income problem, which is referred to as the Keynesian income-expenditure equilibrium theory.In response to the AD-driven recession, Key nesians would propose expansionary fiscal policy. Fiscal policy refers to the government's use of taxation and spending policies to influence macroeconomic conditions.
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Problem 6 - COST VOLUME ANALYSIS At Fraser Engineering, Eric is trying to decide whether to purchase a certain part or to have it produced internally. Internal production could use either of two processes. One would entail a variable cost per unit of $17, and an annual fixed cost of $200,000; the other would entail a variable cost of $14 and annual fixed costs of $240,000. Three vendors are willing to provide the part. Vendor A has a price of $20 per-unit for any volume up to 30,000 units. Vendor B has a price of $22-per-unit for demand of 1,000 units or less, and $18 per-unit for larger quantities. Vendor C offers a price of $21-per-unit for the first 1,000 units, and $19 for each additional unit. a. What is the correct formula to use to compare these options? (Marks: 2) b. Which options would be best for: (Marks: 6 ) i. 10,000 Units? ii. 20,000 Units? iii. 100,000 Units? c. What is the value in considering these option across three very different demand values ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 units? (Marks: 2)
Cost Volume Analysis is the process of determining the price for a product or service that will result in a certain level of sales volume. The formula used to compare the options in problem 6 is as follows:
[tex]Internal Production Cost = (Variable Cost per Unit × Quantity Produced) + Annual Fixed Cost[/tex]
[tex]Vendor Cost = Price × Quantity Purchased[/tex]
The best options for 10,000, 20,000, and 100,000 units are shown in the table below:
Cost Comparison of Vendor and Internal Production: Options Best option for 10,000 Units Best option for 20,000 Units Best option for 100,000 Units Internal Production using [tex]$14[/tex] variable cost per unit Internal Production using [tex]$14[/tex] variable cost per unitVendor A using [tex]$20[/tex] per unitVendor C using [tex]$19[/tex] per unitInternal Production using [tex]$14[/tex] variable cost per unitVendor A using [tex]$20[/tex] per unitVendor C using [tex]$19[/tex] per unitInternal Production using [tex]$17[/tex] variable cost per unitVendor C using [tex]$19[/tex] per unitVendor B for the first 1,000 units and Vendor C for 19 for each additional unit.
The value of considering these options across three very different demand values ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 units is to determine the optimal cost for each demand value.
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An investor currently owns real estate in the college town Blacksburg. Virginia-home to the Virginia Tech Hokies. He would like to expand his holding by purchasing similar rental property in either Lincoln, Nebraska or Tuscaloosa, Alabama. As a preliminary step he would like information on house prices in these two areas. He is interested in properties that have at least two bedrooms and that are listed for less than $1,000,000.00. Use the data set House Prices ↓ to create a report that will summarize the previous sales in these two locations. Summary report should follow the outline below (each section is a paragraph): 1. Introduction: Describe the motivation for this research. In other words, why would it be important to study this particular topic? 2. Develop at least one appropriate graph that summarizes the data set AND discuss any insights the graph reveals about the data. 3. Perform the following calculations: - Report overall summary statistics for house prices and sauare footoge (regardless of location). Discuss what you leamed from these numerical summaries. - Report summary statistics for house prices by location (Lincoln, NE vs Tuscaloosa, AL). Discuss what you learned from these numerical summaries. - Report summary statistics for sauare footage by location (Lincoln, NE vs Tuscaloosa, AL). Discuss what you learned from these numerical summaries. 4. Make a recommendation to the investor based on the results you obtained. Additionally, provide appropriate suggestions and/or discuss any shortcomings of this research.
It is advisable for the investor to conduct further research and due diligence, including visiting the locations, assessing the rental market, and consulting with local real estate professionals.
The motivation for this research is to provide the investor with information on house prices in Lincoln, Nebraska, and Tuscaloosa, Alabama, in order to help them make an informed decision about expanding their real estate holdings.
Graph and Insights:
To summarize the data set, a scatter plot can be created with house prices on the y-axis and square footage on the x-axis. Each data point represents a property in either Lincoln or Tuscaloosa. By examining the scatter plot, we can observe the distribution and trends in house prices and square footage.
Overall Summary Statistics:
For the overall summary statistics, we can calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum for both house prices and square footage, regardless of location. These statistics provide a general understanding of the data set as a whole.
Summary Statistics by Location:
To further analyze the data, we can calculate summary statistics separately for house prices and square footage in Lincoln, Nebraska, and Tuscaloosa, Alabama. By comparing the statistics between the two locations, we can identify any differences or similarities in the housing market.
Recommendation and Research Limitations:
Based on the results obtained from the analysis, a recommendation can be made to the investor regarding whether they should consider purchasing rental property in Lincoln or Tuscaloosa. This recommendation should take into account the average house prices, square footage, and any other relevant factors that may influence the investor's decision.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the phases of risk
management?
Risk Assessment
Risk Analysis
Risk Communication
Risk Treatment
The phase of Risk Management that is not included in the options given is Risk Mitigation. Here is a brief explanation of the four phases of Risk Management:
Risk Assessment: The initial step in the process of risk management is to recognize and evaluate the dangers that the organization faces.
Risk Analysis: Analyzing the risk data that was gathered in the assessment phase. The objective of risk analysis is to determine the nature, sources, and probability of various types of risk.
Risk Communication: The information obtained through the previous two phases should be conveyed to the stakeholders who are impacted by the risk event.
Risk Treatment: This is the stage in which the methods for managing risks are implemented. The methods are put into action with the intent of lowering risk levels to acceptable thresholds.
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A commercial landlord can change the locks and seize the
property of a tenant. True of false?
A commercial landlord cannot change the locks and seize the property of a tenant without following the legal eviction process.
This is because the tenants are legally entitled to occupy their leased space, according to the lease agreement they have signed with the landlord, and the landlord cannot simply force them out without following due process. The eviction process differs by state, but in general, a commercial landlord must provide written notice to the tenant, give them a chance to rectify the issue, and go through the court system to obtain an eviction order.
Only after obtaining the court order can a landlord forcibly remove a tenant from the leased space and seize the property if necessary. Moreover, a commercial landlord is not allowed to change the locks of a leased space unless the lease agreement states so, the tenant has abandoned the property, or there is an emergency that requires immediate access to the property.
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6. Write down the definition of liquidity and point out the
difference between M1 and M2.-
Liquidity is the ability of an asset to be converted into cash quickly without any loss of value. In financial terms, liquidity refers to how easily an asset can be bought or sold without causing a significant change in price.
The measure of liquidity is represented by M1 and M2.M1 is the narrowest definition of money supply that includes cash, coins, and demand deposits that can be used for making payments.
M2, on the other hand, is a broader measure of money supply that includes M1 plus savings deposits, time deposits less than $100,000, and non-institutional money market fund shares.Liquidity plays a significant role in determining the health of an economy.
It is critical for a stable economy to have adequate liquidity as it enables individuals and businesses to carry out transactions with ease. If there is a shortage of liquidity in the economy, businesses may struggle to pay their debts, and individuals may not be able to access credit, leading to a slowdown in economic growth.In conclusion, liquidity refers to the ease with which an asset can be converted to cash.
M1 and M2 are the measures used to determine the liquidity of an economy, with M1 being the narrowest measure and M2 being a broader measure of money supply that includes savings deposits, time deposits, and non-institutional money market fund shares.
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Quality Improvement and Profitability Objective Ming Company reported the following sales and quality costs for the past four years. Assume that all quality costs are variable and that all changes in the quality cost ratios are due to a quality improvement program. Quality Costs as a Percent of Revenues Year Sales Revenues 1 $20,800,000 30% 2 22,800,000 27 3 27,400,000 23 4 29,000,000 19 Required: 1. Compute the quality costs for all four years. Quality Cost Year 1 $ Year 2 $ Year 3 $ Year 4 By how much did net income increase from Year 1 to Year 2 because of quality improvements? $ By how much did net income increase from Year 2 to Year 3 because of quality improvements? By how much did net income increase from Year 3 to Year 4 because of quality improvements? $ 2. The management of Ming Company believes it is possible to reduce quality costs to 3 percent of sales. Assuming sales will continue at the Year 4 level, calculate the additional profit potential facing Ming. Is the expectation of improving quality and reducing costs to 3 percent of sales realistic? 3. Assume that Ming produces one type of product, which is sold on a bid basis. In Years 1 and 2, the average bid was $500. In Year 1, total variable costs were $300.00 per unit. In Year 3, competition forced the bid to drop to $400.00. Do not round the intermediate calculations and round your final answers to the nearest dollar. Compute the total contribution margin in Year 3 assuming the same percentage of quality costs as in Year 1. Now, compute the total contribution margin in Year 3 using the actual quality costs for Year 3. What is the increase in profitability resulting from the quality improvements made from Year 1 to Year 3? Is the expectation of improving quality and reducing costs to 3 percent of sales realistic? Yes No produces one type of product, which is sold on a bid basis. In Years 1 a costs were $300.00 per unit. In Year 3, competition forced the bid to drop to $400.00.
Test Company projected the following unit sales for the next five quarters.Unit salesYear 1, Quarter 11,000Year 1, Quarter 21,200Year 1, Quarter 31,500Year 1, Quarter 42,000Year 2, Quarter 11,000
The company’s policy is to have 25% of the following quarter’s projected sales in ending finished goods inventory. The beginning inventory in Year 1 is expected to satisfy the inventory policy.
Each unit required 2 lbs. of direct materials. Projected direct materials cost is $5.00 per lb. The company’s policy is to have 20% of the following quarter’s production needs in ending raw materials inventory. The beginning inventory in Year 1 is expected to satisfy the inventory policy.
Q1. Determine the total units to be produced in Year 1.
Note: Give your answer using commas. Do not include the word "units."
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wollmer distribution company collects fruit from several small farms in the region, consolidates its collections, and then ships the fruit to a regional wholesale fruit market by truck
Wollmer Distribution Company collects fruit from small farms in the region, consolidates the collections, and then transports the fruit to a regional wholesale fruit market by truck.
Wollmer Distribution Company plays a vital role in the fruit supply chain. They gather fruit from various small farms in the area, ensuring a diverse range of fruits. After collecting the fruit, Wollmer Distribution Company combines or consolidates the different collections together. This step helps in efficiently managing the fruit and preparing it for transport.
Once the fruit is consolidated, Wollmer Distribution Company uses trucks to transport the fruit to a regional wholesale fruit market. These trucks are specifically designed to safely carry large quantities of fruit over long distances. By using trucks, the company can deliver the fruit in a timely manner to the market. In summary, Woolmer Distribution Company collects fruit from multiple small farms, consolidates the collections, and then ships the fruit to a regional wholesale fruit market using trucks.
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This week, you’re exploring your communication skill.
Think of a time when effective or ineffective communication affected your success at home, school, or work. Describe what happened.
Then, explain how strong communication contributed to or could have improved the situation’s outcome. Be specific.
Remember to answer by writing two paragraphs. Each paragraph should be 5-7 sentences with no grammatical errors (total 10-14 sentences). Also, respond to at least 1 of your peers (3-5 sentences).
I would like to give you an example of how communication skills impacted my academic success. My instructor handed out a group assignment in which we were to analyze a case study and create a comprehensive presentation. At the outset, the entire team was extremely excited, and we agreed on a topic and brainstormed ideas. We decided to split the task equally, with each team member taking on a specific aspect of the project.
Each team member worked independently, but one team member did not follow the guidelines that were agreed upon. He failed to communicate the work he was doing to the rest of the team, which led to an accumulation of work that had already been completed.
This issue resulted in the team's failure to meet the submission deadline and caused a delay in the submission of our presentation. As a result, we were unable to secure the grade we had anticipated.
The situation could have been resolved if the team member had demonstrated strong communication skills by notifying the team of the work he was doing and contributing his ideas, he would have received feedback from the team, and we could have addressed any concerns or made suggestions as required.
Additionally, if the team member had shared his progress regularly with the team, it would have allowed the team to track the progress of the work, identify the areas that needed improvement and correct them immediately.
Thus, if the team member had shared his progress frequently, the team would have been able to finish the project within the deadline and achieve a higher grade.
Effective communication is critical when working in a group, and strong communication skills contribute significantly to successful teamwork.
Responses to peers:
Response to peer 1: I appreciate the way you approached your situation. I also faced a situation where poor communication impacted my project's outcome. The situation occurred during my second year of college when my group was assigned a research paper. We had divided the task among ourselves, with each team member responsible for collecting data on specific aspects of the research.
However, one team member failed to deliver his work on time, despite the fact that the deadline was approaching. As a result, I had to collect the data assigned to him, which was a significant burden for me. I was already struggling with my workload, and this issue added to my stress level, which affected my work quality and my grades.
If the team member had communicated his concerns or notified the rest of us of his difficulties, we could have identified a solution together and helped him complete his work. Thus, strong communication is essential to ensuring that every member of a team is aware of their responsibilities and can assist others in completing their tasks. Response to peer.
2: I completely agree with your point that communication is crucial to a team's success. I have also been in a situation where effective communication was a key component of my success. The situation occurred when my company was undergoing a merger with another company. As a result, the department in which I was working underwent a significant restructuring.
However, due to the lack of communication, there was a lot of confusion regarding the new reporting structure, and we were unsure about our new roles and responsibilities. As a result, I took the initiative to talk to my manager and understand the new structure. I was then able to communicate the information to my team members, which helped us all to understand the changes and adapt to the new environment more effectively.
Therefore, in situations where there is a lack of information or understanding, it is essential to communicate effectively and provide clarity to others.
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Brooks Topeka, a professional golfer, enters into an agreement whereby he agrees to see his set of golf clubs to Paige Spiranac for $950. If all of the elements of a valid contract can be established, the contract is enforceable by
a. the seller or the buyer.
b. the manufacturer of the golf clubs.
c. any third party with an interest in the deal, such as one of PGA's customers.
d. none of the choices.
The correct answer is a. Brooks Topeka, a professional golfer, enters into an agreement whereby he agrees to sell his set of golf clubs to Paige Spiranac for $950.
If all of the elements of a valid contract can be established, the contract is enforceable by: the seller or the buyer. Therefore, the correct answer is a.
The buyer can hold the seller accountable for fulfilling their obligations under the agreement, and the seller can seek legal recourse if the buyer fails to pay. In general, a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties who agree to exchange something of value for something else. When it comes to contracts, there are a few key components that must be present for them to be legally binding: offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, legality, and mutual assent.
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2. The Weimer Corporation wants to accumulate a sum of money to repay certain debts due on December 31,2025 . Weimer will make annual deposits of $100,000 into a special bank account at the end of each of 10 years beginning December 31, 2016 . Assuming that the bank account pays 7% interest compounded annually, what will be the fund balance after the last payment is made on December 31,2025 ?
The Weimer Corporation wants to accumulate a sum of money to repay certain debts due on December 31, 2025.
Weimer will make annual deposits of $100,000 into a special bank account at the end of each of ten years beginning December 31, 2016.
The bank account pays 7% interest compounded annually.
What will be the fund balance after the last payment is made on December 31, 2025?
Solution:
The present value of an annuity formula calculates the value of a series of periodic payments at a future date by discounting them back to their current value at a given rate of interest.
The following is the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = P [(1 - (1 / (1 + r)n)) / r]
Where,
P = Payment amount
r = Interest rate
N = Number of payments
PV = Present value
The yearly deposit of the Weimer Corporation is $100,000,
which is a regular deposit.
Weimer Corporation will make ten deposits, one per year, beginning on December 31, 2016,
and the last payment will be on December 31, 2025.
The following is the calculation of the value of the annuity:
PMT = $100,000
r = 7% compounded annually
n = 10 years
PV = $1,000,000 [(1 - (1 / (1 + 7%)10)) / 7%]
PV = $1,000,000 [(1 - 0.5084) / 0.07]
PV = $1,000,000 (11.4713)
PV = $11,471,300
the fund balance after the last payment is made on December 31, 2025, will be $11,471,300.
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Following are transactions of Gotebo Tanners, Inc., a new company, during the month of January: 1. Issued 10,000 shares of common stock for $15,000 cash. 2. Purchased land for $12,000, signing a note payable for the full amount. 3. Purchased office equipment for $1,200 cash. 4. Received cash of $14,000 for services provided to customers during the month. 5. Purchased $300 of office supplies on account. 6. Paid employees $10,000 for their first month's salaries. How many of these transactions increased Gotebo's liabilities? Select one: a. One. b. Two. c. Three. d. Four.
The following transactions of Gotebo Tanners, Inc. that increased Gotebo's liabilities are-
1. Purchased land for $12,000, signing a note payable for the full amount.
2. Purchased $300 of office supplies on account.Therefore, there are two transactions that increased Gotebo's liabilities.
A liability is a legal obligation or debt that a company owes to another party. Liabilities can include loans, accounts payable, mortgages, accrued expenses, and deferred revenues. Liabilities are what a company owes, and they are listed on a company's balance sheet.
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Suppose that this year's money supply is $400 billion, nominal GDP is $12 trillion, and real GDP is $4 trillion. The price level is , and the velocity of money is Suppose that velocity is constant and the economy's output of goods and services rises by 5 percent each year. Use this informe questions that follow. If the Fed keeps the money supply constant, the price level will , and nominal GDP will True or False: If the Fed wants to keep the price level stable instead, it should increase the money supply by 5% next year. True False If the Fed wants an inflation rate of 8 percent instead, it should the money supply by (Hint: The quantity equation can be rewritten as the following percentage change formula: (Percentage Change in M)+( Percentage Change in V)=( Percentage Change in P)+( Percentage Change in Y).)
Summary: If the Fed keeps the money supply constant, the price level will decrease, and nominal GDP will remain unchanged.
Based on the given information, we have the following data:
Money supply (M) = $400 billion
Nominal GDP (Y) = $12 trillion
Real GDP (Y) = $4 trillion
Price level (P) = ?
Velocity of money (V) = ?
To find the price level, we can use the quantity equation: M * V = P * Y
Given that velocity (V) is constant and the economy's output (Y) rises by 5 percent each year, we can assume that the percentage change in Y is 5%. We can rewrite the quantity equation in terms of percentage changes:
(Percentage Change in M) + (Percentage Change in V) = (Percentage Change in P) + (Percentage Change in Y)
Since the velocity is assumed to be constant, the percentage change in V is 0. Therefore, the equation becomes:
(Percentage Change in M) = (Percentage Change in P) + 5%
Now let's analyze the questions:
1. If the Fed keeps the money supply constant, the price level will _____, and nominal GDP will _____.
The Fed keeping the money supply constant means that the percentage change in M is 0%. According to the equation above, this would result in the percentage change in P being -5% (negative 5%) to offset the 5% increase in Y. Therefore, the price level will decrease, and nominal GDP will remain unchanged.
2. True or False: If the Fed wants to keep the price level stable instead, it should increase the money supply by 5% next year.
False. If the Fed wants to keep the price level stable, it needs to offset the 5% increase in Y. As shown in the equation, the percentage change in M would need to be -5% (negative 5%) to counterbalance the increase in Y.
3. If the Fed wants an inflation rate of 8 percent instead, it should _____ the money supply by _____.
To achieve an inflation rate of 8%, the Fed needs to increase the price level accordingly. Assuming the velocity remains constant, the equation tells us that the percentage change in M should be 3% (8% - 5%) to achieve the desired inflation rate.
In summary:
1. If the Fed keeps the money supply constant, the price level will decrease, and nominal GDP will remain unchanged.
2. False. To keep the price level stable, the Fed needs to decrease the money supply by 5%.
3. The Fed should increase the money supply by 3% to achieve an inflation rate of 8%.
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which of the following are important determinants of collusion in pricing games? A) History
B) The number of firms
C) Firm size
D) All of the statements associated with this question are correct.
All of the statements A), B), and C) are important determinants of collusion in pricing games.A) History: Past interactions and experiences among firms can influence the likelihood of collusion.
If there has been a history of collusion or coordination in the industry, firms may be more inclined to collude in the future. B) The number of firms: The number of firms in the market plays a significant role in collusion. Collusion becomes more difficult to sustain as the number of firms increases since there are more participants to monitor and enforce compliance. C) Firm size: The size of the firms involved can impact collusion. Larger firms may have more resources and market power to enforce collusion agreements, while smaller firms may find it more challenging to participate in or influence collusive behavior. Considering all three statements, history, the number of firms, and firm size are important factors that affect collusion in pricing games.
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. Draw a supply and demand curve for US government bonds. Show equilibrium. 2. Show and explain what the effect expansionary monetary policy, using open market operations, will have on this equilibrium. 3. Show and explain what the effect of contractionary monetary policy, using open market operations, will have on this equilibrium. 4. Explain what the Fed should do if the actual interest rate is below its target rate? Or above?
The equilibrium of supply and demand for US government bonds is when the quantity of bonds demanded is equal to the quantity of bonds supplied.
In other words, equilibrium is achieved where the two curves intersect. Open market operations are one way that the Fed uses to implement monetary policy. The expansionary monetary policy, using open market operations, will decrease interest rates, leading to a rightward shift in the demand curve for US government bonds.
The lower interest rate will incentivize investors to purchase more US government bonds, leading to an increase in the quantity of bonds demanded. On the other hand, the supply curve will remain constant. The increase in demand leads to an increase in bond prices, which is shown by the upward pressure of the demand curve. Thus, the equilibrium point shifts upwards.
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Drag the labels to complete each of the sentences that discuss the similarities and differences between B cell and T cell receptors
B cells and T cells are two types of lymphocytes involved in the adaptive immune response.
How to explain the informationBoth BCRs and TCRs are responsible for recognizing antigens. Antigens are typically proteins or peptide fragments derived from pathogens or other foreign substances. The receptors on both B cells and T cells allow them to bind to specific antigens.
Both BCRs and TCRs undergo gene rearrangement processes during lymphocyte development. These genetic rearrangements generate diverse receptor repertoires, allowing B cells and T cells to recognize a wide range of antigens.
BCRs are membrane-bound immunoglobulins (antibodies) that exist in a surface-bound form on the surface of mature B cells. In contrast, TCRs are heterodimeric proteins composed of α and β chains or γ and δ chains, which are associated with CD3 signaling molecules on the surface of mature T cells.
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Both B cell and T cell receptors are involved in the immune response, but they differ in their structure and function.
How do B cell and T cell receptors differ in structure and function?B cell receptors (BCRs) are membrane-bound immunoglobulins that recognize and bind to specific antigens directly. They are composed of two heavy chains and two light chains which form a Y-shaped structure.
T cell receptors (TCRs) are also involved in antigen recognition but are different in structure and function compared to BCRs. TCRs are composed of two polypeptide chains (alpha and beta) or (gamma and delta) that form a T-shaped structure. Its recognize antigens that are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
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Sufficient audit evidence means that a satisfactory amount (quantity) of audit evidence has been gathered, appropriate audit evidence means that the evidence is reliable and relevant, i.e. it has the necessary quality which the auditor requires. The following audit procedures have been carried out by the audit team on the audit of Futex (Pty) Ltd, an electronics manufacturer:
1. Extracted a sample of items from the inventory sheets and performed test counts at the annual inventory count.
2. Reviewed the report of an electronics expert who was engaged (by the audit firm) to value work in progress at year end.
3. Attended a wage count.
4. Discussed the allowance for bad debts with the credit controller.
5. Re-performed the casts and extensions of the payroll for three different weeks.
6. Reviewed the client's debtor's age analysis.
Required:
2.1 Discuss the factors which the auditor should consider when assessing the quality of audit evidence.
(12)
2.2 Discuss the reliability of the evidence gathered from each of the above audit procedures.
2.3 State to which assertion each of the above is most relevant.
(5)
(3)
The nature, timeliness, and scope of the procedures carried out are some of the elements that decide whether the audit evidence is sufficient and appropriate.
1. The nature of the procedures: To acquire evidence, the audit team combined analytical and substantive procedures (such as checking the debtor's age analysis) with test counts, value reviews, and re-performance of computations. This guarantees a thorough evaluation of the financial statements. 2. Procedures were carried out in accordance with the timing of the yearly inventory count, year-end valuation, wage count, and conversations with the credit controller. By carrying out operations at the proper time, it is possible to gather pertinent data and lower the possibility that a substantial misrepresentation would escape unnoticed. 3. Procedures' Length: The sample size for payroll re-performance and inventory counts was not stated, however It need to be adequate to offer a sound foundation for making judgements. In order to handle the specific risks and materiality of the financial statements, the auditor must make sure that the scope of the procedures is suitable. Overall, the audit team sought to obtain sufficient and appropriate information to support their conclusions regarding the financial statements of Futex (Pty) Ltd by combining various techniques and engaging with pertinent parties. The particular elements taken into account in each operation would vary depending on the particulars and hazards of the engagement.
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ow are scan backs better than off invoice promotions?
What did the experiment show about the benefits of scan back promotions?
What are retail pass-through rates?
How do slotting fees affect consumers? Discuss the ways in which consumers are affected by the practice of charging slotting fees (as discussed in class).
Why is the Federal Trade Commission unable to draw rules or policies regarding slotting fees?
Scan-back promotions are more beneficial than off-invoice promotions because provide discounts, efficient, higher redemption rate. Retail pass-through rates are the percentage of trade promotions that pass from the retailers to the consumers in the form of price discounts. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is unable to draw rules or policies regarding slotting fees because of Slotting fees.
Scan-back promotions are more beneficial than off-invoice promotions because of the following reasons:
Scan-back promotions provide discounts to the consumers at the time of purchase, which increases their loyalty to the brand. In contrast, off-invoice promotions provide discounts to the retailers instead of consumers.
In scan-back promotions, the brand pays the retailer after the sale is made, so there is a high probability that the promotion will be executed correctly, and there won't be any errors in the process.
The experiment conducted showed that the scan-back promotions have a higher redemption rate, and the sales lift was significant in comparison to the off-invoice promotions.
Retail pass-through rates are the percentage of trade promotions that pass from the retailers to the consumers in the form of price discounts. The pass-through rate can be calculated by dividing the amount of trade promotions offered by the manufacturers to the retailers by the total retail sales during that period.
Slotting fees affect consumers in many ways, and some of the ways are as follows:
Consumers are affected by slotting fees as the cost of the product increases, which leads to higher prices in the market.
The variety of products that consumers can buy from the market decreases as the slotting fees force the manufacturers to concentrate on producing a limited number of products, which ultimately decreases the variety for consumers.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is unable to draw rules or policies regarding slotting fees because of the following reasons:
Slotting fees are paid to the retailers, and it is a voluntary payment, which means it's up to the retailers to decide whether to take the payment or not, which makes it difficult for the FTC to regulate this practice.
Slotting fees are considered as promotional expenses and not a violation of antitrust laws, which means that it is legal for manufacturers to pay the fees to retailers.
Thus, it becomes difficult for the FTC to regulate something that is not against the law.
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What do you think will be the state of LGBTQ community issues in
our schools in the coming decades?
The issues that the LGBTQ+ community faces in schools continue to be a problem in many parts of the world. Despite the fact that a growing number of people are supportive of gay rights, the notion that schools are supposed to be free from bullying, intimidation, and discrimination is far from the reality for a lot of LGBT students.
The implementation of policies, safe spaces, and support networks for LGBT+ students has increased over the past few years, but there is still much more that can be done. Transphobia, homophobia, and discrimination persist among both students and teachers.
This is particularly troubling since schools are supposed to be institutions that promote diversity, understanding, and acceptance. It's also worth noting that the United States is not the only country facing these challenges as they are present in other parts of the world as well
.For many LGBT+ students, schools are not safe spaces for them to learn and grow in, and a large number of these students still hide their true identities to avoid bullying and discrimination. The issues faced by the LGBTQ+ community in schools are not simple, and solutions may take time, but it's important to continue fighting for the rights of all students, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
With more support and education, there is hope for a future in which schools can truly be safe spaces for all students.
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Q5) Your corporation is considering investing in a new product line. The annual revenues (sales) for the new product line are expected to be $135,546.00 with variable costs equal to 50% of these sales. In addition annual fixed costs associated with this new product line are expected to be $42.494.00. The old equipment currently has no market value. The new equipment cost $60,803.00. The new equipment will be depreciated to zero using straight-line depreciation for the three-year life of the project. At the end of the project the equipment is expected to have a salvage value of $28,201.00. An increase in net working capital of $69,448.00 is also required for the life of the project. The corporation has a beta of 0.853, a tax rate of 37.30%, and a target capital structure consisting of 51.66% equity and 48.34% debt. Treasury securities have a yie 1.66% and the expected return on the market is 9.07%. In addition, the company currently has outstanding bonds that have a yield to maturity of 4.02%.
The new product line's annual revenues (sales) are expected to be $135,546.00. The variable costs will be 50% of the sales and the annual fixed costs associated with this new product line will be $42.494.00. The new equipment cost will be $60,803.00.
Depreciation will be done using straight-line depreciation for the three-year life of the project. At the end of the project, the equipment will have a salvage value of $28,201.00. An increase in net working capital of $69,448.00 is also required for the life of the project. The corporation has a tax rate of 37.30%. The company's beta is 0.853 and the expected return on the market is 9.07%. Treasury securities have a yield of 1.66% and the company's outstanding bonds have a yield to maturity of 4.02%.The WACC is used to evaluate whether or not to invest in a project.
The formula to calculate WACC is as follows:
WACC = E/V x Re + D/V x Rd x (1-Tc)
E represents equity, V represents the value of the firm, Re represents the required return on equity, D represents debt, Rd represents the required return on debt, and Tc represents the corporate tax rate. The WACC is calculated by the following formula:0.5166 x 0.105 + 0.4834 x 0.0402 x (1-0.3730) = 0.0738The investment's present value is calculated by discounting future cash flows using a discount rate that is equal to the WACC:
PV = (135546 – (0.50 x 135546) – 42494 – 60803 + 28201)/(1+0.0738)^1 + (135546 – (0.50 x 135546) – 42494 – 60803 + 28201)/(1+0.0738)^2 + (135546 – (0.50 x 135546) – 42494 – 60803 + 28201 + 69448)/(1+0.0738)^3 + 28201/(1+0.0738)^3= $174,273.26
The corporation should invest in the new product line if it costs less than $174,273.26. It would not be a wise investment if it costs more than that.
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An asset having a cost of $70,000 and accumulated depreciation of $20.000 is revalued to $90.000 at the beginning of the current year. Depreciation for the year is based on the revalued amount and the remaining useful life of six years. Required: Ptepare journal entries to teflect the revaluation of the asset and the subsequent depreciation of the revalued asset.
Revaluation entry: Debit Asset Account ($20,000 + $70,000) $90,000; Credit Revaluation Surplus Account $20,000; Credit Asset Account (Depreciation Reserve) $60,000.
Depreciation entry: Debit Depreciation Expense Account ($90,000/6 years) $15,000; Credit Asset Account (Depreciation Reserve) $15,000.
To reflect the revaluation of the asset and the subsequent depreciation of the revalued asset, the following journal entries can be prepared:
Revaluation entry:
Debit - Asset Account ($20,000 + $70,000) - $90,000
Credit - Revaluation Surplus Account - $20,000
Credit - Asset Account (Depreciation Reserve) - $60,000
Depreciation entry:
Debit - Depreciation Expense Account ($90,000/6 years) - $15,000
Credit - Asset Account (Depreciation Reserve) - $15,000
The Depreciation Expense Account is a profit and loss account that is debited to record the depreciation on the asset. The Asset Account, as well as the Depreciation Reserve account, are credited.
The Depreciation Reserve is an equity account that is credited to account for the expense of depreciation. Since the asset has been revalued, the credit entry to the Revaluation Surplus Account represents the profit, while the debit entry to the Asset Account reflects the asset's cost.
If the company had previously accounted for the asset on a revaluation basis, it would credit the revaluation account and debit the asset account in a similar manner to reflect the reversal of the revaluation.
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On January 25. Coot Company has $350.000 deposited with a local bank. On January 27 , the company writes and malls checks of $30,000 and $70,000 to suppllers. At the end of the month, Coot's financial manager deposits a $55,000 check recelved from a customer in the morning mall and plcks up the end-of-month account summary from the bank The manager notes that only the $30,000 payment of the 27 th has cleared the bank. • What is the company's avallable bolance with its bank?
Given data:On January 25. Coot Company has 350,000 deposited with a local bank.On January 27, the company writes and mails checks of 30,000 and 70,000 to suppliers.
At the end of the month, Coot's financial manager deposits a 55,000 check received from a customer in the morning mail and picks up the end-of-month account summary from the bankThe manager notes that only the 30,000 payment of the 27th has cleared the bank.Available balance with the bank = Deposits - Outstanding Checks - Uncleared Deposits.
Step 1: Calculation of DepositsThe company has deposited $350,000 on January 25.Now, the company has received a check of 55,000 from a customer. Therefore, the total deposits with the bank = 350,000 + 55,000
= 405,000
Step 2: Calculation of Outstanding checksOutstanding checks are the checks that have been written and mailed but have not yet been presented for payment to the bank. Coot Company has written two checks of 30,000 and 70,000 on January 27.
Therefore, the outstanding checks = 30,000 + 70,000
= 100,000.
Step 3: Calculation of Uncleared depositsUncleared deposits are the deposits that are not yet credited to the account by the bank.Coot's financial manager deposits a check of 55,000 received from a customer at the end of the month, but the bank has not yet cleared it.
So, the uncleared deposits = 55,000Therefore, the available balance with the
bank= Deposits - Outstanding Checks - Uncleared Deposits
= 405,000 - 100,000 - 55,000
= 250,000Therefore, the company's available balance with its bank is 250,000.
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Indigo Company is considering investing in a new facility to extract and produce salt. The facility will increase revenues by $243,100, but it will also increase annual expenses by $183,185. The facility will cost $1,001,000 to build, and it will have a $41,000 salvage value at the end of its useful life: Calculate the annual rate of return on this facility. (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 52.75.) Annual rate of return \%
We must ascertain the net annual cash flow in order to compute the facility's annual rate of return. The net annual cash flow is calculated by subtracting the salvage value from the rise in revenue and the increase in expenses.
Increased revenue minus increased expenses plus salvage value equals increased net annual cash flow. Revenue Growth = $243,100 $183,185 more in expenses Value of Salvage: $41,000 $183,185 minus $41,000 plus $243,100 equals $100,915 in net annual cash flow. The net yearly cash flow is divided by the initial investment to get the annual rate of return, which is then multiplied by 100 to get the percentage. (Net Annual Cash Flow / Initial Investment) times 100 equals the annual rate of return. Initial Investing = $1.001 million ($100,915 / $1,001,000) x 100 equals the annual rate of return. = 10.09% As a result, the facility's yearly rate of return is roughly 10.09%.
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Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity, Dividend Yield, and Dividend Payout
The following information relates to Waterloo Components, Inc.:
2015 2016
Net income $75,000 $85,000
Preferred stock dividends 5,000 5,000
Average common stockholders' equity 2,000,000 2,100,000
Dividend per common share 1.80 1.90
Earnings per share 2.90 2.95
Market price per common share, year-end 29.50 30.00
a. Calculate the company’s return on common stockholders’ equity for 2015 and 2016.
b. Calculate the company’s dividend yield for 2015 and 2016.
c. Calculate the company’s dividend payout for 2015 and 2016.
a. Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity: Return on common stockholders’ equity is an essential measure of a company's profitability that calculates the amount of return earned by stockholders on their investments. Return on common stockholders' equity (ROE) is the ratio of net income after taxes to common shareholders' equity.
It is computed as: ROE = Net Income / Common Stockholders’ Equity= (Net Income – Preferred Dividends) / Common Stockholders' Equity Therefore, ROE for Waterloo Components, Inc. in 2015 and 2016 can be calculated as follows:
ROE for 2015 = ($75,000 - $5,000) / $2,000,000 = 3.50%ROE for 2016 = ($85,000 - $5,000) / $2,100,000 = 3.71%b.
Dividend Yield: Dividend yield is the ratio of dividend paid by a company to the current market price of the company's stock. Dividend yield indicates the rate of return earned by investors on their investment in the company's stock.
Therefore, the dividend yield for Waterloo Components, Inc. in 2015 and 2016 can be calculated as follows: Dividend Yield for 2015 = ($1.80 / $29.50) x 100% = 6.10% Dividend Yield for 2016 = ($1.90 / $30.00) x 100% = 6.33%c. Dividend Payout:
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Prepaid expenses are the cost of (1) acquired in one accounting period and (2) in a future period. (Enter one word per blank.)
Prepaid expenses are the cost of expenses that are paid in advance by a company and are yet to be used or consumed.
Such expenses are recorded on the company's balance sheet as assets until the time when they are used. The primary aim of recording prepaid expenses is to reflect the expenses in the accounting period when the expenses are used and not when the expenses are incurred by the company.
For instance, if a company pays rent for its office space for a year, it will record the payment as a prepaid expense in its balance sheet as an asset for the year of the payment.
The prepaid expense account will decrease each month by the amount of rent that is used up or consumed by the company until the account balance is zero.
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social security numbers: joe: 123-45-6789 jill: 333-222-111 hunter (son): 555-77-6666 ages: joe: 64 jill: 62 hunter: 11 jill paid $5,000 in childcare expenses for hunter while she worked. salaries: joe: $20,000 jill: $25,000 hunter: $1,500 investment income: interest from mellon bank: $8,000 interest on delaware municipal bonds: $5,000 dividends on microsoft, inc. stock: $4,000 sold 1,000 shares of ibm stock for $8,000 on january 15, 2022. shares were purchased on january 15, 2016, for $3,000.
Social Security numbers (SSNs) are used to identify a person and establish if they are eligible for Social Security benefits.
Before preparing and submitting Forms W-2, employers can use the Social Security Number Verification Service (SSNVS) to compare the names and Social Security numbers (SSNs) on their record of employees with Social Security records.
As the SSN is not directly tied to an applicant's qualifications for a job, businesses should generally refrain from requesting it on an employment application. However, it is permissible for an employer to request an SSN, and if they accept an offer, they will eventually want it to confirm the applicant's identification and work authorization as well as maybe conduct a background check.
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In preparing its cash flow statement for the year ended Decem ber 31, 2022, Green Co. gathered the following data: In its December 31, 2022 , statement of cash flows, what amount should Green report as net cash from financing activities? A) $57,000 B) $59,000 c) $60,000 D) $49,000
In preparing the cash flow statement, the information about financing activities is obtained from the sources that are long-term in nature, such as stock and bond issues.
The net cash inflow or outflow from these activities is reported on the cash flow statement under the heading "Cash Flows from Financing Activities."So, the formula for calculating net cash from financing activities is: Net cash flow from financing activities = Cash inflow from financing activities - Cash outflow from financing activities Given data: Green Co. gathered the following data:
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock $73,000 Payments on long-term debt 30,000
Dividends paid 13,000Total cash outflow from financing activities = $30,000 + $13,000 = $43,000
Net cash from financing activities = Proceeds from the issuance of common stock -
Total cash outflow from financing activities= $73,000 - $43,000= $30,000 ,
Option A, $57,000, is incorrect. Option B, $59,000, is incorrect. Option C, $60,000,
is incorrect. Option D, $49,000, is correct.
The amount that should Green report as net cash from financing activities is $49,000.
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On January 1, 2022. Adam Corp. changed its inventory method to FFO from tifo for both financiai and incorne tax reporting purposes. The charge rssited in a s500,00a increase in January 1,2022 inventory. Assume that the income tax rate for all years is 20%. The effect of the accounting change should be reported by Adarm in its 2022. retained earnings statement as a $400,000 addition to the beginning balance. income statement as a $400,000 cumulative effect of accounting change. retained earnings statement as a 5500,000 addition to the beginning balance: income statement as a $500,000 cumulative effect of accounting change.
The effect of accounting change should be reported by Adam Corp. in its 2022 retained earnings statement as a $400,000 addition to the beginning balance.
Moreover, it should be reported in the income statement as a $500,000 cumulative effect of the accounting change.The accounting change method that is used by companies can affect their earnings, particularly when changing from LIFO to FIFO. This is due to the fact that the inventory accounting method chosen by a company may impact its financial results and tax filings.
Thus, in January 2022, Adam Corp. changed its inventory method to FFO from TIFO for both financial and income tax reporting purposes. This caused a charge of $500,000 increase in inventory on January 1, 2022. It is assumed that the income tax rate for all years is 20%.The change in the inventory accounting method by Adam Corp.
should be reported in its 2022 retained earnings statement as a $400,000 addition to the beginning balance. This is because the company used the cumulative effect adjustment method in which it adjusts the beginning balance of the year in which the change is made.
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This question requires you to reflect on your learning of various macroeconomic models to analyse plausible impacts of a pandemic shock, government intervention, and investment in health. They ask you to reflect on their temporary, i.e., short-run (SR), and permanent, i.e., long-run (LR), static and dynamic impacts on the macroeconomy.
Use any model of endogenous growth to answer.
Illustrate your answer to each question with suitable diagrams or with a numerical example. Plan your answer to approximately 100 words.
What are the LR static and dynamic impacts on the macroeconomy of the gov policy that improves the average years of schooling of its population? (5 marks)
The government policy that improves the average years of schooling of its population will have long-run static and dynamic impacts on the macroeconomy.
This policy has the potential to increase the human capital of the economy, resulting in long-run economic growth. As people become more educated, they are more productive and can earn higher wages, resulting in increased income and output levels.
The long-run static impact on the macroeconomy is the increase in the supply of human capital. As a result, the aggregate production function will shift upwards and to the right, resulting in higher levels of output and income. This increase in income and output will be persistent as the supply of human capital will remain higher.
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