As it turns out, robots make very good house cleaners, but very poor guidance minants of demand for the two services are roughly similar, you would expect the demand for human guidance counselors to be less elastic than the demand for human house cleaners.
RobotsThe study of robots is known as robotics. Robots are machines that can do tasks. Some robots can do tasks on their own. Other robots must always be instructed on what to do. ROBOTS is a periodical of IEEE Spectrum, the flagship publication of the IEEE, the world's biggest technical professional organization dedicated to technological growth. ROBOTS contributes to IEEE's aim of advancing technology for mankind and the engineering profession, as well as introducing students throughout the world to careers in technology.
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Has audit quality improved since the passage of Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)? Which of the following statements is true with regards to audit quality since the passage of SOX?A) the frequency of financial statement restatements has increased since SOXB) PCAOB audit engagement findings continue to document a high level of audit deficienciesC) Finally, the auditing professions agrees on the definition of audit qualityD) no progress has been made on the definition of what are called "Audit Quality Indicators" since SOX
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act's passage on July 30, 2022, marked its twentieth anniversary on that day (SOX).
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act's passage on July 30, 2022, marked its twentieth anniversary on that day (SOX). Investors have noticed how SOX has improved the conduct of American corporations' reporting and auditing, but more work still needs to be done. Even more significant improvements are required for analogous provisions in the UK and Europe, across the pond.
Sections 404, Management Assessment of Internal Controls, and 302, Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reporting, are two sections that have been particularly successful in enhancing U.S. corporate reporting. The quality of corporate reporting and audit has not been improved by certifications, attestations, or audits per se, but rather by the behavioral changes they have sparked. The accountability and subsequent resource allocation were what really enhanced corporate reporting in the United States.
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which of these is a negative impact of lobbying
The drawback of lobbying is that those with money get an advantage over others.
It is well known that individuals or interest groups use lobbying as a strategy to try to sway judgments. It frequently occurs in most political structures. Some wealthy groups may push for certain choices to be made in their favor. The majority of the time, those who can afford to buy their way through are the ones who get an advantage in lobbying.
A crucial instrument for efficient government is lobbying. Without it, it would be challenging for governments to balance the many, divergent interests of their citizens. Fortunately, lobbying offers people access to politicians, acts as a platform for education, and leverages the strength of numbers to advance small-group goals.
Complete question:
Which of these is a negative impact of lobbying?
A - It makes businesses too transparent.
B - It favors groups over individuals.
C - It enables outsiders to influence lawmakers.
D - It offers advantages to those with money.
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a car dealer acquires a used car for $14,000, with terms fob shipping point. compute total inventory costs assigned to the used car if additional costs include $250 for transportation-in. $300 for shipping insurance. $900 for car import duties. $150 for advertising. $1,250 for sales staff salaries. $180 for trimming shrubs.
For computing inventory, what cost is assigned to the used car?
For computing inventory, $15,450 cost is assigned to the used car.
Inventorycosts include all the expenses related to ordering, holding, and managing the inventory or stock levels of a product-based business. Total inventory prices area unit oftentimes counteracted into 3 distinct categories: ordering prices, carrying prices, and stockout prices.
Shipping insurance may be a service which can reimburse senders whose parcels are lost, stolen, and/or broken in transit. In North American country, Canada and therefore the USA, shipping insurance is obtainable by communication services, messenger firms, and shipping-insurance firms. Not all insurers can insure all product. Carrier takes the whole responsibility of the shipment.
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this political system has centralized authority vested in formal, usually hereditary, offices and titles, and is characterized by ranked inequality and an economic system of redistribution.
The political system that has centralized authority vested in offices and titles is the chiefdom
In non-industrial societies, a chiefdom is a type of hierarchical diplomatic structure that is often based on kinship and in which the legitimate senior members of particular families or "houses" hold formal authority. These elites make up a political-ideological aristocracy in comparison to the general populace.
A chiefdom is a sort of social organization that is more sophisticated than a tribe or band society but less complex than a state or civilization. This theory of cultural evolution serves as the foundation for this model of human social development. Chiefdoms are characterized by the concentration of authority and pervasive inequality. The elite and the commoner are two at least two hereditary social classes.
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A client erroneously recorded a large purchase twice. Which of the following internal control measures would be most likely to detect this error in a timely and efficient manner?a) Footing the purchases journalb) Reconciling vendors' monthly statements with subsidiary payable ledger accountsc) Tracing totals from the purchases journal to the ledger accountsd) Sending written quarterly confirmation
The answer of the given question is option b which is Reconciling vendor's monthly statement with subsidiary payable ledger accounts.
The general ledger for accounts payable is the ledger account in which the totals of all business dealings with suppliers, such as purchase invoices and returns, payments to suppliers, and trade and settlement discounts, are recorded. At any given time, the balance of the general ledger account should accurately reflect the total sum owed to suppliers.
The general ledger's accounts payable subledger is an addition where supplier-level processing of transactions is done. The subledger can be used to generate a list of outstanding balances by supplier, and theoretically, the sum of this list should match the balance of the accounts payable general ledger account. This demonstrates the validity, accuracy, and completeness of the accounts payable
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the correlation between asset a and asset b is 0. which of the following statements is true?there is no diversification benefit in combining the two assets in a portfolio.there are diversification benefits in combining the two assets in a portfolio.all risk averse investors will want to invest in a only.all risk averse investors will want to invest in b only.
The statements which are true are -there is no diversification benefit in combining the two assets in a portfolio. there are diversification benefits in combining the two assets in a portfolio.
A portfolio is a compilation of substances that exemplifies your beliefs, talents, qualifications, schooling, training, and studies. It offers a perception into your character and work ethic. Portfolios offer you with a private report of your success or development in more than a few regions. they're important and relevant on your personal and professional development. Your private portfolio is a compilation of relevant work samples and documents collected all through your school years and supplied in a dependent way. The photographer has an outstanding portfolio that holds an collection of pix he has taken in his profession.
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Which of the following bests describes oligopoly markets?
when a few businesses get together to fix prices. A market structure known as an oligopoly has a limited number of enterprises, none of which can prevent the others from exerting significant influence.
Why is oligopoly the most effective market structure?An oligopolistic market (also known as an oligopoly) is characterized by the dominance of a small number of businesses that provide comparable products and services over a large number of others. In an oligopolistic market, there are few competitors, which limits competition and enables every firm to thrive.
What qualities define oligopolistic marketplaces as being the most significant?The interdependence of the several businesses in the decision-making process is the defining feature of an oligopoly. Advertisements: All businesses in an oligopolistic industry are aware of this fact.
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In year 1, Goal Corp. purchases 1,000 shares of treasury stock for $10 per share. In year 2, Goal reissues 500 shares of the treasury stock for $13 per share. In year 3, Goal reissues 200 shares of its treasury stock for $8 per share. The journal entry to record the reissuance of treasury stock in year 3 will include which of the following entries?
(_) Debit paid-in capital—treasury shares $1,500.
(_) Debit paid-in capital—treasury shares $400.
(_) Debit common stock $1,000.
(_) Debit retained earnings $1,600.
Debit paid-in capital—treasury shares $400.
$400 of additional paid-in capital is deducted.
How is Additional Paid-in Capital Calculated?APIC = (Issue Price – Par Value) x Number of Shares Acquired by Investors is the APIC formula.
Is the additional capital payment a credit or a debit?This indicates that credits would be recorded for any additions to the common stock, preferred stock, or additional paid in capital accounts. Since the account balances are being reduced, the repurchase of shares from shareholders would result in debits to these accounts.
How do I get rid of extra capital paid?If it costs you more to buy back the shares of your company than you received when you sold them, you can use the paid-in capital reduction option to buy back the shares. For instance, if you sold 100 shares at $8 each, you got $800 from the transaction.
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Peach's Peanut Butter Company sells 5,000 jars of peanut butter at a price of $5 per jar. Their explicit cost is $14,000. The owner's capital would earn $1,000 if invested elsewhere and the owner would earn $10,000 working somewhere else. Calculate each of the following. Show your work. a. Total revenue. b. Implicit cost. c. Accounting profit. d. Economic profit.
The presented statement states that the overall revenue was $25,000, the main costs was $3,000, the profit was $11,000, and the profitability was $8,000.
What does the term "company" mean?A group of individuals can form a legal entity called a corporation to carry out again and control a business activity, whether it's corporate or industrial. A company may be set up in a number of ways for tax and financial responsibility purposes, according to this country's corporate laws.
Briefing:Quantity sold = $5,000
Price = $5
Explicit cost = $14,000
Opposite cost = $1000 + $10,000
= $11,000
a). Total revenue = P * Q
= $ 5 * $5000
Therefore total revenue is $25,000
b). Implicit costs = Explicit cost - Opposite costs
= $3000
c). Accounting profit is calculated as Net Income - Explicit Costs.
= $25,000 - $14,000
= $11,000
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dicte has a small business making beaded jewelry. the costs of purchasing the beads, semi-precious stones, clasps, and other supplies used to make the jewelry and the rent on her store are the
Dicte has a small business making beaded jewelry. the costs of purchasing the beads, semi-precious stones, clasps, and other supplies used to make the jewelry and the rent on her store are the is more then profit.
Small businesses are corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships that are smaller in scale than larger firms or corporations in terms of both the number of employees and/or yearly revenue. Depending on the nation and sector, different types of businesses may be considered "small" for the purposes of applying for government assistance and being eligible for special tax treatment. Small firms can have as little as fifteen employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009, fifty employees in accordance with the EU's definition, and fewer than 500 employees to be eligible for various SBA programs in the United States. Although small firms can be categorized using various criteria, such as annual revenues, shipments, sales, assets, or annual gross or net revenue or net profits, one of the most important criteria is the number of employees.
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Which of the following is true about Good J?
which of the following would result in the greatest rightward shift of the demand curve for good J?
good j is a normal good. good j is a normal good. good j's demand is elastic. good j's demand is elastic. good j is an inferior good. good j is an inferior good. good j is a complement in consumption to good y. good j is a complement in consumption to good y., good j is a substitute in consumption to good z.
Goods J and Y are substitutes since the cross-price elasticity with respect to good Y is positive.
Therefore, a 10% increase in the price of good Y will shift the demand for good J to the right by 20% (=% change in the price of good Y × cross-price elasticity with respect to good Y =10%×2).
A temporary shortage occurs at the original equilibrium price. Suppose the market for a good is characterized by a falling demand curve and a rising supply curve. If the price of one of the complements falls, demand for the good increases. As the price of a good's complement increases, the demand for that good decreases. As income increases, demand for ordinary goods increases.
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a contingency can be accrued when group of answer choices it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability incurred even though the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated. it is certain that funds are available to settle the disputed amount. the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated and it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability incurred. an asset may have been impaired.
A contingency can be accrued when the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated and it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability incurred.
A contingency is a capacity incidence of a negative occasion inside the future, inclusive of a monetary recession, herbal catastrophe, fraudulent pastime, terrorist attack, or a virus. In 2020, companies had been hit by the coronavirus pandemic forcing many personnel to must paintings remotely.
A contingent offer on a residence is a suggestion with a protective clause on behalf of the consumer. The contingency communicates that if the clause isn't met, the customer has the right to return the purchase. This practice protects the purchaser from dropping earnest money.
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which one of the following is not a withdrawal option for a mutual fund owner, who has a minimum nav of $5,000?
None of the Above. A mutual fund owner typically has access to a variety of withdrawal options, including direct deposit, check, and wire transfer.
However, the minimum NAV (net asset value) of the mutual fund must be considered when choosing a withdrawal option. If the minimum NAV of the mutual fund is $5,000, then none of the above options would be available.
Net asset value, or "NAV," of an investment company is the company's total assets minus its total liabilities. For example, if an investment company has securities and other assets worth $100 million and has liabilities of $10 million, the investment company's NAV will be $90 million.
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the purchasing department multiple choice should obtain competitive bids from vendors. should inspect incoming goods and forward them to the receiving department. all of the choices are correct. should inspect vendor invoices and forward them to the accounting department.
The purchasing department Should obtain competitive bids from vendors. Option A.
Auditors will most likely obtain reports and supplier invoices, underscoring a sample of unrecognized cash payments until the end of the year. Delivering order information to recipients facilitates blind receipt.
Therefore, the recipient cannot know the quantity ordered and must Independently determine and record the number of goods or services received. A credit note is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer. A credit memo serves as the source document for the sales complaint journal. In other words, credit is proof that sales have fallen.
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Athlete signs contract whereby his salary increase are renegotiated every three years
Athlete signs contract whereby his salary increase are renegotiated every three years on fixed Interval.
What is contract?
A contract is an agreement between parties that establishes legal duties for both parties. The fundamental components necessary for the agreement to be a valid offer and acceptance, adequate consideration, capacity, and legality are mutual assent, expressed through a contract-compliant offer.
Which three contracts are they?
A contract's three fundamental components are the offer, acceptance, and consideration. The agreement between the parties serves the function of the offer and acceptance. A public relations company offers a potential client its services.
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the fha increases access to home ownership by insuring mortgages and protecting lenders from financial loss in the event of a default.T/F
This is accurate since FHA-approved lenders across the US and its territories offer mortgage insurance on loans for single-family, multifamily, mobile home, and hospital properties.
What does finance mean to a business?It makes reference to the entire quantity of cash and credit that a corporation has employed. In adding to the purchase of property, services, & raw materials, business finance is required for all other economic activities. In particular, it is required for completing out any and all business processes.
Why is money significant?Funds topics are the main subject for financial research. It's a important component for everybody or any organization. Due to the fact that all businesses must generate income in order to live, it is essential to a firm. As a result, it is viewed as a specialized industry needing skilled workers.
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The financial statements of XCorp include income statements that detail its earnings and expenses. Accounting requirements include setting aside funds that will be needed to pay for retirement benefits. How does that requirement affect the numbers on XCorp's income statement?
Accounting requirements include setting aside funds that will be needed to pay for retirement benefits. Meeting the requirement lowers the company's reported income.
The amount set aside for retirement benefits are that amount which was earlier considered as profit. However, keeping aside that amount would decrease the profit. Hence, lowering company's reported income.
Retirement benefits- Employees' leave encashment (the ability to accumulate leaves and exchange them for cash upon retirement), retirement gratuity, and the amount they contributed to their provident fund account throughout their service are the primary retirement benefits.
Retirement benefits are benefits payable to a pension scheme member upon retirement or earlier withdrawal from service, such as retirement pensions; retirement lump sums or gratuities; and benefits payable following the member's death in retirement (such as dependents' pensions).
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Conditions for monopolistic competition The following question asks you to analyze the monopolistically competitive market structure, which has some characteristics of both a monopoly and a competitive market. Complete the following table by selecting whether each of the listed attributes describes a competitive market, a monopolistically competitive market, both, or neither. Check all that apply. Attributes:Marginal revenue is equal to price Few sellers Price taker Product differentiation
The attributes that describe competitive markets, monopolistically competitive markets, both of them, or neither, include:
Competitive market :
Marginal revenue is equal to pricePrice takerMonopolistically competitive market :
Product differentiationNeither :
Few sellersWhat is a Monopolistically competitive market ?Monopolistic competition is a sort of market structure in which numerous businesses are present in a given sector and make comparable but distinctive goods . None of the businesses has a monopoly, and they all run their own businesses without taking into account what other businesses are doing . The way the market is set up results in a type of unfair competition .
This is different from a competitive market where the people have to accept the price the market creates which makes them price takers . However , both markets have many sellers and so neither have few sellers .
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________ involves placing ads in social network newsfeeds or within traditional editorial content, such as a newspaper article.Native advertisingLead generation marketingDemand prediction softwareCrowdsourcingBehavioral targeting
Native advertising involves placing ads in social network news feeds or within traditional editorial content, such as a newspaper article.
Native Advertising :
A style of advertising that complements the look and feel of the platform where it appears is known as native advertising, sometimes known as sponsored content. It frequently takes the form of a video, essay, or editorial and behaves much like an advertorial. By synchronizing advertisements with digital content, native advertising systems provide a means for publishers and advertisers to achieve their advertising objectives. A native advertisement doesn't look like an advertisement. Instead, it seems to be a seamless component of the user's site content.
What Makes Native Advertising Successful?Because native advertisements are typically more favorably regarded by their target audiences, they have proven to be very successful. People are more likely to view them as they don't "feel" like ads.
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Which of the following effects results from the change in the interest rate created by an increase in government spending?
crowding out but not the investment accelerator effects results from the change in the interest rate created by an increase in government spending.
An asset or object purchased with the intention of generating income or appreciation is referred to as an investment. The term "appreciation" describes a rise in an asset's worth over time. When a person buys a product as an investment, they don't intend to utilise it right away; instead, they plan to use it to make money later on.
An investment is usually the use of a resource today time, effort, money, or an asset in the anticipation of receiving a larger return than what was first invested. A financial asset, for instance, might be bought by an investor now with the hope that it would provide income later on or be sold for more money.
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Mia is considering moving to a different apartment complex than where she currently lives. To better understand rent prices, she takes a large random sample of apartment complexes in her city and finds out the monthly cost of rent for a 1-bedroom apartment at those complexes. She finds the average rent of apartments in the sample is about , $800 per month.
Mia can safely generalize this result to which population?
Choose 1 answer:
A Only apartments in the sample
B Only 1-bedroom apartments in her complex
C All apartments in her complex only
D All 1-bedroom apartments in her city only
E All apartments in her city
Mia can safely generalize this result to all 1-bedroom apartments in her city only. Hence option (D) is the answer.
What is the purpose of generalizing?By recognizing the similarities in knowledge obtained in one setting and generalizing it to other ones, both humans and animals are able to apply their knowledge to different contexts. It contends that one can use prior information to learn in novel contexts and circumstances, competing with the theory of situated cognition.
Additionally, economic principles are generalizations; they are expressed as the inclinations of typical, or average, consumers, employees, or commercial enterprises. Since the simplicity and elimination of complexity facilitate a problem's study, generalizations or abstractions have practical value. Making generalizations from a small number of data or statistics is a common practice.
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michelle townsend owns stock in national computers. based on information in its annual report, national computers reported after-tax earnings of $6,526,000 and has issued 5,020,000 shares of common stock. the stock is currently selling for $25 a share.
The current price of the stock is $25 a share, meaning that the total value of the stock is $125,500,000. Michelle Townsend owns a fraction of the 5,020,000 shares of National Computers’ common stock. The after-tax earnings of National Computers is $6,526,000 which can be used to pay dividends to shareholders.
Michelle’s return on investment will depend on the dividends she receives and any changes to the stock price that occurs in the future. If the stock price increases, her shares will be worth more. If the company pays out dividends, she will receive a portion of the total amount paid out.
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Which of the following is true about Product Life Cycles?a) A Reminder promotion is normally used in the introductory phaseb) Profits peak in the maturity phasec) Early adopters buy in the introductory phased) Sales peak in the growth phasee) A informative promotion is most generally used the maturity phase
The true statement about the product life cycle is c) Early adopters buy in the introductory phase
Early adopters in a product life cycle are a group of consumers who typically buy a product during the introductory phase. The product life cycle is a model that describes the stages that a product goes through from its development and introduction to the market, to its growth, maturity, and eventual decline. The introductory phase is the first stage of the product life cycle, and it is characterized by low sales and high marketing and promotional expenses.
During this phase, the product is introduced to the market and is often only available to a limited number of consumers. Early adopters are the first to try the product and are often willing to take risks and pay a premium price to have it. By buying the product during the introductory phase, early adopters help to generate buzz and interest in the product and can help to accelerate its growth.
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there was no very great change in the standard of life of the average man living in the civilised centres of the earth. ups and downs certainly. visitations of plague, famine, and war. golden intervals. but no progressive, violent change. some periods perhaps 50 per cent better than others - at the utmost 100 per cent better - in the four thousand years which ended (say) in a.d. 1700.
Prior to the Protestant Reformation, which began in the 1500s, there were three significant disasters:
It is the term used historically to describe a widespread famine in Northern Europe. Although the situation had been dire since 1314, the loss of crops brought on by unfavourable weather in the spring of 1315, was serious in the winter of 1315–1316, and continued until the summer of 1317. In England, the situation did not improve until 1320 or 1322.The winter of 1317–1318 was disastrous for the flocks, costing many heads of cattle. In 1318, a rinderpest outbreak broke out, and it persisted until 1320.The 1319 harvest was strong, but the 1320s and 1320s were even better than the previous decade due to unfavourable meteorological circumstances. Small-scale, localized famines were common in the Middle Ages.
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One benefit of holding cash balances at a centralized depository is that the firm can deposit ______(smaller or larger?) amounts
One benefit of holding cash balances at a centralized depository is that the firm can deposit larger.
What is a depository?Depository is a term used to describe both a place where something is kept for safekeeping or protection and a company, such as a bank or savings association, that accepts customer money deposits.
A depository is any company, bank, or institution that keeps securities and facilitates their trading.
A depository offers a funds transfer service, invests in other assets, lends out money put for safekeeping to others, and provides security and liquidity in the market.
Upon request, a depository must deliver the deposit back in its original state.
Banks, safes, vaults, financial institutions, and other businesses can serve as depositories.
For the general public, depositories have many uses. They start by removing the danger associated with keeping physical assets for the owner.
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lazy day laundry company recently issued a corporate bond on which it expects to pay interest for the next twenty years. the company would record this as a on its balance sheet.
Lazy day laundry company recently issued a corporate bond on which it expects to pay interest for the next twenty years. The company would record this as a long-term liability on its balance sheet.
What is long-term liabilities?
Long-term liabilities, also known as non-current liabilities, are obligations that must be met after a year or the company's typical operating period. The length of time it takes a business to convert inventory into cash is known as the normal operation period.
Liabilities on a classified balance sheet are divided into current and long-term liabilities to make it easier for users to evaluate the company's financial position over the short- and long-terms. Present liabilities notify the user of the debt that the company owes in the current period, whereas long-term liabilities provide users with more information regarding the company's long-term prosperity.
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alaska, florida, nevada, south dakota, tennessee, texas, washington and wyoming are all sates that require no income tax.
The only states without a state income tax as of 2022 are Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. Be aware that certain wealthy earners in Washington are subject to a state capital gains tax.
Which five states don't impose an income tax?Eight states, including Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming, do not impose a personal income tax.
Which three states exempt retirement income from taxes?There are eight states that do not impose income taxes on any kind: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. States that do not impose a state income tax do not impose taxes on pension payments, Social Security retirement benefits, or payouts from retirement assets.
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Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage?
This assertion is most consistent with the author's claim in this passage: Ignoring liberty would put an end to both freedom and equality.
Individual independence is referred to as liberty, whereas treating everyone equally is referred to as equality. Freedom and equality go hand in hand.
Equality limits personal freedom, according to Lord Acton: "The zeal for equality has made worthless the hope for liberty." Everyone's freedom will be restricted if everyone is viewed as equal in the eyes of the law and equality is created in the economic sector.
The principle of equal liberty is the cornerstone of liberalism and socialism. The notion that everyone deserves the most freedom possible, so long as that freedom does not interfere with the freedom of anyone else, can be summed up in this way. Numerous thinkers have conveyed this idea in a variety of ways.
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federal taxes on the sale of alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline are examples of taxes.
Excise taxes are levied on particular products or services like alcohol, cigarettes, and gasoline. They are mostly taxes that businesses must pay, which usually results in indirect price increases for consumers.
What kind of tax is levied on cigarettes and gasoline?Excise taxes are levied on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods as well as on the issuance of licenses for particular professions. Since 1950, when excise taxes accounted for over 20% of total federal tax receipts, the federal government has become less reliant on them.
It's a form of consumption tax, which means it charges consumers for their purchases. Because sales taxes are typically passed on to customers at the moment of sale, it is classified as a consumption tax. A sales tax is an example of an indirect tax, meaning it is not paid to the government directly like an income tax.
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roe relates blank . multiple choice question. total assets to the average stockholders' equity net income to the average stockholders' equity net income to the price per share average stockholders' equity to the price per share eps to the average stockholders' equity
ROE relates net income to the average stockholders' equity. Hence, b) option is correct.
What is Return on Equity (ROE)?
Dividends of shareholders' equity are used to determine the return on equity (ROE), a metric of financial performance. ROE is regarded as the return on net assets because shareholders' equity is equal to a company's assets less its debt.
ROE is used as a measurement of a company's profitability and efficiency in generating profits. A company's management is more effective at generating revenue and growth from its equity financing the higher the ROE.
If net income and equity are both positive numbers, it is possible to calculate ROE as a percentage for any corporation. Before dividends to common shareholders, dividends to preferred shareholders, and interest to lenders are taken into account when calculating net income.
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