Genes for antibiotic resistance. Bacteria store genes for heavy metal tolerance on r plasmids.
What are R plasmids, exactly?
An extrachromosomal genetic component called plasmids is found in many bacterial strains. These little, spherical DNA molecules replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes. The main hosts of plasmids are bacteria, achaea, and other multicellular creatures.
What are plasmids R and F?
The fertility element needed for conjugation is present in the F plasmid. The R plasmid contains a gene or factor that confers resistance to antibiotics. There is a fertility factor F. It has a resistance factor, abbreviated R. Through conjugation, it can transmit genetic information and produce sex pilus.
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Drag the terms to their matching descriptions to review gene regulation in prokaryotes. (Note that not all terms have a match.) repression A gene fusion where the reulatory region of one gene is fused to the open reading frame of another gene whose protein product is easy to detect. allosteric protein A preferred sugar prevents transcription of a sugar-metabolizing operon. attenuation A protein that changes its conformation upon binding to another molecule, such as a repressor that binds to an inducer. operon Stimulation of transcription by a specific molecule. RNA leader sequence Prevention of gene expression by a specific protein that binds to an operator. catabolite repression A cluster of genes transcribed together into a single mRNA and regulated as a group. reporter gene reverse transcriptase Premature termination of transcription in response to translation of an RNA leader. constitutive mutant An untranslated region at the 5' end of a bacterial mRNA induction A strain that synthesizes certain enzymes regardless of environmental conditions. DNA polymerase
A regulator gene, regulator or control gene, is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences that encode regulatory genes are often located at her fifth end of the transcription start site of the genes they regulate.
Regulatory elements are sequences of DNA that are recognized and bound by specific transcription factors to recruit or exclude RNA polymerase. Promoters co-regulate gene transcription with nearby transcription factor-binding elements. Regulatory DNA sequences also encode important functions. They control when, where and how many genes are expressed. To do this, they encode 'landing pads', or binding sites for transcription factor proteins. Transcription factors recruit the molecular machinery that transcribes genes.
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utilizing myerding's method, an anterior displacement of l5 on s1 measuring 42% would be classified as a grade spondylolisthesis?
Utilizing Myerding's method, an anterior displacement of L5 at 27% would be classified as a grade 2 spondylolisthesis.
Spondylosis is defined as a defect in the pars inter auricularis, so spondylolisthesis means one vertebra is out of position relative to another. Spondylolisthesis can occur as a complication of spondylolysis due to posterior stabilization that impacts the segment
Spondylolisthesis is based on the method proposed by Meyerding. Meyerding defined “the slippage” on plain x-rays based on the arrangement of the underlying vertebrae. The caudal vertebra is divided into 4 parts:
Grade I define the cranial vertebrae to be more than 25%.Grade II up to more than 50%.Grade III more than 70%.Grade IV to 100%.Grade V will be added later, describing ptosis of the cranial vertebrae.Leran more about spondylolisthesis here https://brainly.com/question/28474049
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What unusually biodiverse island is home to the dragon blood tree, which appears to bleed when cut?.
The tree appears to shed bloody tears, but in reality, it only secretes red sap or resin, also known as "dragon blood." Red resin will leak out of any cuts made to this tree.
The dragon blood tree is unique in what way?An "upturned, densely packed crown bearing the shape of an uprightly held umbrella" and other peculiar features give the dragon blood tree its unusual and peculiar appearance. Known as "dragon's blood," the dark crimson resin that gives rise to this evergreen species' name.
Many other names, including Kiaat, Mukwa, and Muninga, have been given to the native teak of southern Africa, Pterocarpus angolensis. Traditional dyes have been made from the crimson sap.
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If anthropogenic processes introduce increasing amounts of atmospheric N to the biosphere and hydrosphere, where does that N go?
If anthropogenic processes introduce increasing amounts of atmospheric nitrogen to the biosphere and hydrosphere, the nitrogen goes to the soil which is then used for various purposes.
What are Anthropogenic processes?These are the processes which occur as a result of the influence by human activities and comprises of environmental pollution and pollutants. An example is the emission of nitrogen containing wastes from industries
This process introduces increasing amounts of atmospheric Nitrogen to the biosphere and hydrosphere which goes to the soil through various agents and methods and is used by plants through the process of fixation by bacteria such as Rhizobium.
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muscle cells that are not exercised will atrophy or shrink in size. lou gehrig's disease affects nervous tissue but also causes muscle atrophy. what type of nerve cell must be affected to cause this muscle-wasting condition?
Muscle cells that are not exercised get atrophied or shrink in size. Lou Gehrig's disease affects nervous tissue but also causes muscle atrophy. The nerve cell that must be affected to cause this muscle-wasting condition is motor neuron.
Lou Gehrig's disease is also known by the name Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, the nerve cells break down causing the weakening of muscles. The actual cause of the disease is unknown. The disease cannot be treated permanently.
Muscle wasting is actually the weakening of muscles. This weakening could be due to shrinkage or loss of muscle. The consequences are the loss of strength as well as ability of movement. If not treated timely and accurately, it can even lead to adverse conditions like heart failure, sepsis, etc.
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f all the kinetochores are not attached to spindle fibers, then what would we likely observe in the cell?
Kinetochores must all be attached to spindle fibers during metaphase. If it will not attached then it will not activate an enzyme separase, which allows the sister chromatids to separate for anaphase to proceed.
In M phase, mitosis distributes the daughter chromosomes to daughter nuclei, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.
To complete mitosis successfully, chromosomes must collect to the spindle equator and make kinetochore attachments, in which each sister kinetochore is connected to microtubules in two opposite poles. When these attachment is not present the cell will delay mitotic exit.
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What process does the corn use to grow
Answer:
There are 4 distinct stages of growing corn: planting, germination, vegetative, and reproductive. We'll break down each of the corn growth stages in detail to prepare you for your harvest.
Passing the slide through a flame while carrying out the Gram stain procedure ____________.
a. separates the cells
b. lyses the cells
c. causes the cell wall to break
d. causes the cells to stick to the slide
Explanation:
a square minus b square + 1Bell palsy is a condition characterized by the paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition?.
Bell palsy results from dysfunction of cranial nerve VII which directs the muscles on one side of the face, and any dysfunction in this nerve leads to paralysis of the facial muscles.
What is Bell palsy?
Bell palsy is a disorder of the nerve which controls the movement of the muscles in the face. This disorder leads to the dysfunction of the nerve which is called the facial or the seventh cranial nerve. Damage to this nerve causes weakness or paralysis of these muscles present in the face. Paralysis is the condition where a person cannot use the muscles at all.
Bell's palsy results from the compression in the seventh cranial nerve most likely due to the inflammation. The seventh cranial nerve is also called as the facial nerve. It runs from the brainstem to the face and tongue.
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Why was the evolution of cuticle so important during the evolution of land plants?.
The emergence of the cuticle was crucial for the development of land plants because it significantly decreased rates of water loss on land.
Perhaps as early as 850 mya, a group of green algae gave rise to land plants; however, plants that resemble algae may have existed as early as 1 billion years ago. The charophytes, specifically the Charales, are the closest living relatives of land plants; assuming that the Charales' habits haven't changed much since the divergence of lineages, this implies that land plants originated from branched, filamentous algae living in shallow freshwater, possibly at the edge of seasonally desiccating pools. Recent research, however, points to the possibility that land plants descended from unicellular terrestrial charophytes related to the current Klebsormidiophyceae. The life cycle of the alga would have been haplontic. When the egg and sperm first fused to form a zygote, it would have only very briefly had paired chromosomes (the diploid condition), and it would have immediately divided through meiosis to produce cells with half as many unpaired chromosomes. Early plants may have been able to adapt to the pressures of the terrestrial environment through cooperative relationships with fungus.
A plant cuticle is a protective film that covers the epidermis, or outer skin layer, of leaves, young shoots, and other aerial plant organs that lack periderm. By aerial, we mean all plant parts that are not rooted in soil or another substrate. The epidermal cells alone are responsible for producing the wax-impregnated lipid and hydrocarbon polymer coating.
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the height of pea plants from a cross between parent plants heterozygous for height, in which tall is dominant, would be
The cross between parents heterozygous for height, where tall is dominant (Tt × Tt) will produce ¾ tall plants (TT and Tt) and ¼ short plants (tt).
If two heterozygous tall plants parents (Tt) are crossed, they will produce 1/4 TT (homozygous tall plants), 2/4 Tt (heterozygous tall plants) and 1/4 tt (homozygous short plants) , where tall is dominant and short is recessive. Therefore, 75% tall plants (TT, Tt) and 25% (tt) small plants will be produced. The phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (tall: dwarf).
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the animal kingdom is divided into smaller groups of phyla. each phylum is characterized by specific evolutionary adaptations.drag each key characteristic to the correct animal group.
Many factors, such as the type of coelom, symmetry, body plan, and existence of segmentation, are used to classify the various animal phyla. Sponges (Porifera) lack tissues and symmetry and exhibit a basic cellular level of organization.
What are the nine animal phyla?Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata are divisions of the animal kingdom.
What serves as the foundation for the Animalia classification?Based on the existence or lack of a notochord, the animal kingdom has been roughly divided into two groups: Chordata and Non-Chordata. Non-chordates lack the notochord, whereas chordates have one. Non-chordates are creatures from the Phyla Porifera and Phyla Echinoderms.
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For the purposes of this question, assume that a g1 somatic cell nucleus in a female myrmecia pilosula contains 2 picograms of dna. How much dna would be expected in a metaphase i cell of a female?.
4 dna would be expected in a metaphase i cell of a female.
In somatic cells, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, one from every parent (the father) and one from the mother (from the mother). One pair of intercourse chromosomes and 22 matched pairs of autosomal chromosomes are present.
There are best 23 chromosomes in every egg and sperm cell. That's best 1/2 of the variety of chromosomes observed in traditional cells. A zygote, or cell containing forty six chromosomes (23 pairs), is created whilst an egg and sperm integrate for the duration of fertilization.
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when compared to fast type ii muscle fibers, slow type i muscle fibers, also known called slow-oxidative or slow-twitch fibers have .
Slow (type I) muscle fibers are more fatigue-resistant than fast (type II). Slow (type I) muscle fibers are more aerobic than fast (type II) fibers. They contain more mitochondria and myoglobin.
What are fast and slow type of muscle fiber?
The slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II) fibers are the two varieties of skeletal muscle fibers (type II). Fast-twitch muscle fibers are responsible for supporting short, strong actions such as sprinting and weightlifting, and slow-twitch muscle fibers are responsible for supporting endurance exercises over long distances, such as marathon running.
Muscle fibers that are slow (type I) tend to have a greater resistance to exhaustion than muscle fibers that are rapid (type II). Slow muscle fibers, also known as type I muscle fibers, have a greater ability for aerobic metabolism than fast muscle fibers, also known as type II muscle fibers.
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failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow: a.thalassemia b.iron deficiency anemia c.aplastic anemia d.hemolytic anemia e.pernicious anemia
Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow is: (c) aplastic anemia.
Bone marrow is the soft spongy tissue part of the bone. This region is rich in blood vessels and is present in the centermost part of the bone. The bone marrow is involved in the production of variety of cells like the red blood cell, the platelets as well as the lymphocytes.
Aplastic anemia is the disease where the production of new blood cells stops inside the bone marrow. The disease degrades the immune system of the affected person. The person becomes more prone to infections and bleeds uncontrollably upon being cut.
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why is biotonometry a useful way to explore the properties of hemoglobin? explain the role of the yeast in our application of this method.
The measurement of the autonomic nerve system is what biotonometry does (ANS). The Autonomic Nervous System operates without the cerebral cortex's centres and, as a result, without conscious mental control.
Haemoglobin is a two-way respiratory carrier that carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs while also carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen in the arterial circulation but a low affinity for carbon dioxide, organic phosphates, hydrogen, and chloride ions. When humans take in oxygen, the red blood cells move it to all of the body's cells, which is a vital function with significant evolutionary ramifications. Aerobic organisms can now extract 18 times more energy from glucose in the form of ATP thanks to the development of aerobic respiration, which combined anaerobic glycolysis with the oxygen-using tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport system. Initially, oxygen was delivered to cells by diffusion, an ineffective technique that kept organisms tiny.
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Depressants _____________ the functioning of the central nervous system. Some examples of these drugs include alcohol, __________, and ____________.
Depressants decreases the functioning of the central nervous system. Some examples of these drugs include alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepines.
Central nervous system depressants are class of drugs that slow brain activity, are useful for treating anxiety, panic, and sleep disorders.
Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are medicines that include sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics. Sedatives primarily include barbiturates but also include non-benzodiazepine. Three major types of CNS depressants are sedatives, hypnotics, and tranquilizers. Drugs that are classified as CNS depressants include Alcohol and Barbiturates.
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Which human body systems interact to deal with changes
in heart rate in the human body?
Answer:
The portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions is known as the autonomic nervous system.
For instance, the autonomic nervous system regulates digestion, blood flow, and heart rate.
To force food through the digestive system, you don't need to actively contract your muscles or tell your heart to beat quicker.
which of the following statements is true? a. most genes contain instructions for making fat molecules. b. each cell's nucleus contains dna. c. all cells need a highly acidic environment to function. d. cells do not need nutrients for their growth. e. long strands of human dna coil into 10 pairs of chromosomes.
The true statement is each cell's nucleus contains DNA.
Thus, the correct option is B.
Where is DNA found in a cell?In humаn cells, most DNА is found in а compаrtment within the cell cаlled а nucleus. It is known аs nucleаr DNА.
Cells cаn be broаdly grouped into two different types: cells found in prokаryotes (prokаryotic cells) аnd cells found in eukаryotes (eukаryotic cells). In prokаryotic cells, the DNА is mostly locаted in а centrаl pаrt of the cell cаlled the nucleoid, which is not enclosed in а nucleаr membrаne. In eukаryotic cells, most DNА is locаted in the cell nucleus (though some DNА is аlso contаined in other orgаnelles, such аs in the mitochondriа аnd the chloroplаst in plаnts).
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When a trait is x-linked, a single recessive allele is sufficient for a male to be affected. Why?.
When a characteristic is X-linked, a man might be influenced by just one recessive gene (because the male is hemizygous – he only has one allele of an X-linked trait).
The X-linked gene allele of a father is passed on to his daughters but not to his sons.
Why is X-linked recessive a male-only condition?Genetic disorders connected to mutations in genes on the X chromosome are referred to as having X-linked recessive inheritance.
Because he contains just one X chromosome, a guy who carries this mutation will be impacted. A girl who carries a gene mutation in one X chromosome but has a normal gene on the other X chromosome usually has no symptoms.
Male cells include one X and one Y chromosome, while female cells contain two X chromosomes.
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Would proteins be considered 'alive'? Why or why not?
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a repressor prevents . transcription factors from binding to dna transcription factors from binding to dna translation from occurring. translation from occurring. ribosomes from binding to mrna
A repressor prevents translation from occurring.
What is a translation?
Following the transcription of DNA into RNA in the cell's nucleus, translation is the process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesis proteins. Expression of genes refers to the complete process.
A repressor is a DNA or RNA-binding protein that prevents one or more genes from being expressed by attaching to the operator or related silencers. A DNA-binding repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribes the genes into messenger RNA. The mRNA is bound by an RNA-binding repressor, which stops the mRNA from being translated into protein. Repression is the term used to describe this suppression of expression.
If a gene-expression initiator, or inducer, is present, it can engage with the repressor protein and separate it from the operator. After that, RNA polymerase can transcribe the message (expressing the gene). A co-repressor is a substance that can attach to the repressor and tighten its bond with the operator, reducing transcription.
Silencers are segments of DNA that are found in the eukaryotic genome. To partially or completely repress a gene, these DNA sequences attach to repressors. Several bases upstream or downstream from the gene's actual promoter is where silencers can be found. Repressors may also contain two binding sites, one for the promoter and one for the silencer region. This results in chromosome looping, which places the promoter region and the silencer region close to one another.
Common examples of repressors are lac operon repressor, met operon repressor, L-arabinose operon repressor.
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Individuals with the disorder xeroderma pigmentosum are hypersensitive to sunlight. This occurs because their cells have which impaired ability?.
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, inherited disorder that affects the skin's ability to protect itself from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun.
People with XP have a defect in a gene that is responsible for repairing DNA damage caused by UV exposure. As a result, their skin cells are unable to repair the DNA damage, which leads to the development of skin cancer.
Xeroderma pigmentosum XP is divided into two types, depending on the severity of the condition. Type I is the most severe form and is characterized by photosensitivity, which is an extreme sensitivity to sunlight. People with type I XP often develop skin cancer at an early age. Type II is less severe and is characterized by a milder form of photosensitivity. People with type II XP may develop skin cancer, but it is usually not as early as those with type I.
There is no cure for Xeroderma pigmentosum XP, but there are treatments that can help to protect the skin from the harmful effects of sunlight. These include the use of sunscreen, avoiding sun exposure, and wearing protective clothing.
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if an egg rolls out of the nest of the graylag goose, she will stand up, waddle over to it, extend her neck and lower her head so that the underside of her beak is against the back of the egg, and gently pull the egg back to the nest. if during this, the egg is removed, she will continue as if the egg is still there. this is an example of a .
The action by graylag goose of pulling the egg back into the nest and pretending to do so even if it is removed is the example a fixed action pattern.
Graylag loose is a species of waterfowl that belong to the family Anatidae. It can be found in England. The term lag in their name stands for the fact that they are the last ones to migrate during the season and hence are considered to be lagging behind.
Fixed action pattern are the actions generated by some stimulus but the organism continues to complete their task even after the stimulus has been disappeared. It is a very stereotypes and species-specific act.
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Gene expression occurs in two steps. First, the cell transcribes the to produce , which is then translated into.
Answer:
DNA, RNA, protein
Explanation:
DNA codon is transcribed to mRNA codons, the mRNA or the messager RNA travels to the ribosomes to start protein synthesis and when they get a stop codon, a protein will be produced. :)
cells oversee humoral immunity. their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. question 13 options:
Lymphocytes (White Blood Cell) oversee humoral immunity. Their descendants differentiate into B-lymphocytes.
There are two main mechanisms of immunity within our body, they are humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. B-lymphocyte is the primary cell responsible for generating humoral immunity. Which means these cells are responsible for making antibodies in the bloodstream and destroying the antigen that infects the blood and tissues via blood. It is conferred by lymphocytes called T cells. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. B cells and their plasma cell progeny are sensitized to produce antibodies. Also called antibody-mediated immunity. Plasma cells are differentiated B-lymphocytes(WBC) which can actively secrete immunoglobulin or produce antibodies.
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under what environmental conditions are you most likely to find (a) r-selected species and (b) k-selected species?
environmental factors increase your chances of finding K-selected species competitor species chosen by K: greater grownups great parents competitors.
Which organisms have the greatest chance of being K selected?Offspring from K-selected species have a higher chance of surviving to adulthood. K-selection is more prevalent in larger creatures with longer lifespans and overlapping generations, such as whales and elephants, though this isn't always the case. The young are typically atricial (immature, requiring extensive care).
What distinguishes r-selected from K-selected species?Through the colonization-competition trade-off, R- and K-selection, with strong r-selection favoring colonizers and strong K-selection favoring competitors, limit the range of viable species. The success of a species, however, is also influenced by the level of disturbance.
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Besides nylon, what other product is formed from the reaction of adipoyl chloride and 1,6-diaminohexane?.
Nylon (6,6) polyamide is formed at the interface of the two immiscible liquids .
Nylon is very hard man made materials used to make cloths and ropes and other useful materials. Nylon is considered as a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers composed of polyamides Nylon is a silk-like thermoplastic.
Nylon is highly sustainable it can be used for manufacturing any material , it can be casted molded or can be used for coating also .Nylon has vast area of application like clothing , industrial uses , many useable product like nets ,conveyer belt and plastic machine parts .
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An individual having two different alleles of a specific gene is described as being _________ for that specific trait.
A person is said to be heterozygous for a particular trait if they have two distinct alleles of that particular gene.
What is a brief definition of alleles?The alternative form or variations of a gene are referred to as "alleles." A allele is acquired from every mother for each chromosomal gene, and we frequently classify the alleles as groups. They are typically referred to as wild-type, mutant, aberrant, or normal alleles.
What are genotypes and alleles?Heterozygous individuals are those who inherit two alleles out of each parent at that locus. A person's genotype is the set of alleles they carry at a given locus. Letters are frequently used to express an organism's genotype.
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alteration of the nucleotide sequence in srp rna would most likely affect
Answer: The correct answer should be the docking of ribosomes to the RER.
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!
Alteration of the nucleotide sequence in SRP RNA would most likely affect the docking of ribosomes to the RER.
What is nucleotide sequence?A sequence of three nucleotides. Adenine, Guanine, and Uridine (AGU) is a codon on mRNA that, after it enters the ribosomes, is linked with an anticodon of complementary bases to produce a link of amino acids that forms a protein.
In order to translate a gene's nucleotide sequence into mRNA, it must first be translated into groups of three nucleotides that designate each amino acid.
The base-pairing rule states that In DNA, A forms a base pair with T that has two hydrogen bonds, while G pairs with C which has three hydrogen bonds. However, T is replaced by U in RNA, therefore in mRNA, A pairs with U.
Therefore, alteration of the nucleotide sequence in SRP RNA would most likely affect the docking of ribosomes to the RER.
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