Investing early is a vital lesson learnt from this class. The investment can be done through a 401K plan. Suppose the expected market return is 10.5% and the risk-free rate is 3% per year, and the expected return of Fund AggInv is 12%.
Using the CAPM model, the beta of Fund Agg
Inv is:
Beta of fund Agg
Inv = (12 - 3) / (10.5 - 3) = 0.98
The beta of the fund Safe P is:
Beta of fund Safe P = (7.5 - 3) / (10.5 - 3) = 0.51
The amount of risk to be borne by an investor in the case of fund SafeP will be less than that of AggInv due to its lower beta of 0.51.
An investor, to earn the same returns as that of the market portfolio that cannot be invested directly, should form a portfolio using the two funds with a portfolio beta of 1.
The weight of the Agg
In v in the portfolio should be calculated as:
Weight of fund Agg
In v = (1 - 0.51) / (0.98 - 0.51) = 0.69
The weight of fund Safe P in the portfolio should be:
Weight of fund Safe P = 1 - 0.69 = 0.31
In case the actual returns of the AggInv and SafeP are 11% and 8%, respectively, the investor should invest in AggInv from the perspective of over- or under-investment.
The investment in the AggInv fund will have a positive NPV.
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An unfavourable variance 1) indicates something that will increase operating income. 2) indicates something that will decrease operating income. 3) is always bad for the organization. 4) does not need to be investigated. Which of the following perspectives from the balanced scorecard focuses on increasing customers satisfaction? 1) Internal business perspective 2) Learning and growth perspective 3) Customer perspective 4) Financial perspective CVP analysis assumes all of the following except that 1) the mix of products will not change. 2) inventory levels will increase. 3) a change in volume is the only factor that affect costs. 4) revenues are linear throughout the relevant range. Which of the following perspectives from the balanced scorecard focuses on increasing customers satisfaction? 1) Internal business perspective 2) Learning and growth perspective 3) Customer perspective 4) Financial perspective
An unfavourable variance indicates something that will decrease operating income. It is always bad for the organization and needs to be investigated. The following perspectives from the balanced scorecard focus on increasing customers satisfaction:
customer perspective.
CVP analysis assumes all of the following except that inventory levels will increase. The mix of products will not change, a change in volume is the only factor that affects costs, and revenues are linear throughout the relevant range. According to the Balanced Scorecard, the perspective that focuses on increasing customer satisfaction is the customer perspective. '
The customer perspective involves the development of a strategy aimed at creating customer satisfaction and loyalty and increasing profitability through customer retention, acquisition, and market share. The customer perspective involves measuring and tracking customer satisfaction, the customer value proposition, the level of customer service and loyalty, and customer complaints.
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List and explain the roles of a balanced team according to Belbin approach. You have been involved recently in a group project. Try to categorize each participant according to the Belbin classification. Were there any duplications or gaps in any of the roles? Did this seem to have any impact on progress? Provide examples.
According to the Belbin approach, a balanced team consists of various roles such as the Plant, Resource Investigator, Coordinator, Shaper, Monitor Evaluator, Teamworker, Implementer, Completer Finisher, and Specialist. Each role contributes unique strengths and skills to the team, ensuring effective collaboration and task completion.
Duplications or gaps in roles can impact progress by either causing conflicts or leaving essential tasks unaddressed.
In a recent group project, the participants can be categorized as follows:
1. Plant: A creative member who generates innovative ideas.
2. Resource Investigator: An outgoing individual who explores external resources and builds connections.
3. Coordinator: A person who coordinates team efforts and ensures everyone stays on track.
4. Shaper: A dynamic team member who challenges and pushes the team towards goals.
5. Monitor Evaluator: An analytical thinker who critically assesses ideas and decisions.
6. Teamworker: A cooperative individual who fosters harmony within the team.
7. Implementer: A practical member who turns plans into action.
8. Completer Finisher: A detail-oriented person who ensures tasks are completed thoroughly.
9. Specialist: An expert in a specific area who provides specialized knowledge.
If there were duplications, such as having multiple Shapers or Plants, conflicts may arise due to clashes in ideas or approaches. On the other hand, if there were gaps, like lacking a Monitor Evaluator or Completer Finisher, important aspects like critical analysis or thorough task completion might be overlooked. These imbalances can hinder progress, as conflicts slow down decision-making and missing roles result in incomplete or subpar outcomes. For example, if a team lacks a Coordinator, tasks may not be effectively assigned and progress could be disorganized and inefficient.
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. IP rights on a global basis benefit international business and encourage innovation. Discuss. (10 marks)
In your discussion, you might want to include information that covers:
the kind(s) of protections that are available,
the relevant treaty frameworks that govern protection,
how protection can be obtained in various jurisdictions,
why that protection is important,
any cases that have dealt with infringement claims, and/or
any other information from the text that you find relevant.
IP rights on a global basis benefit international business and encourage innovation. The different types of protections and relevant treaty frameworks that govern protection. Protection is important to safeguard an invention from being copied and help an individual to establish ownership.
IP rights refers to the legal rights given to individuals over the creations of their minds. These creations can be inventions, literary or artistic works, or symbols, names, images and designs used in commerce. IP rights promote innovation and creativity and the system of IP rights enables individuals and businesses to protect and benefit from their inventions and creations.
IP rights can be obtained in various jurisdictions. The different types of protection include trademarks, patents, copyright, trade secrets, and industrial designs. The relevant treaty frameworks that govern protection include the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
Protection is important to safeguard an invention from being copied and help an individual to establish ownership. Without protection, individuals and businesses would have no incentive to invest in innovation and creativity as they would be unable to profit from their creations.
Protection allows individuals and businesses to generate revenue by licensing their IP or by bringing legal action against those who infringe their IP rights. Furthermore, protection can provide individuals and businesses with a competitive advantage in the marketplace.Cases that have dealt with infringement claims include Apple v. Samsung, where Apple claimed that Samsung's products infringed on Apple's patents and trademarks. Another case is Nike v. Adidas, where Nike sued Adidas for infringing on their Flyknit technology
The system of IP rights enables individuals and businesses to protect and benefit from their inventions and creations. Without protection, individuals and businesses would have no incentive to invest in innovation and creativity as they would be unable to profit from their creations.
The different types of protection include trademarks, patents, copyright, trade secrets, and industrial designs. The relevant treaty frameworks that govern protection include the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
Protection is important to safeguard an invention from being copied and help an individual to establish ownership. Protection allows individuals and businesses to generate revenue by licensing their IP or by bringing legal action against those who infringe their IP rights.
Furthermore, protection can provide individuals and businesses with a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Cases that have dealt with infringement claims include Apple v. Samsung, where Apple claimed that Samsung's products infringed on Apple's patents and trademarks. Another case is Nike v. Adidas, where Nike sued Adidas for infringing on their Flyknit technology.
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. Consider our IS/LM/BOP analysis. Suppose also that we are in a fixed price, flexible exchange rate setup. Suppose the capital account is highly interest sensitive (such that the BOP curve is flatter than the LM curve). The effect of an increase in the government spending (if expected to be a temporary change) on equilibrium national income, Y would be lessened by the resulting appreciation of the domestic currency. would be 0. none of the other options. would be to decrease it. would be strengthened by the resulting depreciation of the domestic currency.
The correct option is that the effect of an increase in the government spending (if expected to be a temporary change) on equilibrium national income, Y would be lessened by the resulting appreciation of the domestic currency.
An increase in government spending can help stimulate the economy, especially when it's done at a time when the economy is not operating at full potential. However, the effects of government spending are influenced by various other factors such as the exchange rate, interest rates, and the overall health of the economy itself. Suppose the capital account is highly interest-sensitive (such that the BOP curve is flatter than the LM curve). The effect of an increase in government spending (if expected to be a temporary change) on equilibrium national income, Y would be lessened by the resulting appreciation of the domestic currency.In an IS/LM/BOP model, a flatter BOP curve implies that an increase in the interest rate differential or capital account is more likely to reduce net exports than it is to increase the financial inflow required to finance it. As a result, the BOP curve is flatter than the LM curve. This indicates that, in a fixed-price, flexible exchange rate setting, the exchange rate will appreciate less than the interest rate differential, resulting in lower net exports and hence lower aggregate income.
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What does "broad money" comprise? Select one: a. Coins, notes and bank money b. Only legal tender c. Only bank money d. Coins, notes and debt
a. Coins, notes, and bank money. broad money refers to the total money supply in an economy that is readily accessible for transactions.
It comprises physical currency, such as coins and notes, along with bank money, which includes both demand deposits (checking accounts) and time deposits (savings accounts) held in commercial banks. Broad money represents the sum of all money held by individuals, businesses, and financial institutions within an economy, providing a measure of liquidity and the ability to conduct transactions.
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3.2 Discuss the possible causes of the following production
waste
3.2.1 Excessive inventory (10)
3.2.2 Discuss how each of these production wastes stated in
2.2.1 could be reduced.
Production waste refers to the materials, time, or labor that are discarded, scrapped, or never used in the production process, even though they are essential for the production process.
The possible causes of excessive inventory include poor inventory management, incorrect sales forecasting, and lack of coordination between the sales and production department.
Some of the ways to reduce excessive inventory include:
1. Improving sales forecasting. Sales forecasting is critical in ensuring that production levels are in line with demand. Improved forecasting reduces the chances of producing excess inventory, thus reducing waste.
2. Lean inventory practices. Adopting lean inventory practices, such as Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory management, will ensure that inventory is replenished only when needed. This approach reduces the chances of having excess inventory.
3. Inventory tracking. An inventory tracking system can help organizations keep track of inventory levels, determine what is selling and what is not, and identify when to order more stock.
4. Increase flexibility in production. If an organization has the flexibility to produce small batches, it can avoid producing excess inventory, as it can produce only what is required.
Discuss how each of these production wastes stated in 2.2.1 could be reduced.2.2.1 The wastes include: overproduction, waiting, defects, overprocessing, excessive inventory, unnecessary motion, and unused talent.
Each waste can be reduced through the implementation of the following strategies:
1. Overproduction. Adopting lean production practices, implementing pull systems, and improving the production process can help to reduce overproduction.
2. Waiting. Improving the production process, streamlining workflows, and implementing automated processes can help reduce waiting.
3. Defects. Implementing quality control checks, improving the production process, and enhancing training and development programs can help reduce defects.
4. Overprocessing. Streamlining the production process, adopting lean manufacturing practices, and implementing value stream mapping can help reduce overprocessing.
5. Excessive inventory. Improving sales forecasting, adopting lean inventory practices, implementing inventory tracking, and increasing flexibility in production can help reduce excessive inventory.
6. Unnecessary motion. Redesigning the production process, implementing ergonomic workstations, and adopting automation can help reduce unnecessary motion.
7. Unused talent. Enhancing training and development programs, implementing employee empowerment initiatives, and adopting cross-functional team approaches can help to reduce unused talent.
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Matching part of the cost of a long-lived asset with the revenues generated by the asset is a. depreciation b. a basket purchase c. not required by IFRS d. not required by GAAP
Matching part of the cost of a long-lived asset with the revenues generated by the asset is depreciation. The correct option is a.
Depreciation is an accounting method for allocating the cost of a tangible or physical item over its useful life. Depreciation is a measure of how much of an asset's value has been consumed. It enables businesses to generate revenue from assets they own by paying for them over time.
The immediate cost of ownership is greatly lowered because corporations do not have to account for them totally in the year the assets are purchased. Accounting for depreciation incorrectly can have a significant impact on a company's profits.
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Discuss Nedbanks short term and long term sources of finance
Nedbank is one of South Africa's largest commercial banks, providing its clients with a wide range of banking and financial services. Nedbank's primary goal is to assist its clients in achieving their financial goals by offering personalized and comprehensive financial advice and assistance.
In terms of financing, the bank uses both short-term and long-term sources of funding.Short-term financing is a type of financing that is usually for a term of less than one year. Short-term funding is used to meet immediate working capital needs such as accounts payable, inventory, and payroll. Short-term funding is typically less expensive than long-term funding, and it may be secured or unsecured. In this instance, Nedbank has several sources of short-term financing, including overdrafts, credit cards, and short-term loans.
Nedbank's long-term financing, on the other hand, is used for more extensive initiatives and projects. In general, long-term financing refers to any financing that has a term of more than one year. Long-term financing is typically secured and may be used for capital expenditures such as machinery or property acquisition. Long-term financing is often less expensive than short-term financing, but it also takes longer to obtain. Nedbank's long-term financing sources include mortgages, bonds, debentures, and long-term loans.
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2. Warehousing refers to the activities involving storage of goods on a large-scale in a systematic and orderly manner and making them available conveniently when needed. In other words, warehousing means holding or preserving goods in huge
quantities from the time of their purchase or production till their actual use or sale.
2a) There are many different roles for a warehouse in today’s supply chain. What are the following roles that warehouses need to fulfil?
3. According to Ackerman (2003), we should be measuring four areas within the warehouse.
a) What are the FOUR (4) areas should be measured within the warehouse?
b) Explain about the ‘Reliability’
warehouse management chain subject please can you help to answer faster
2 a) There are different roles that warehouses need to fulfil in today’s supply chain, which are as follows:Storage - Warehouses are used to store raw materials, work-in-progress goods, and finished goods.
Accommodation - Warehouses act as a base for the manufacturing industry and offer a centralized place to store goods.Logistics - Warehouses are used as staging areas for goods ready to be transported and sent to their final destination.A buffer - Warehouses allow companies to maintain a level of inventory to prevent stockouts and ensure they meet customer demand.
3 a) According to Ackerman (2003), four areas that should be measured within the warehouse are as follows:Reliability - The ability of the warehouse to provide what the customer wants, when they want it, without error, and without damage.Responsiveness - The speed of the warehouse’s response to a customer request, measured in time.
3 b) Reliability is the ability of the warehouse to provide what the customer wants, when they want it, without error, and without damage. The reliability of a warehouse can be evaluated by measuring the percentage of orders that are accurately fulfilled and delivered on time.
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All of the following actions will increase the Deficit in the U.S. balance of payments EXCEPT: - Americans buying Japanese cars - investments by US firms abroad - US Foreign Aid - Purchase by foreigners of US securities
The action that will not increase the deficit in the U.S. balance of payments is "U.S. foreign aid".The correct answer is option B.
The U.S. balance of payments is a record of all transactions between the United States and the rest of the world. It consists of the current account and the capital account.
The current account includes trade in goods and services, while the capital account includes financial investments and transfers.
Options A, C, and D all involve transactions that can contribute to the U.S. balance of payments deficit:
A) Americans buying Japanese cars: This transaction involves the import of goods (Japanese cars) and thus adds to the trade deficit, increasing the balance of payments deficit.
C) Purchase by foreigners of U.S. securities: When foreigners buy U.S. securities, such as government bonds or stocks, it leads to capital outflow and increases the capital account deficit, contributing to the balance of payments deficit.
D) Investments by U.S. firms abroad: This involves capital outflow as U.S. firms invest in foreign countries, contributing to the capital account deficit and the overall balance of payments deficit.
However, option B, U.S. foreign aid, does not directly affect the balance of payments deficit. Foreign aid involves transfers from the United States to other countries, which are recorded in the capital account as unilateral transfers.
While it affects the U.S. government's fiscal position, it does not directly impact the balance of payments deficit.
In summary, options A, C, and D increase the deficit in the U.S. balance of payments, while option B, U.S. foreign aid, does not.
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Analyzing and Computing Accrued Interest on Notes During the current year, Penman Inc. issued three short-term notes payable with principal and interest due at the end of the term of the note. Compute interest accrued for each of the notes payable as of December 31 of the current year (assume a 365-day year). Round answers to two decimal places. Issuance Coupon Lender Date Principal Rate(%) Term Accrued Interest Nissim 11/21 $30,000 1096 120 days $ Klein 12/13 22,000 8 90 days $ Bildersee 60 days $ 12/19 26,000 6
Compute the accrued interest for each of the notes payable as of December 31 of the current year, we need to use the formula.
Accrued Interest = Principal x Rate x Time. Note payable to Nissim:
Principal: $30,000
Rate: 10.96% (converted from 1096 basis points)
Term: 120 days
To calculate the accrued interest, we use the formula:
Accrued Interest = Principal x Rate x Time
Accrued Interest = $30,000 x 0.1096 x (120/365)
Accrued Interest = $30,000 x 0.1096 x 0.3288
Accrued Interest ≈ $1,082.86 (rounded to two decimal places)
Note payable to Klein:
Principal: $22,000
Rate: 8%
Term: 90 days
Accrued Interest = Principal x Rate x Time
Accrued Interest = $22,000 x 0.08 x (90/365)
Accrued Interest = $22,000 x 0.08 x 0.2466
Accrued Interest ≈ $428.13 (rounded to two decimal places)
Note payable to Bildersee:
Principal: $26,000
Rate: 6%
Term: 60 days
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free and secure trade is only applicable for free and secure trade-lane shipments originating in _________.
Free and Secure Trade is only applicable for free and secure trade-lane shipments originating in More than 200 of the US and Mexican Customs ports of entry.
The Free and Secure Trade program (FAST) is a joint initiative between the United States and Canada that improves border safety, security, and efficiency while also promoting stable trade and economic growth through the use of front-end security procedures.
This program is also in place between the United States and Mexico. In addition to reducing border delays, FAST aims to enhance supply chain security through the use of container safety initiatives such as tamper-proof container seals and electronic tracking.
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Lin Vu has $170,000 in an investment paying 6 percent taxable interest per annum. Each year Vu incurs $950 of expenses relating to this investment. Compute Vu’s annual net cash flow assuming the following:
Required:
Vu’s marginal tax rate is 10 percent, and the annual expense is not deductible.
Vu’s marginal tax rate is 35 percent, and the annual expense is deductible.
Vu’s marginal tax rate is 25 percent, and the annual expense is not deductible.
Vu’s marginal tax rate is 40 percent, and only $570 of the annual expense is deductible.
Note: For all requirements, round your intermediate calculations to the nearest whole dollar amount.
Calculate net cash flow for a-d
Given that Lin Vu has $170,000 in an investment that is paying 6% taxable interest per annum. Every year, Vu incurs $950 expenses related to this investment. We are supposed to compute Vu’s annual net cash flow assuming the following:
Requirement 1: Vu’s marginal tax rate is 10%, and the annual expense is not deductible.
The taxable interest earned on $170,000 investment = $170,000 × 6% = $10,200
Annual expenses incurred = $950
Given that the marginal tax rate of Vu is 10%, Net cash flow can be calculated as follows:
Taxable Interest earned = $10,200
Tax payable = 10% × $10,200 = $1020
Annual expenses incurred = $950
Annual net cash flow = Taxable interest earned - Tax payable - Annual expenses incurred= $10,200 - $1020 - $950= $8220
Therefore, the annual net cash flow of Vu is $8220.
Requirement 2: Vu’s marginal tax rate is 35%, and the annual expense is deductible.
The taxable interest earned on $170,000 investment = $170,000 × 6% = $10,200
Annual expenses incurred = $950
Given that the marginal tax rate of Vu is 35%, Net cash flow can be calculated as follows:
Taxable Interest earned = $10,200
Tax payable = 35% × $10,200 = $3570
Deductible expenses incurred = $950
Tax Savings = 35% × $950 = $332.5
Annual net cash flow = Taxable interest earned - Tax payable + Tax Savings - Annual expenses incurred = $10,200 -
$3570 + $332.5 - $950 = $6012.5
Therefore, the annual net cash flow of Vu is $6012.5.
Requirement 3: Vu’s marginal tax rate is 25%, and the annual expense is not deductible.
The taxable interest earned on $170,000 investment = $170,000 × 6% = $10,200
Annual expenses incurred = $950
Given that the marginal tax rate of Vu is 25%, Net cash flow can be calculated as follows:
Taxable Interest earned = $10,200
Tax payable = 25% × $10,200 = $2550
Annual expenses incurred = $950
Annual net cash flow = Taxable interest earned - Tax payable - Annual expenses incurred = $10,200 - $2550 - $950=
$5700
Therefore, the annual net cash flow of Vu is $5700.
Requirement 4: Vu’s marginal tax rate is 40%, and only $570 of the annual expense is deductible.
The taxable interest earned on $170,000 investment = $170,000 × 6% = $10,200
Annual expenses incurred = $950
Given that only $570 of the annual expense is deductible, so we need to find the remaining non-deductible expenses
which is $950 - $570 = $380
Taxable Interest earned = $10,200
Tax payable = 40% × $10,200 = $4080
Deductible expenses incurred = $570
Tax Savings = 40% × $570 = $228
Non-deductible expenses incurred = $380
Annual net cash flow = Taxable interest earned - Tax payable + Tax Savings - Non-deductible expenses incurred =
$10,200 - $4080 + $228 - $380 = $4968
Therefore, the annual net cash flow of Vu is $4968. Hence, the annual net cash flow of Vu is $8220, $6012.5, $5700, and $4968 respectively for requirements a, b, c, and d.
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Which fields should be included in the INVOICELINE (INVOICEDETAIL) table? Choose all that apply. Invoice Invoice Date Order Date CustlD Item Description Price Qty Co. Phone Contact
In the INVOICELINE (INVOICEDETAIL) table, the following fields should be included:
1. Invoice: This field represents the invoice number or identifier associated with the invoice line or detail.2. Invoice Date: This field indicates the date on which the invoice was issued or generated.3. Order Date: This field represents the date when the order associated with the invoice line was placed.4. CustID: This field refers to the customer ID or identifier linked to the invoice line, representing the customer who made the purchase.
5. Item: This field represents the item or product being listed on the invoice line.6. Description: This field provides a description or details about the item
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the amount an entrepreneur expects to receive for his/her contribution to a project is
The amount an entrepreneur expects to receive for his/her contribution to a project is the expected return or profit.
As an entrepreneur, the expected return or profit represents the financial reward the individual anticipates receiving from their investment of time, effort, and resources into a project or venture. It is the expected financial gain or benefit that the entrepreneur believes they will earn as a result of their involvement. The expected return is influenced by various factors such as the potential market demand for the product or service, the cost structure of the business, the level of competition, and the entrepreneur's ability to effectively execute their business plan. Entrepreneurs typically evaluate the expected return when assessing the feasibility and attractiveness of a business opportunity. They consider the potential revenue streams, cost projections, and the expected growth trajectory of the venture to estimate the financial outcomes.
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What level of detail should the Change Management Plan reflect?
Select one:
a.
The number of stakeholders impacted
b.
The potential return on investment
c.
The seniority of the Project Team
d.
The complexity and risk of the change effort
correct answer is d. The complexity and risk of the change effort
The level of detail that the Change Management Plan should reflect is the complexity and risk of the change effort. This includes a thorough analysis of the change, its potential impact, the stakeholders involved, and the resources required to implement the change.
Change Management Plan refers to the roadmap or strategy that guides the implementation of organizational changes. It is a systematic approach to making modifications to an organization's processes, structures, systems, or culture.
It should be comprehensive and clearly articulated so that all stakeholders involved in the change effort can understand the objectives, requirements, and expectations.
The Change Management Plan should include the following:
Analysis of the change, its complexity and riskStakeholder engagement and communication planRisk assessment and mitigation strategiesTraining and education plan
Monitoring and evaluation planResources and budget allocationThe Change Management Plan should also take into account the organization's culture, readiness, and capacity to change. It should be designed to promote a smooth transition and reduce resistance to change.
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Why Women Entrepreneurs Are Attracted to Small Business.
Really dig into this and tell me not only why, but what you
think.
Please add three references
Small businesses are gaining popularity as women entrepreneurs are becoming attracted to them. Small businesses allow women to be their bosses, control their schedules, and have more control over their work-life balance.
However, this isn't the only reason why women are attracted to small businesses, and in this essay, we will explore why women entrepreneurs are attracted to small businesses.
First, women entrepreneurs are attracted to small businesses because they want to create a work environment that aligns with their values. Women entrepreneurs believe that they can create a positive work environment that values diversity and inclusivity.
According to a study by Hiscox, "Inclusivity and diversity are the most important values for women entrepreneurs." Therefore, women entrepreneurs often use their small businesses as a way to promote these values in the workplace.
Second, small businesses allow women entrepreneurs to pursue their passions. Women entrepreneurs often start small businesses because they want to work on something they're passionate about.
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a) what is Revealed comparative advantage ? what are its limitations
b) what are three major differences between WITS And TRademap data base ?
Revealed comparative advantage is a measure that is used to calculate the trade patterns of different countries. It compares the proportion of a country's exports that comes from a certain product to the proportion of the world's exports that come from the same product.
The idea behind revealed comparative advantage is that a country is more likely to export products that they are good at producing, which gives them a comparative advantage over other countries. However, there are limitations to this measure. One limitation is that it only focuses on a country's exports and does not take into account its imports. Another limitation is that it assumes that a country's comparative advantage is constant over time, which may not be the case.
WITS and Trademap are both databases that provide information on international trade, but they differ in several ways. Three major differences are:
1. Coverage: WITS covers a wider range of topics, including tariffs, non-tariff measures, and services trade, while Trademap focuses more on merchandise trade.
2. Access: WITS is a subscription-based service that is targeted at researchers and policymakers, while Trademap is a free service that is accessible to anyone.
3. Data sources: WITS relies on data from official sources such as customs departments and statistical agencies, while Trademap uses data from a variety of sources including customs data, company reports, and trade associations.
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What is a primary security goal of contiguration management?
The primary security goal of Configuration management is to prevent unauthorized changes and ensure that all authorized changes are recorded and implemented correctly.
It is used to maintain an accurate record of all items and their versions in a software system.
It allows for the identification of inconsistencies or conflicts that may arise as a result of changes to the system.
Therefore, the primary security goal of Configuration management is to prevent unauthorized changes and ensure that all authorized changes are recorded and implemented correctly.
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CASE 9B: Order Up!
As chief executive chef of a large, national, themed restaurant chain, hoping to go international in the
next five years, Koptra Galwal worked hard to inspire the restaurant’s employees. He planned to expand the
number of restaurants, improve profitability, and enhance all aspects of customer service. His active leadership
style matches his big plans, but many have commented on his ability to lead top down and the bottom up.
Galwal’s top-down style was evident in his approach to assessment of organizational decisions. His
bottom-up approach showed as he recruited from the nation-wide chain of restaurants to find employees willing
to participate in and report on benchmarking customer service, menu items, and competitive advantages. He
knew in his heart that employees working in the company’s restaurants were the ones who innovated on a daily
basis, as he once had while working as a chef in the back of the house.
Galwal is confident working simultaneously in multiple directions, but not all of his supervisory
management team was. It took a while for everyone to adjust to information flowing in from far-flung locations
and from the bottom up as well as the top down, but eventually the culture took hold in the organization. His
supervisors were also encouraged to develop and implement new ideas to add to the corporate body of
knowledge. He sets the direction but he delivers in the process he has developed and so he lets his people run
with their ideas.
Galwal is also a stickler for detail. He reviewed companywide training procedures for front-of-the-house
employees and found wide variation in the normative behaviors of multiple locations of the restaurant chain. He
sought input and then designed the menu as well as the script for hosts and hostesses in his restaurants in an
attempt to provide a feeling of familiarity for customers regardless of where in the country they dined. He
established back-of-the-house procedures for cooks and food prep and sanitization employees based on his
considerable personal experience in the food services industry.
QUESTIONS
1a. How would you describe Galwal’s Leadership Style/Approach/Theory? Why?
1b. What suggestions would you offer to improve on the communication between Galwal and his
employees?
2a. What theory of motivation best explains Galwal’s way of inspiring employees?
2b. Recommend a motivational approach that would best suit Galwal’s objectives and explain why your
recommendation would be an effective
3a. What would you consider to be the most effective performance appraisal method to be utilized that
would benefit both Galwal and his employees?
3b. Is there a gap in how grievances are handled by Galwal? Explain
Leadership Style/Approach/Theory of Galwal: Galwal is a leader who works both top down and bottom up. His active leadership style matches his big plans. His bottom-up approach showed as he recruited from the nationwide chain of restaurants to find employees willing to participate in and report on benchmarking customer service, menu items, and competitive advantages. He is confident working simultaneously in multiple directions, but not all of his supervisory management team was. It took a while for everyone to adjust to information flowing in from far-flung locations and from the bottom up as well as the top down, but eventually, the culture took hold in the organization.
1a. Galwal's leadership style can be described as active and dynamic. The CEO has a top-down style of management that enables him to assess organizational decisions. He also has a bottom-up approach that encourages employee participation and innovation.
1b. Suggestions for improving communication between Galwal and his employees include the following:Creating an open-door policy for employees to voice their opinions and ideas would help Galwal understand their concerns.
Encouraging two-way communication and feedback channels to ensure that employees feel valued and appreciated.
Considering employee contributions and encouraging teamwork are essential factors for better communication and motivation of the employees.
2a. Galwal's motivation theory is based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including social recognition, self-esteem, and personal growth. He believes that employees' motivation is essential to improving customer service and profitability.
2b. Galwal's motivation could be improved by using the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), which emphasizes providing employees with autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The SDT would enable employees to take control of their work and take pride in their achievements.
3a. The most effective performance appraisal method that would benefit Galwal and his employees is the 360-degree feedback method. It is an evaluation process that provides feedback on employee performance from a variety of sources, including peers, subordinates, and superiors.
3b. There are no indications of a gap in how grievances are handled by Galwal. The CEO encourages two-way communication and feedback channels to ensure that employees feel valued and appreciated.
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Investment advisers who preach the benefits of strategic asset allocation do so because they believe
A) over the long run, strategic management will eventually outperform the market
B) the market is perfectly efficient because stock prices reflect all available information
C) active management of a portfolio offers tactical benefits
D) the market is basically inefficient and there is a strategy that can beat it
The correct answer is option (c) which is the Investment advisers who preach the benefits of strategic asset allocation do so because they believe that active management of a portfolio offers tactical benefits.
Strategic asset allocation is an investment method that entails dividing a portfolio's investments among different asset classes based on the investor's financial objectives, risk tolerance, and investment horizon.
It is an essential element of the portfolio management process because it aims to provide an optimal balance between return and risk by combining assets that react differently to market conditions.
Active management of a portfolio offers tactical benefits. Investment advisers who preach the benefits of strategic asset allocation are of the view that actively managing a portfolio provides tactical advantages, allowing investors to improve their returns or reduce their risks relative to the market.
This approach aims to take advantage of market inefficiencies, which arise when the market fails to reflect all available knowledge or responds inefficiently to new information.
In contrast, passive management takes a more relaxed approach, aiming to duplicate the market's performance rather than outperform it.
Hence, the correct option is C.
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Bandar industries manufactures sporting equipment. One of the company's products is a football heimet that requires special plastic. During the quarter ending June 30 , the company manufoctured 3.000 heimets, using 2.190 kllograms of phostic. The plastic cost the company $14.454 According to the standard cost card, each helmet should require 0.66 kilograms of plastic, at a cost of $7.00 per kilogram. Required: 1. Whot is the standord quantity of kilograms of plastic (SQ) that is allowed to make 3.000 heimets? 2. What is the standard materials cost allowed (SQ×5P) to make 3,000 helmets? 3. What is the moterials spending varlance? 4. What is the materials price variance and the materials quantity variance? (For requirements 3 and 4, indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favorable, "U" for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., rero variance). Input all amounts as positive values. Do not round intermediate calculations.)
1. Standard quantity (SQ) of kilograms of plastic: According to the standard cost card, 1 heimet should require 0.66 kilograms of plastic. Thus, for 3,000 helmets:
Standard quantity (SQ) = 3,000 × 0.66 = 1,980 kilograms of plastic.
2. Standard materials cost allowed (SQ×SP) to make 3,000 helmets:
The standard price (SP) of plastic is given as $7.00 per kilogram.
Standard materials cost allowed (SQ×SP) = 1,980 × $7.00 = $13,860.
3. Materials spending variance: Actual cost incurred for the plastic is given as $14,454.
Standard cost of plastic allowed (SQ×SP) is $13,860.
Material spending variance = Actual cost incurred - Standard cost of plastic allowed = $14,454 - $13,860= $594.
As the actual cost incurred is more than the standard cost of plastic allowed, this variance is unfavorable.
4. Materials price variance and materials quantity variance: Material price variance:
It is the difference between the actual cost of material purchased and the standard cost of material allowed for the actual quantity of material purchased.
Material price variance = Actual quantity purchased × (Actual price - Standard price)
Actual quantity purchased = 2,190 kilograms.
Actual price = Total cost/actual quantity = $14,454/2,190 = $6.60
Standard price = $7.00
Material price variance = 2,190 × ($6.60 - $7.00) = -$882.
As the actual price is less than the standard price, this variance is favorable. Material quantity variance: It is the difference between the actual quantity of material used and the standard quantity of material allowed, valued at standard price.
Material quantity variance = (Actual quantity used - Standard quantity allowed) × Standard price
Standard price = $7.00
Actual quantity used = 2,190 kilograms
Standard quantity allowed = 1,980 kilograms.
Material quantity variance = (2,190 - 1,980) × $7.00= $1,470.
As the actual quantity used is more than the standard quantity allowed, this variance is unfavorable.
Answer: 1. The standard quantity (SQ) of kilograms of plastic is 1,980.
2. The standard materials cost allowed (SQ×SP) to make 3,000 helmets is $13,860.
3. The materials spending variance is $594 (unfavorable).
4. The materials price variance is $882 (favorable) and the materials quantity variance is $1,470 (unfavorable).
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the employees of kliguel, a public relations firm, are allowed to choose the weekdays they want to work, as long as they clock at least 40 hours in office every week. in the context of employee benefits, this scenario best exemplifies .
This scenario best exemplifies a flexible work schedule as an employee benefit.
A flexible work schedule allows employees to have control over their working hours and the ability to choose the weekdays they want to work, as long as they meet the required minimum hours.
Here's why this scenario aligns with the concept of a flexible work schedule as an employee benefit:
Work-life balance: By allowing employees to choose their workdays, the company promotes work-life balance. Employees have the flexibility to accommodate personal commitments and responsibilities outside of work, such as family obligations, personal appointments, or pursuing other interests.
Increased job satisfaction: Having control over their work schedule can lead to increased job satisfaction. Employees appreciate the flexibility and autonomy provided by the company, which can contribute to their overall happiness and well-being.
Improved productivity: Research has shown that offering a flexible work schedule can enhance productivity. Employees may have the opportunity to work during their most productive hours, resulting in higher levels of concentration and efficiency.
Attraction and retention of talent: A flexible work schedule is often an attractive benefit for job seekers. It can help the company attract and retain top talent by offering a desirable work environment that values work-life balance and acknowledges individual needs.
Overall, by providing employees with the option to choose their workdays, Kliguel demonstrates its commitment to employee well-being, work-life balance, and creating a positive work environment.
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You purchased a $1,000 bond with a coupon rate of 8 % on January 1, 2021 for $910. On the same date you also purchased a share of ABC Inc for $81. During 2021 you received a dividend of $2.50 on the ABC share. It is now January 1, 2022 and the bond is selling for $950 and the ABC share is worth $89.
Required, round all answers to two decimal points. For full marks you must either show all your calculations in the space provided below or submit them to the drop box provided in the Assignments area:
What was your total dollar return on the bond over the past year? (2 marks)
What was your total nominal return on the bond over the past year? (2 marks)
If the inflation rate last year was 5%, what was your total real rate of return on the bond? (2 marks)
Compute the total percentage return on the ABC share. (2 marks)
What was the dividend yield on the ABC share. (2 marks)
What was the capital gain yield on the ABC share. (2 marks
Solution:Given data:Face value of bond = $1,000Coupon rate = 8%Price of bond at the time of purchase = $910Price of bond at the end of year = $950Price of ABC share at the time of purchase = $81Price of ABC share after one year = $89Dividend on ABC share = $2.50. the answers are:A) Total dollar return on the bond over the past year = $122.50B) Total nominal return on the bond over the past year = 13.46%C) Total real rate of return on the bond = 7.77%D) Total percentage return on the ABC share = 12.35%E) Dividend yield on the ABC share = 3.09%F) Capital gain yield on the ABC share = 9.88%.
A) Total dollar return on the bond over the past year Coupon rate on bond = 8%Face value of bond = $1,000Coupon payment on bond = 8% of $1,000 = $80Price of bond at the time of purchase = $910Price of bond at the end of year = $950Total interest earned on bond over the year = Coupon payment + Capital gain = $80 + ($950 - $910) = $120Total dollar return on bond over the past year = Total interest earned + Dividend earned on ABC share = $120 + $2.5 = $122.50
B) Total nominal return on the bond over the past year Nominal rate of return on bond = Total dollar return / Price of bond at the beginning of the year = $122.50 / $910 = 0.1346 or 13.46%
C) Total real rate of return on the bond Real rate of return on bond = (1 + Nominal rate of return) / (1 + Inflation rate) - 1Nominal rate of return on bond = 13.46%Inflation rate = 5%Real rate of return on bond = (1 + 13.46%) / (1 + 5%) - 1 = 7.77%
D) Total percentage return on the ABC share Percentage return on ABC share = (Price at the end of year - Price at the beginning of the year + Dividend) / Price at the beginning of the year * 100= ($89 - $81 + $2.5) / $81 * 100 = 12.35%
E) Dividend yield on the ABC share Dividend yield on ABC share = Dividend / Price of ABC share at the beginning of the year * 100= $2.5 / $81 * 100 = 3.09%
F) Capital gain yield on the ABC share Capital gain yield on ABC share = (Price of ABC share at the end of year - Price of ABC share at the beginning of the year) / Price of ABC share at the beginning of the year * 100= ($89 - $81) / $81 * 100 = 9.88%.
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5. Rose of Sharon Company issued a $2,000,000 bond at 101% on
January1st. The bond has a five year term and pays 5% interest
annually each December 31 st . Prepare the appropriate journal
entries.
Here's the solution for the given problem. Rose of Sharon Company issued a $2,000,000 bond at 101% on January 1st. The bond has a five-year term and pays 5% interest annually each December 31st.
Let's prepare the appropriate journal entries. Journal entries Date Account Title Debit Credit Jan 1 Cash $2,020,000 Premium on Bonds Payable$20,000 Bonds Payable $2,000,000 (Issued bonds at 101% of par)Dec 31.
Interest Expense $100,000 ($2,000,000 x 5%) Premium on Bonds Payable $16,000 ($320,000 ÷ 20 years) Cash$84,000 ($100,000 − $16,000)Dec 31Premium on Bonds Payable$4,000 ($20,000 ÷ 5 years).
Bond Discount Amortization$4,000 ($20,000 ÷ 5 years)Note: The bond has a five-year term, and interest is paid annually each December 31st.The bond is issued at a premium of 101%, which means the bond is sold for $2,020,000 ($2,000,000 × 101%) at the time of issuance.
Thus, the company receives $2,020,000 in cash, and a premium of $20,000 is created. On the date of issuance, the entry is recorded accordingly. At the end of the year, the company needs to pay interest to the bondholders at a rate of 5%.
The interest expense for the year is calculated as $2,000,000 × 5% = $100,000, which is recorded in the Interest Expense account. The premium on the bonds payable account is reduced by $16,000 ($320,000 ÷ 20 years), and the remaining $84,000 ($100,000 − $16,000) is paid in cash.
Finally, the amortization of bond discount is recorded by reducing the premium on bonds payable account and increasing the bond discount amortization account by $4,000 each ($20,000 ÷ 5 years).
Thus, we have successfully prepared the appropriate journal entries.
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The operations manager for the Blue Moon Brewing... The operations manager for the Blue Moon Brewing Co. produces two beers: Lite (L) and Dark (D). Two of his resources are constrained. production time, which is limited to 8 hours (480 minutes) per day; and mait extract (one of his ingredients), of which he can get only 675 gallons each day. To produce a keg of Lite beer requires 2 minutes of time and 5 gallons of mait extract, while each keg of Dark beer needs 4 minutes of time and 3 gallons of mait extract. Profits for Lite beer are $3.00 per keg, and profits for Dark beer are $2.00 per keg. What is the objective function? Multiple Choice $4L+$2D=Z $5L+$3D=Z $2L+$3D=Z $2L+$4D=Z $3L+$2D=Z
The operations manager for the Blue Moon Brewing Co. produces two beers: Lite (L) and Dark (D). Two of his resources are constrained: production time, which is limited to 8 hours (480 minutes) per day and malt extract (one of his ingredients), of which he can get only 675 gallons each day.
To produce a keg of Lite beer requires 2 minutes of time and 5 gallons of malt extract, while each keg of Dark beer needs 4 minutes of time and 3 gallons of malt extract.
Profits for Lite beer are $3.00 per keg, and profits for Dark beer are $2.00 per keg. Objective function is the linear function of the form Z = cx + dy.
So, in this case, the objective function would be the amount of profit (Z) earned by producing x kegs of Lite beer and y kegs of Dark beer.
The amount of profit earned per keg is given, so we can write the objective function as:Z = 3L + 2DTherefore, the correct option is $3L + $2D = Z.
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Woolies said executive directors and management levels did not receive a guaranteed pay increase in 2021 , and it has, approved a 4.5 percent thorease for South Arica store staff and 2 percent for Austrafia for the 2072 thandex yetp Won-executive directors' fees are proposed to increase by 4.25 percent for South Africa and CPl-rolated incrsases topt Australian and UK based directors, " said the group. The group said it paid chief executive officer (CEO) Roy Bagattini, chief financial officer Reeza isaacs, chiet operautinc! officer Sam Ngumeni and South African chief executive Zyda Rylands a combined R95 million remuneration based on the performance of the financial year including the vesting of shares. (Source: Faku, D. (2021) 'Woolworths SA store staff received 4.5 percent salary hike.' Business Report, 1 October 2021. https://wnw.iol.co.za/business-report/companies/woolworths-sa-store-staff-received-45-percent-salary-hike-7e76c1d37069−4358−9c0d−3c4213017294) Answer ALL the questions in this section. Uestion 1
Woolworths, a leading retailer in South Africa, has revealed that its executive directors and management levels did not receive a guaranteed pay increase in 2021.
However, it has approved a 4.5% increase for South African store staff and a 2% increase for Australian staff in 2022. Woolworths Group has proposed an increase of 4.25 percent for non-executive directors' fees in South Africa, and CPI-related increases for Australian and UK based directors. The group stated that it paid a combined remuneration of R95 million to chief executive officer (CEO) Roy Bagattini, chief financial officer Reeza Isaacs, chief operating officer Sam Ngumeni, and South African chief executive Zyda Rylands. The performance of the financial year, including the vesting of shares, influenced the remuneration.
Woolworths executive directors and management levels did not get a guaranteed pay increase in 2021. The staff members of South Africa have been approved a 4.5% increase and Australia has been approved a 2% increase for 2022. The Woolworths Group has proposed a 4.25% increase in non-executive directors' fees in South Africa and CPI-related increases for Australian and UK based directors. Woolworths has paid a combined remuneration of R95 million to Roy Bagattini, Reeza Isaacs, Sam Ngumeni, and Zyda Rylands. Their remuneration was based on the performance of the financial year, including the vesting of shares.
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Use the Dividend Discount Model to determine the expected annual growth rate of the dividend for ELO stock. The firm is expected to pay an annual divided of $10.50 per share in one year. ELO shares are currently trading for $159.57 on the NYSE, and the expected annual rate of return for ELO shares is 12.34%. Answer as a \% to 2 decimal places (e.g., 12.34% as 12.34 ).
The Dividend Discount Model (DDM) is a widely utilized method for estimating the value of a stock by determining the present value of expected future dividends. The formula for calculating expected annual growth rate of dividend is given below:
The formula to calculate the expected annual growth rate of dividends is:
Expected annual growth rate of dividend = (Annual dividend / Market value of stock) − Expected rate of return
Where, Annual dividend = $10.50
Market value of stock = $159.57
Expected rate of return = 12.34%
Therefore,
Expected annual growth rate of dividend = ($10.50 / $159.57) − 12.34%
Expected annual growth rate of dividend = 0.0659 or 6.59% (rounded to 2 decimal places).
The expected annual growth rate of the dividend for ELO stock using the dividend discount model can be determined by calculating the present value of expected future dividends. The formula for this calculation is as follows:
Expected annual growth rate of dividend = (Annual dividend / Market value of stock) − Expected rate of return
Where the annual dividend is the amount of money that is expected to be paid out each year, the market value of the stock is the current price at which it is being traded, and the expected rate of return is the rate of return that is expected to be earned on the stock.
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Graham is gifted a pair of Nike racing shoes for his birthday by Wendy, who purchased them direct from the manufacturer several months earlier for £275. Having tried the shoes on one short run Graham has determined that the shoes are too unstable for his needs putting him at risk of injury. Wendy is unable to return them to the manufacturer given the time since purchase. On Saturday, Graham emails Claire from his local running club offering to sell the Nike shoes for £200. Claire replies on Sunday confirming that the shoes would be ideal for her for an upcoming race, but she would only be willing to pay up to £180. Graham checks his emails on Thursday, reads Claire’s email and responds saying £180 is fine. In the meantime, Claire bought a pair of the exact same shoes in the manufacturer’s online sale for £185. These arrive quickly and Claire is able to show them off at the running club on Wednesday evening, which Graham also attends. Which of the following most appropriately describes the legal position between Claire and Graham?
Claire’s reply is a counter offer that Graham is free to accept and does so.
Claire’s reply rather than an acceptance is a rejection of Graham’s offer to sell.
Claire’s reply is a counter offer that is revoked before Graham’s acceptance.
Claire’s reply rather than an acceptance is a statement in negotiation over the price.
The legal position between Claire and Graham is that Claire's reply is a counteroffer that is revoked before Graham's acceptance.
A counteroffer is a proposal made by the offeree in response to the offeror's initial offer. It has the legal effect of rejecting the original offer. If the offeree sends a counteroffer, the original offer becomes invalid, and the contract cannot be created unless the offeror accepts the counteroffer.
According to the case study, Graham offered to sell the Nike shoes for £200, and Claire responded on Sunday, stating that the shoes would be perfect for her upcoming race, but she would only be willing to pay up to £180. Claire's response is not an acceptance but a counteroffer.
Claire's counteroffer was revoked before Graham accepted it. Claire bought a pair of the exact same shoes from the manufacturer's online sale for £185 while Graham was waiting for a reply.
Claire's purchase of a pair of shoes from the manufacturer's online sale for £185 demonstrates her unwillingness to pay more than £185 for the shoes. Claire's email rejecting Graham's offer to sell can be interpreted as a statement made during price negotiation.
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Suppose a firm projects a $4 million perpetuity from an investment of $18 million in Spain. If the required return on this investment is 17%, how large does the probability of expropriation in year 4 have to be before the investment has a negative NPV? Assume that all cash inflows occur at the end of the year and that the expropriation, if it occurs, will occur just before the year 4 cash inflow or not at all (that is, you only receive 3 cash inflows if expropriation occurs). There is no compensation in the event of expropriation.
The net present value (NPV) of an investment is the difference between its present value and its initial cost. To determine if an investment is profitable, an investor would compare its NPV to zero. If NPV is greater than zero, the investment is profitable, whereas if NPV is less than zero, the investment is not profitable.
In this problem, we are supposed to find the probability of expropriation in year 4 that would result in a negative NPV for the investment.
Let's find the NPV of this investment.Using the perpetuity formula: PV = CF / r,
where CF is the cash flow and r is the required rate of return on the investment.
Here, the perpetuity is $4 million, so:
PV = $4 million / 0.17= $23.53 million
So, the present value of the perpetuity of $4 million per year is $23.53 million, and this is what the investment is worth today.
Now, let's consider the probability of expropriation in year 4. If there is no expropriation, the perpetuity will continue indefinitely and the cash flows will remain at $4 million per year. However, if expropriation occurs, there will only be three cash flows of $4 million each. Therefore, the present value of the investment will be different depending on whether expropriation occurs or not.
Let's find the present value of the cash inflows if there is no expropriation.Using the formula for present value of a perpetuity:
PV of perpetuity = CF / r= $4 million / 0.17= $23.53 million
We already found this when we calculated the NPV above.Now, let's find the present value of the cash inflows if there is expropriation in year 4. There will be three cash inflows of $4 million each, occurring at the end of years 1, 2, and 3.
Using the formula for present value of a lump sum:
PV of lump sum = CF / (1 + r)^n,
where n is the number of years
PV of cash inflow at end of year [tex]1 = $4 million / (1 + 0.17)^1= $3.42 million[/tex]
PV of cash inflow at end of year [tex]2 = $4 million / (1 + 0.17)^2= $2.92 million[/tex]
PV of cash inflow at end of year [tex]3 = $4 million / (1 + 0.17)^3= $2.50 million[/tex]
Total PV of cash inflows if expropriation occurs = $3.42 million + $2.92 million + $2.50 million= $8.84 million
Now, let's consider the probability of expropriation in year 4. If expropriation occurs, the investor will receive the lump sum of $8.84 million at the end of year 3, but will not receive the perpetuity of $4 million per year after that. Therefore, we need to find the probability of expropriation that would cause the NPV of the investment to be negative, assuming that the investor receives the lump sum of $8.84 million at the end of year 3.
The NPV of the investment would be:
[tex]NPV = - $18 million + $8.84 million / (1 + 0.17)^3= - $18 million + $6.56 million= - $11.44 million[/tex]
The NPV is negative, which means the investment is not profitable. Therefore, we need to find the probability of expropriation that would cause the NPV to be less than or equal to zero.
We can use the following formula to find the probability of expropriation:
P(expropriation) x PV of cash inflows if expropriation occurs - PV of cash inflows if no expropriation = 0
P(expropriation) x $8.84 million - $23.53 million = 0
P(expropriation) = $23.53 million / $8.84 million= 2.66
Therefore, the probability of expropriation in year 4 required for negative NPV is 266%.
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