Chromatid is the name for one of the two identical sister pieces of a duplicated chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.
Our chromosomes, which contain the genetic material that defines who we are, must be copied during cell replication and sent to each of the new cells. To maintain the proper number of chromosomes in each cell, these chromosome copies, called chromatids, have a unique structure connecting the two that permits meticulous separation into new daughter cells.
One of a chromosome's two identical halves that has undergone replication in order to facilitate cell division is referred to as a chromatid. The two "sister" chromatids are joined together by the centromere, a constricted region of the chromosome. Spindle fibers connected to the centromere pull sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell during cell division. The cell then splits into two daughter cells with identical DNA very quickly.
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the iris if the eye can have many colors, including brown, blue, green and hazel. how do you think polygenic inheritance explain why many iris colors are possible
The iris of the human eye can have many colors because this trait is controlled by polygenic inheritance. Polygenic traits are phenotypic traits controlled by two or more genes that have a subtle effect on trait variation.
Eye color follows a polygenic pattern of inheritance. Humans recognize nine eye colors. Expression of the eye color phenotype is controlled by two major genes and 14 additional genes associated with the X chromosome. Different combinations of these alleles produce different eye colors. Eye color is directly related to the amount of melanin in the anterior layer of the iris. Brown-eyed people have a lot of melanin in their irises, while blue-eyed people have much less of this pigment.
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plasma accounts for about ________ percent of the total volume of whole blood.
Plasma accounts for about 55 percent of the total volume of whole blood.
Plasma constitutes 55% of total blood volume. Composed of 90% water, salts, lipids, and hormones, it is especially rich in proteins (including its main protein albumin), immunoglobulins, clotting factors, and fibrinogen.
Plasma performs several functions: transporting blood cells and nutrients; regulating the body’s water and mineral salts; irrigating tissues; providing a defense against infections; and coagulating blood.
The albumin contained in plasma prevents the blood from losing too much water and consistency as it travels through the narrow, water-permeable blood vessels (capillaries). Albumin transports various blood components and nutrients. The immunoglobulins also contained in plasma are antibodies that, along with white blood cells, play an important role in fighting against pathogens. Clotting factors, in combination with platelets, control hemorrhaging.
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which description is the best definition of a single nucleotide polymorphism, or snp? any variation in a single dna base between two individuals any variation in the sequence of genes that alters the morphology of an organism an rna protein in the spliceosome that marks where introns get excised during splicing events an artificially induced mutation in a protein coding region of the genome
The most accurate description of a snp, or single nucleotide polymorphism any difference in a single DNA nucleotide between two people.
Which of the following definitions most accurately describes a single nucleotide polymorphism, or snp?A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a variation in a single DNA base between two individuals.SNPs are the most common type of genetic variation and can occur in any location within a gene or the non-coding regions of the genome.SNPs are often used to study genetic differences between individuals or populations and to identify potential genetic risk factors for diseases.SNPs can result from both naturally occurring events and artificially induced mutations.When a SNP occurs in a protein coding region of the genome, it can have an effect on the function of the protein, which in turn can affect the phenotype of the organism.SNPs can also be used to trace ancestry and to identify populations that share a common evolutionary history.SNP data can be used to study the evolution and population structure of a species, as well as to identify potential gene-environment interactions.To learn more about single nucleotide polymorphism, or snp refer to:
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the only large expanses of old-growth forest remaining in the united states, most of them owned by the federal government, are found in which region?
The Pacific Northwest is home to the only significant remaining areas of old-growth forest in the country, the majority of which are held by the federal government.
The Amazon & Congo River Basins' humid tropical regions include the greatest continuous areas of surviving forests. Besides the Middle East, that also holds upwards of two-thirds of the world's natural gas reserves and nearly two-thirds of the world's oil reserves, all significant geographic locations of the world have coal. The Pacific Northwest is home to the only significant remaining areas of old-growth forest in the country, the majority of which are held by the federal government.The biggest complete coastal tropical wet forest is located in southeast Alaska's Tongass National Forest. This exceptional region, which spans almost 17 million acres, contains a few of the oldest trees in the country—many of which are more than 800 years old—and is home to the world's greatest population of bald eagles
(105. The only large expanses of old-growth forest remaining in the United States, most of them owned by the federal government, are found in which region? (12.6)
a) New England c) Rocky Mountains
b) Deep South d) Pacific Northwest)
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Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes like E. coli would most likely serve an organism's survival by __
a. blocking all gene expression b. allowing every gene to be expressed an equal number of times c. allowing an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions like the presence of certain nutrients like sugars d. allowing environmental changes to alter a prokaryote's genome Describe the difference between a repressible operon and an inducible operon. Give an example of either type of operon and describe the mechanism by which the operon responds to an environmental cue.
Answer:
by c. allowing an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions like the presence of certain nutrients like sugars.
Explanation:
A repressible operon is an operon that is normally active, but can be turned off in response to a specific signal. An example of a repressible operon is the trp operon in E. coli, which is responsible for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. This operon is normally active, but can be turned off when tryptophan is present in the environment. This is achieved through a repressor protein that binds to a specific site on the DNA, preventing the operon from being transcribed.
An inducible operon is an operon that is normally inactive, but can be turned on in response to a specific signal. An example of an inducible operon is the lac operon in E. coli, which is responsible for the metabolism of lactose. This operon is normally inactive, but can be turned on when lactose is present in the environment. This is achieved through the binding of a specific protein called the lac repressor to the operator site on the DNA, which prevents the operon from being transcribed. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor protein and causes a conformational change, releasing the repressor protein from the operator site, allowing the operon to be transcribed.
In summary, the repressible operon is normally active but can be turned off in response to a specific signal. The inducible operon is normally inactive but can be turned on in response to a specific signal. The mechanism by which the operon responds to an environmental cue is through the binding of a specific protein, the repressor protein, to the operator site on the DNA.
a cell is said to be in which state when it has an equal movement of molecules into and out of cell
The cell is said to be at an equilibrium state when it has an equal movement of molecules into and out of the cell.
At equilibrium, the movement of motes continues, but because there's no attention grade, there's no net movement in any particular direction. However, its patches will tend to move toward the area where it's less concentrated until equilibrium is reached If the substance can cross the cell membrane.
At that point, the attention of the substance on both sides of the cell membrane will be the same. Prolixity is the movement of any substance from an area of high attention into an area of low attention.
Ultimately, the solute will fully disconnect from its concentrated form and spread out unevenly within the detergent. At this point, the solute has reached equilibrium within the detergent.
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The map shows the distribution of wild boars in the United States. Wild boars are an invasive species to the United States. Which of these facts about wild boars is best supported by the evidence provided?
The right answer to this question is option D. Wild boars have a high reproductive rate and no natural predators.
What is known is that for a population to spread, such as the boars, it must be well suited to its surroundings, which the boars are extremely good at since they have a highly diverse food, a very high reproduction rate, and no natural predators, as stated in the question.
Humans are their only threat right now since they are where they are. With all of these features, this species can rapidly adjust to variations in weather. They can adapt successfully to different habitats owing to natural selection since they have a high reproduction rate.
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Full Question: The map shows the distribution of wild boars in the United States. Wild boars are an invasive species to the United States
Which of these facts about wild boars is best supported by the evidence provided?
A) Wild boars were brought to the United States by humans.
B) Wild boars have quickly spread through the United States.
C) Wild boars have established successfully in areas with warm climates.
D) Wild boars have a high reproductive rate and no natural predators
Is natural selection a stabilizing factor?
Answer:
Stabilizing selection in evolution is a type of natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population.
hesi rn case study coronary artery disease while taking the prescribes antihyperlipidemic, which serum labratory value requires intervention
If you have symptoms of coronary heart disease, your doctor may prescribe tests to determine whether you have the illness.
Your doctor will also most likely prescribe blood tests to look for inflammation-related levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, sugar, lipoproteins, or proteins.
Provide a list of local smoking cessation programs to the client. Angiography of the Coronary Artery Coronary angiography, commonly known as cardiac catheterization, is a minimally invasive procedure that is widely used to diagnose coronary artery disease.
Modifiable risk factors include the following: smoking diabetes physical inactivity high blood pressure Being overweight results in high blood cholesterol.
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asking questions and determining the cause for phenomena are at the heart of what many scientists do. in this study, which question below best represents the scientific question asked by the researchers?
Scientists are constantly seeking to understand the natural world and the phenomena that occur within it.
One of the primary ways they do this is by asking questions and trying to find answers. This process begins with formulating a hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Scientists then come up with experiments and collect data to test their hypothesis and see if the evidence supports it or not.
Asking questions and then determining the cause of phenomena is important because it allows scientists to make predictions about future events and develop new technologies and treatments. Both are crucial parts of the scientific process. It helps scientists to better understand the natural world and to develop new technologies and treatments that can improve human life.
The answer is based on general knowledge, as no context is provided.
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Through there are three different types of lipids with three different functions, they are collectively grouped because of one particular property. What is that property?
Though there are three different types of lipids with three different functions they are collectively grouped because of one particular property based on the absence of their mix with water.
What is the lipid class of biomolecules?The lipid class of biomolecules is a heterogeneous group of organic molecules that are characterized to have repulsion for water, i.e. they are hydrophobic and therefore do not mix with water.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the lipid class of biomolecules is based on the fact that these organic molecules cannot be mixed with water molecules.
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which type of rna is transcribed from dna to carry a message?
Answer:
Explanation:
RNA is transcribed from DNA to transmit a message. RNA is a nucleic acid that is used to transmit the information contained in DNA genes through protein synthesis. The transcription process is the first stage of gene expression. During transcription, an RNA polymerase molecule binds to a DNA molecule and copies the sequence of nucleotides from a specific gene to produce a complementary RNA molecule.
There are three types of RNA that are produced from DNA transcription: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA is the type of RNA that is used to transmit genetic information through protein synthesis. rRNA is the type of RNA that is used in protein synthesis, and tRNA is the type of RNA that is used to transport amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
you're studying a population of an endangered wildcat in india. this population has been hunted aggressively, but there was also a rumor that the remaining ones are heavily inbred. you sample all 500 remaining cats to look for evidence of inbreeding and get the following genotypes: aa: 31, aa: 188, aa: 281 what do you conclude?
We conclude that the cats are not detectably inbred when studying about the population of an endangered wildcat in India.
Signs of immoderate inbreeding encompass ordinary small clutter sizes (one or kittens), crooked noses, misaligned jaws, extraordinary eye set and asymmetry. Male and ladies might also additionally revel in low fertility and most cancers is greater not unusualplace in more youthful cats.
Inbreeding is the mating collectively of intently associated cats, as an instance mother/son, father/daughter, sibling/sibling matings and half-sibling/half-sibling. It is the pairing of animals which might be greater intently associated than the common population.
In the wild, there'll constantly be a few diploma of inbreeding when you consider that cats will obviously breed with their near loved ones if they arrive into touch with every different while the girl is in heat. Therefore, a few diploma of inbreeding is natural.
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The Best Park
of my
Christmas Holiday...
Include detail on that you did, the place you
went and who you share the experience with.
The best park of my Christmas holiday was visiting the National Zoo in Washington, DC. I spent the day with my family exploring the zoo, seeing all of the animals, and learning about conservation efforts.
Other details of my Christmas holiday:We arrived early in the morning and were among the first to enter the gates. We made our way through the park, making sure to take in all the sights and sounds. We saw elephants, giraffes, rhinos, lions, and many more animals. We also visited the Reptile House, the Great Ape House, and the Children's Zoo, which was a great experience for the younger members of our group.
The day was filled with laughter and learning as we explored the zoo. We took plenty of pictures and made lots of memories. We also stopped by the gift shop to pick up souvenirs like stuffed animals, t-shirts, and postcards. By the end of the day, we were all exhausted but happy.
The National Zoo was the perfect place to spend part of my Christmas holiday. It was a great way for my family to have fun, learn, and make memories together.
Why is Christmas the best holiday paragraph?Christmas is the best holiday because it is a time of joy, love, and celebration. It is the season when we come together to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, which is a reminder of the gift of love and peace.
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when an individual is born with a certain genetic predisposition or inherited characteristic. it is known as:
Individual when born with a certain genetic predisposition or inherited characteristic. it is known as congenital.
Congenital condition is seen when an individual is born with a certain genetic predisposition or inherited characteristic. Genetic predisposition is termed as an increased chances of forming a specific kind of disease based on a person's genetic makeup. A genetic predisposition often end to from definite genetic variations that are often inherited from a parent.
illnesses related to a genetic predisposition include certain cancers, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, asthma, celiac disease. While Researchers have also linked many mental illnesses like , autism to Genetic predisposition .
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Biologists measure the length of a tagged sea turtle. They learn that the turtle is 2.3 cm longer than the last time it was measured. Where did the sea turtle get the nutrients it needed to grow?
A. from the jellyfish it ate
B. from sunlight it absorbed
C. from the oxygen it breathed
D. from nutrients it absorbed from the water
The correct option (A) from the jellyfish it ate.
Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes known as sea turtles, are reptiles belonging to the order Testudines and the suborder Cryptodira.
The flatback, green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, and olive ridley sea turtles are the seven extant sea turtle species.Under the Endangered Species Act, all six sea turtle species present in US waters (excluding the flatback) are designated as endangered or vulnerable.
The flatback sea turtle is the seventh sea turtle species, found in the oceans of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia. Sea turtles are classified as either hard-shelled (cheloniid) or leathery-shelled (dermochelyid)
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13) List three things entering the sheet in Model 2.
1)
two)
3)
14) List three substances that come out of the leaf.
1)
two)
3)
15) What substance is going in and out?
16) Veins are important structures that transport materials through the sheet. Describe the central vein on the leaf diagram.
17) How is the substance you identified in Question 15 changed between your entry and exit?
Use the general equation for photosynthesis and Model 2 to answer the following questions.
18a) What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
18b) Where do these reagents enter the leaf?
18c) What are the products of photosynthesis?
18d) Where do leaf products come from?
help me please
Water and carbon dioxide are really the reactants in photosynthesis. We now know that for plants to create food, they require water and carbon dioxide (CO2).
What does photosynthesis entail?Photosynthesis is the process through which plants turn co2 from the atmosphere, water, and sunlight into oxygen & sugar-based electricity. Transmittance, electron transport, ATP production, as well as nitrogen fixation are the four phases of photosynthesis.
What is the main function of photosynthesis?The primary function of photosystems is to convert solar energy into metabolic energy that is then stored for use at a later time. The biological systems on the planet largely receive energy from this method. It is not extremely effective by the framework of ethics engineering, but it does the job.
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Connective tissue ensheathing a bundle of muscle cells: _________
Connective tissue ensheathing a bundle of muscle cells are called as fascicle which are surrounded by perimysium and differ from nerve fascicle.
Muscle cells form muscle fascicles by enveloping perimysium connective tissue. Fascicles are held together by epimysium connective tissue. [1] Muscle fascicles typically contain only one type of muscle cell (either type I or type II fibers), but they can contain a mixture of both types.
Specialized cardiac muscle cells in the heart transmit electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node (AV node) to the Purkinje fibers - fascicles, also known as bundle branches. These begin as a single fascicle of fibers at the AV node called the bundle of His, which then divides into three bundle branches: the right fascicular branch, the left anterior fascicular branch, and the left posterior fascicular branch.
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the structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters
Answer: Axon Terminals
how long does it take for a broken collarbone to heal
While it is possible for a broken collarbone to take longer, the typical recovery time for people is between 6 and 8 weeks. Usually, it takes 3 to 6 weeks for children to recover from an injury. To get your shoulder back to full strength, though, it will take at least that long again.
Broken collarbones are a regular accident. The collarbone, also called the clavicle, joins the breastbone to the shoulder blade. Sports, falls, and auto accidents are common causes of broken collarbones. While giving birth, babies can break their collarbones.
If you have a broken collarbone, get medical attention right away. Most injuries recover quickly with ice, painkillers, a sling, physical therapy, and time. For some breaks, surgery may be necessary to insert plates, screws, or rods into the bone to keep the fragments together while the bone heals.
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The capacity of a brain area to reorganize in response to damage is known as brain ____ a. hemispherectomy b. cognitive neural prosthetics. c. plasticity. d. lateralization
The capacity of a brain area to reorganize in response to damage is known as brain plasticity. Option C is correct.
Brain plasticity, also called as neuroplasticity, is the biological, chemical, as well as physical capacity for the brain to reorganize its structure and its function.
Neuroplasticity occurs as a result of learning, experience as well as memory formation, or as a result of damage to the brain.
Plasticity allows the brain to cope better with the indirect effects of brain damage resulting from an inadequate blood supply following a stroke. Fundamentally, the nervous system will needs to rearrange itself in order to adapt to the unfolding situation that it faces. The genes program of the body to have neuroplasticity so that animals can survive in an unpredictable environments.
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the spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. the feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. the spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. the range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the united states. which of the following best describes the spotted lanternfly in the united states? responses the spotted lanternfly is a k-selected and invasive species. the spotted lanternfly is a k -selected and invasive species. the spotted lanternfly is a k-selected and endangered species. the spotted lanternfly is a k -selected and endangered species. the spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and invasive species. the spotted lanternfly is an r -selected and invasive species. the spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and endangered species.
The correct response to the question is that spotted lanternfly is K selected and invasive species.
It is possible to infer that the spotted lanternfly is invasive and K-selected from the description.
Organisms are classified as being r-selected or K-selected based on the trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring. Compared to r-selected species, K-selected species have fewer progeny.
We can infer that lanternflies are K-selected because they only reproduce once during their lifetime.
Additionally, the spotted lanternfly is invasive because of the harm they do to local plant species, which causes those species to become endangered.
Consequently, the spotted lanternfly is invasive and K-selected.
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Independent assortment and genetic variation
Consider a diploid cell where 2n = 6. During metaphase I of meiosis, as the pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, each pair may orient with its maternal or paternal homolog closer to a given pole. There are four equally probable arrangements of the homologous pairs at metaphase I. (Note that this problem assumes that no crossing over has occurred.)
The cells below show the eight possible combinations of chromosomes that the daughter cells of meiosis II can receive.
Sort each daughter cell into the appropriate bin depending on which arrangement at metaphase I would create it.
The first daughter cell can receive either the maternal chromosomes or the paternal chromosomes, and the second daughter cell can receive the other set.
During metaphase, I of meiosis, the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. Depending on which homolog is closer to the pole, there are four arrangements of the homologous pairs.
During anaphase I, the homologous pairs separate and go their own way to the opposite poles. As a result, each daughter cell receives a combination of either the maternal chromosomes or the paternal chromosomes.
This arrangement is called the independent assortment and it results in genetic variation among the daughter cells. If a single homolog is passed to each daughter cell, the genetic variation would be reduced. Therefore, the independent assortment is important in creating genetic variation in the daughter cells.
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Turn these answers into two paragraphs. (5-8 sentences each)
Thank you! >_<
What are GMOs used for?
To give plants and animals the desired traits for a specific purpose.
Plants-Grow faster, taste better
Animals-Specific breeds, laboratory research, human consumption(Matured faster)
Where can you find organisms that are GMOs?
Produce section in stores
In addition to tasting better, genetically modified crops have higher yields, a longer shelf life, are resistant to pests and diseases, and are longer lasting.
What did you find most interesting?
Something I found interesting was how sometimes genes from one organism could be inserted into an entirely different one. The endless amounts of mixed results this can cause is fascinating. Another thing I found interesting was how GMO’s are used in around 90% of some of our everyday produce.
Do you think there is a benefit to using GMOs?
I do think there is a benefit to using GMOs because there is so much that they already do for us. Though there are risks, there are still ways to improve them. GMOs help our society, research, and food markets.
What did you learn?
I learned that GMO’s can be used to improve health, maturity, taste, and durability.
Today's GMO crops were primarily created to aid farmers in weed management, crop loss prevention, and food preservation. The following are the top three characteristics of GMO crops: resistance to several harmful insects.
What is GMO?GMOs are frequently employed in medications and scientific research in addition to food.
Microorganisms including bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and humans are just a few examples of the organisms that have undergone genetic modification.
Currently, GMOs make up over 90% of the corn, soybeans, and sugar beets available for sale.
GMOs can boost agricultural output and nutritional content in comparison to organic crops, requiring less space and other resources to produce our food.
GMOs shield crops from pests, boosting productivity and reducing the need for crop protection agents.
More nutrient-dense food is one of the potential advantages of genetic engineering. tastier food plants that can withstand disease and drought and use fewer resources from the environment (such as water and fertilizer).
Thus, these all can be inferred regarding GMOs.
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suppose you compared the nucleotide sequences of the distal control elements in the enhancers of three genes that are expressed only in muscle cells. what would you expect to find? why?
We would expect to find that the regulation elements of the enhancers for the three genes should share some sequence similarities or be identical.
Why would you expect to find mentioned above in respect to asked statement?Due to this commonality, the enhancers of all three genes may bind to the same distinct transcription factors, which would then coordinately boost their expression.What do you mean by Gene Enhancers?Basically the Gene enhancers are DNA-regulatory components that increase the transcription of a gene or genes more than would occur without them. By generating chromatin loops, these components work distantly to bring the enhancer and target gene close together.
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Some monkey flowers (Mimulus guttatus) living near the sites of copper mines can grow in soil containing high concentrations of copper, which is toxic to most plants. Copper tolerance is a heritable trait.The map below shows the area near an old copper mine, which contaminated the nearby soil with copper. A stream flows past the mine toward the lake at the bottom right of the map.Use the map to determine which of the statements below are true.Select the three statements that are true.
The three statements that are true are
(C) The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants.
(E) Natural selection favors copper tolerance in all soils near the old mine, not only in the contaminated soils.
(F) Copper-tolerant plants are found only in contaminated soils.
It's important to note that statement (A) is not true, as copper tolerance is a heritable trait, meaning it is passed down from parent plants to their offspring. It is likely that the population of monkey flowers near the copper mines already included individuals with varying levels of copper tolerance before the mining took place. Statement (B) is also not true, it is unlikely that nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. And statement (D) is not true; you would not expect nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake to be copper tolerant, as the lake shore soil is not contaminated with copper
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Which BEST describes
facilitated diffusion?
A. Facilitated transport SOMETIMES
requires energy.
B. Facilitated transport requires A LOT of
energy.
C. Facilitated transport requires MORE
energy than active transport.
D. Facilitated transport DOES NOT require
any energy.
Answer:
D. Facilitated transport DOES NOT require any energy.
Explanation:
b/c DOES NOT require any energy.
which cell process moves substances against a concentration gradient
Substances move during active transport in the opposite direction of the concentration gradient, from a low concentration to a high concentration.
When there is a difference in particle concentration between two areas, this is known as a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport. Proteins are used to aid transport in both assisted diffusion and active transport. However, active transport moves chemicals from low-concentration locations to high-concentration areas, working against the concentration gradient. They use various proteins, which is another difference.
Instead of channel proteins, carrier proteins are used in active transport. Since these carrier proteins require ATP to change shape, they differ from those seen in facilitated diffusion. The fact that chemicals can only pass through channel proteins along the concentration gradient prevents them from being utilized in active transport.
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3) which statement about the complement system is true? a) these proteins are involved in innate immunity and not acquired immunity. b) these proteins are secreted by cytotoxic t cells and other cd8 cells. c) this group of proteins includes interferons and interleukins. d) these proteins are one group of antimicrobial proteins acting together in cascade fashion. e) these proteins act individually to attack and lyse microbes.
Option D that is these proteins are one group of antimicrobial proteins acting together in cascade fashion about the complement system is true.
What is antimicrobial proteins?Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) are a varied family of naturally occurring chemicals generated by all multicellular organisms as a first line of defense. These proteins have the potential to destroy bacteria, yeasts, fungus, viruses, and potentially cancer cells. Human host defense antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) serve an important role in warding off invading microbial infections as crucial components of innate immunity. AMPs can also perform various biological roles such apoptosis, wound healing, and immunological regulation. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are ancient components of host defense that help neutrophils destroy intraphagosomes and are produced into extracellular fluids by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces and in the skin (Wiesner and Vilcinskas, 2010).
Here,
Option D that is True, these proteins are one set of antimicrobial proteins that work in a cascade way on the complement system.
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Which of these energy sources is increasing its relative share of the global energy supply by the most since 2015?a. renewables b. nuclear c. coal d. oil
Renewables (a) have been increasing their relative share of the global energy supply the most since 2015.
What are renewables?
Renewables are energy sources that are replenished naturally and do not deplete finite resources. They are considered to be sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
The use of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, has been growing rapidly in recent years due to a combination of declining costs, technological advancements, and increasing concern about climate change.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the share of renewables in global power generation increased from 24% in 2015 to 30% in 2020. During the same period, the use of coal (c) decreased from 38% to 27%, while the use of oil (d) remained relatively stable at around 25%. The share of nuclear energy (b) also remained relatively stable, hovering around 5-6%.
The trend towards increased use of renewables is expected to continue in the coming years, with many countries setting targets to transition to 100% renewable energy in the coming decades.
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