A single, extraordinarily long DNA molecule that has a linear array of several genes makes up a chromosome.
Explain about the DNA structure?The structure of DNA is a double helix, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder. Deoxyribose and phosphate groups alternately form the backbone of each strand. One of the four bases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine—is joined to each sugar (T).
It has the knowledge necessary to produce proteins, another type of large molecule. These instructions are spread out among 46 big, drawn-out things inside each of your cells that are called chromosomes. These chromosomes are composed of several smaller pieces of DNA, called genes.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and consist of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar).
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Muscles have a bunch of nuclei because they need to use the dna in the nuclei to make the large number of proteins that they must contain, so that they can relax and contract. What other organelle might muscles need a larger than normal number of?.
Multinucleation is one mechanism adopted by cells to generate and sustain large muscle cell sizes.
Muscle cells are one of the most important mobile kinds, which are fashioned via the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts and contain up to numerous tens of invertebrates to several hundred vertebrates nuclei.
Skeletal muscle cells are long, cylindrical, and striated. they're multi-nucleated which means that they have got multiple nuclei. that is due to the fact they are formed from the fusion of embryonic myoblasts. each nucleus regulates the metabolic necessities of the sarcoplasm around it.
Few cells such as the skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated cells due to the fact after the system of mitosis, cell division in them stops and the cell does not undergo cytokinesis, as a result generating a couple of nuclei. at some point in most cancers or viral sicknesses, the cellular cycle of those cells will become unregulated.
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where can translation occur in a cell? group of answer choices peroxisome nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus
In general, translation can occur in any organelle or region of a cell where ribosomes are present. However, most translation occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically in regions near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus.
This is because these organelles are involved in the production and modification of proteins, respectively, and many newly-synthesized proteins are destined for these organelles. In addition, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi are both rich in the nutrients and cofactors required for protein synthesis.
Translation is the process of converting the information in a nucleic acid sequence into a protein. It occurs in the nucleus, where the DNA is transcribed into RNA. The RNA is then exported to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into proteins.
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Please help! Which statement correctly describes the history of environmental science?
A. The scientific method and other tools discouraged advancements in environmental science
B. Environmental science was always based in rigorous science as opposed to myth or magic
C. Environmental scientist now call themselves "naturalists", as they study natural phenomena
D. Environmental science's focus shifted from studying Earth's systems to studying the effects of human activities on the environment
Answer:D
Explanation:
I just did the test and was correct
Environmental science's focus shifted from studying Earth's systems to studying the effects of human activities on the environment is correctly describes the history of Environmental science.
What is Environmental science?In order to study the environment and find solutions to environmental issues, environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that combines physics, biology, and geography (including ecology, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography, and atmospheric science).
During the Age of Enlightenment, environmental science developed from the disciplines of natural history and medicine. Today, it offers an interdisciplinary, integrated, quantitative approach to the study of environmental systems.
More social sciences are incorporated into environmental studies in order to better understand human interactions, viewpoints, and environmental policy. Engineering for increasing environmental quality in all areas is the emphasis of environmental design.
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Which sentence describes a result of an organism having lipids in its body?
Answer:
the correct option is be a walrus stays warm in the cold ocean.
Explanation:
Hello, everyone in this weekend we are being asked which of the following is most likely the result of an organism having lipids in its body. So basically walruses have blubber on their bodies to keep them warm in the cold arctic ocean.
Zonation in aquatic zones includes all of the following except the ________ zone.
Zonation in aquatic zones includes all except the detritus zone.
Zonation can be defines as the distribution of a biome into different zones according to the distribution and variety of species present on that area. In aquatic area, the zones are classified as: Littoral Zone, Limnetic Zone, Profundal Zone, Euphotic Zone, and Benthic Zone.
Detritus zone is the one where the detritivores are found. The detritovores are the organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic matter of plants and animals. Detritivores are present in the littoral zone. However since it is buried deep down on the earth. it is not directly the part of aquatic zones.
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If the main features and contours of the ocean floor were fully mapped, scientists would
be better able to study and understand wave refraction. What is the MOST likely reason
that this is the case?
A:Refracted waves can turn into whirlpools far above ocean basins.
B:Waves curve more tightly around sunken objects like shipwrecks.
C:Waves slow and change direction due to friction with the seabed.
D:Refraction occurs most frequently over ocean trenches or valleys.
The option (D) is correct. Refraction occurs most frequently over ocean trenches or valleys.
What do you mean by refraction?Refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another. The redirection can be caused by the wave's change in speed or by a change in the medium.
Moreover, light waves change speed when they pass across the boundary between two substances with a different density , such as air and glass. This causes them to change direction.
Therefore, the bending of light (it also happens with sound, water and other waves) as it passes from one transparent substance into another. This bending by refraction makes it possible for us to have lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms and rainbows. Even our eyes depend upon this bending of light.
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in lab you will be using different antisera to make observations about the abo blood system . what antibodies are in antiserum a?
Anti-A is contained in antiserum A.
What is ABO blood type?The AB0 typing test is used to find your blood type. Antibodies against type A and B blood are in combination with a blood sample. The selection is then examined to analyze if the blood cells are sticking together. When the blood reacts with one of the antibodies, the blood cells stick together.
Anti-A, anti-B and anti-A,B reagents are used for the determination of ABO blood group red blood cells. They are used to determine the presence or absence of erythrocyte antigens A and/or B on the surface of human erythrocytes.
Cells have protein molecules called antigens. When an antigen is foreign to the body it responds by producing antibodies against that antigen.
If red blood cells contain antigen A, the body is more likely to have anti-A antibodies than antibody B.
Therefore, the antibodies present in antiserum a are anti-A
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After the geologic event, which layer is the oldest?
layer A
layer B
layer C
layer D
Answer: It's A
Explanation:
Individuals have two alleles for each gene, and when gametes form by meiosis, the two alleles.
In meiosis, each gamete receives one allele according to the law of segregation.
What is the law of segregation?Each gamete inherits one allele from each parent for each gene, in accordance with the Law of Segregation.
The gamete acquires one copy of each allele from each parent after each parent's two copies of each allele are split apart during meiosis (for a total of two alleles).
Therefore due to the law of segregation one gamete receives only one allele according to the law of segregation.
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When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer. The best explanation for this is that _____.
When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the bilayer middle. The best explanation for this is that when membrane surfaces are frozen, hydrophilic connections between them might be lost.
Phosphate and lipid molecules are arranged in a two-layered arrangement that makes up the phospholipid bilayer. The hydrophobic lipid ends of this cell membrane point inward, whereas the hydrophilic phosphate ends point outward. Since the hydrophobic interactions are weakest in the middle, they will break here at freezing temperatures. A membrane's bilayer splits in half between its two phospholipid layers when it is freeze-fractured.
Integral proteins are the bumps seen on the membrane's cracked surface in an electron micrograph of a membrane that has been frozen. The phospholipid bilayer is broken in half using the freeze-fracture technique.
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A cell in a multicellular organism receives a signal to increase production of a transmembrane protein found in the cell membrane. Which of the following combinations of structures is expected to be directly involved in the process?
a) Nucleus, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, ribosome
b) Nucleus, ribosome, ER, Golgi complex
c) Lysosome, mitochondria, Golgi complex, cytoskeleton
d) Chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosome
I know that c is wrong, but could someone help explain which is the right one and why c is wrong?
Answer:
b) Nucleus, ribosome, ER, Golgi complex
Explanation:
"B" is correct because, with protein production, DNA must first be transcripted to RNA in the nucleus, then the RNA travels to a ribosome at the ER to start translation (RNA to amino acid sequence). Finally, it is sent to the Golgi complex to be further processed and/or sorted to be transported to its destination (in this case, it will be sorted to be transported to the cell membrane).
"C" is incorrect: the mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and lysosome do not play a direct role in protein synthesis.
The cytoskeleton is primarily involved with maintaining the structure of the cell along with spindle development in mitosis.The mitochondrion is "the powerhouse of the cell" and is mainly involved with cellular respiration: the process of converting glucose to energy (ATP).Lysosomes' typical function is to break down excess/worn-out organelles and to kill pathogens. Lysosomes have been hypothesized to be part of protein synthesis; however, it has not been confirmed yet.flying squirrels and sugar gliders both have extra flaps of skin that allow them to glide from tree to tree. these two groups are not closely related. the trait of extra flaps of skin are an example of .
The extra flaps of skin are an example of Convergent evolution.
What is Convergent evolution?
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of capabilities which might be comparable in species spanning over exclusive eras. Convergent evolution produces analogous systems having comparable features or forms.
However, they're now no longer visible withinside the last common ancestor of these units.
These structures do not reflect homology, even though they are analogous. There are similarities in the phenotypic level, where apparent characteristics are shared by lineages. The implicit DNA sequences, however, vary.
Convergent evolution occurs when species take similar ecological niches, where they accommodate in a kind of similar manner by responding to selective pressures that are similar.
Characteristics coming via Convergent evolution are called 'analogous structures'.
Therefore, the extra flaps of skin in both flying squirrels and sugar gliders are an example of Convergent evolution.
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categorize each cell type as haploid or diploid.
Somatic Cell
Zygote
Germ Cell
Sperm cell
Gamete
Egg cell
Diploid
Haploid
Somatic cells and zygote are diploid whereas germ cell, sperm cell, gamete, egg cell are all haploid.
What are diploid and haploid cells?A cell with a single set of chromosomes is called haploid. The number of chromosomes in sperm or egg cells, often known as gametes, is also referred to as haploid. In humans, gametes are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes—one of each chromosomal pair found in diplod cells—and are hence haploid.
Human somatic cells are diploid, meaning they have 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. A diploid cell is one that has two copies of each chromosome.
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Why is the the ability of glucose to affect transcription of the lac operon an advantage for the bacterial cell?.
The ability of glucose to affect the transcription of the lac operon is an advantage for the bacterial cell because glucose is the preferred sugar for the bacteria.
The lactose operon is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria.
In the lactose operon of Escherichia coli, the final targets of glucose are the lac repressor and the positive regulator, the complex of the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and cAMP. First, glucose prevents the entry of the inducer into the cell, resulting in an increase in the concentration of the inducer-free lac repressor.
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Who created the Declaration of Independence
answer : thomas jefferson
Answer:
Thomas Jefferson is considered the primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
Explanation:
Have a nice day^^
Which is the result of smooth endoplasmic reticulum being damaged in liver cells by excess alcohol consumption?.
The result of smooth endoplasmic reticulum being damaged in liver cells by excess alcohol consumption is the inability to detoxify harmful substances.
What is endoplasmic reticulum?
Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubular membranes that are present in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum has two forms: one has a ribosomal surface (rough endoplasmic reticulum), and the other has a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum).
These membranes join the outer layer of the nuclear membrane after forming continuous folds.
The endoplasmic reticulum is observed in every type of eukaryotic cell except red blood cells and sperm cells.
Therefore, the result of smooth endoplasmic reticulum being damaged in liver cells by excess alcohol consumption is the inability to detoxify harmful substances.
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Specific cyclins must be expressed to carry out the events of the cell cycle. What is the role of rna polymerase in this process?.
RNA polymerase is responsible for the synthesis of RNA from DNA template. In order for specific cyclins to be expressed, RNA polymerase must first bind to the promoter region of the gene encoding the cyclin.
Once bound, RNA polymerase will begin to transcribe the gene into RNA. The RNA produced by RNA polymerase can then be translated into protein, which will go on to perform the function of the cyclin. Cyclin is a protein that regulates the cell cycle. It does this by binding to and activating enzymes that control cell division.
Cyclin is produced in response to signals that tell the cell it is time to divide. These signals can come from other cells in the body, or from the environment. Once cyclin is produced, it binds to enzymes that control cell division. These enzymes are called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs phosphorylate (add a phosphate group to) other proteins that control cell division. This phosphorylation activates these proteins, and the cell begins to divide.
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in humans, normal pigmentation is due to a dominant gene (c) and albinism is due to the recessive (c). rick, a normal-pigmented man whose father was an albino, marries ronda (an albino woman). can rick and ronda have normally- pigmented children? what are the chances?
Rick and Ronda can have normally- pigmented children in the ratio 1 normal: 1 albino.
What is albinism?
The rare genetic disease known as albinism results in pale or colourless skin, hair, or eyes. An error in one of the several genes that make or distribute melanin, the pigment that gives skin, eyes, and hair their colour, is the root cause of albinism. Melanin production could be absent or drastically diminished as a result of the defect.
A dominant allele, which can come from just one parent, causes a dominant phenotype in those who possess one copy of the gene. A person needs two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent, in order for it to result in a recessive phenotype. One dominant and one recessive allele for a gene will result in a person with the dominant phenotype.
Being an autosomal recessive condition, albinism only manifests in homozygous recessive genotypes. Since the recessive gene is concealed by the presence of a healthy dominant gene, the heterozygous genotype will be normal but act as a carrier. The query said that the father of the normal pigmented man was an albino (aa). The man has a normal phenotype but an Aa genotype, indicating that he acquired the afflicted gene from his father but that it is hidden by the presence of the dominant allele (A) (carrier).
Parent generation : aa (albino man) x Aa (carrier woman)
F 1 generation = 1 normal child : 1 albino
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A cell has a mutation that results in higher levels of phosphorylated proteins than normal cells without the mutation. What kind of mutation could have occurred and what reasoning leads to this claim?.
A sensitive and dynamic method of controlling protein activity, stability, protein interaction, and subcellular localization is provided by phosphorylation. Multiple kinases frequently target global regulators, changing the expression of numerous genes.
Kinase mutations can deactivate apoptotic pathways, activate proliferative pathways that disrupt cell cycle checkpoints and lead to genomic instability, inhibit or eliminate DNA damage response, increase angiogenesis and cell motility, or all of the above.Kinase mutations can decrease or abolish the DNA damage response, increase angiogenesis and cell motility, activate proliferative pathways that break cell cycle checkpoints and cause genomic instability, or do all of the above.Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases are used by bacteria for signal transduction, just like eukaryotes, and protein phosphorylation is involved in a variety of cellular processes.
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There is a ______- brain barrier that prevents harmful materials from the brain.
Answer:
blood
Explanation:
blood-brain barrier
The number of chromosomes in a cell could go from haploid to diploid as a result of.
The number of chromosomes in a cell could go from haploid to diploid as a result of fertilization.
Fertilization, also known as generative fertilization, syngamy, and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes that results in the formation of a new individual organism or offspring and the beginning of its development. Fertilization is defined as the union of two haploid gametes, the spermatozoa and the oocyte, also known as the egg, to restore the diploid state, form a zygote through the process of egg activation, and initiate a series of mitotic divisions that result in cell differentiation and embryo development.
Fertilization is divided into four stages: 1) sperm preparation, 2) sperm-egg recognition and binding, 3) sperm-egg fusion, and 4) fusion of sperm and egg pronuclei and zygote activation.
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when f conjugation occurs successfully, only one copy of the f plasmid single-stranded dna is transferred. what else must minimally occur? when f conjugation occurs successfully, only one copy of the f plasmid single-stranded dna is transferred. what else must minimally occur? rolling circle replication in the recipient cell circularization plus replication of the new recipient dna continuation of rolling circle replication in the donor cell and replication in the recipient cell circularization of the recipient's new dna stopping the rolling circle replication after one copy length, circularization, and replication
The minimum occurrence after one copy of F plasmid single-stranded DNA is transferred in successful F conjugation is: stopping the rolling circle replication after one copy length, circularization, and replication.
Conjugation is the process of transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by establishing direct contact between them. The organism that transfers the genetic material is called donor while the organism that receives is called recipient.
Rolling circle replication is the process where unidirectional replication of DNA occurs and multiple copies are synthesized at once. This method of replication can be seen in the genome of viruses and bacterial plasmids.
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I live in plant cells, i love the sun and i produce sugar. I am one of the only organelles that have color. What am i?.
Answer: The Chloroplast
Explanation:
The chloroplast has chlorophyll which gives it green it's green color.
if 2 radishes are cross pollinated what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the f generation?
In incomplete dominance, heterozygous individuals express an intermediate phenotype between homozygous dominant and homozgous recessive phenotypes. Behind you will find four radishes crosses and the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation.
What is incomplete dominance?Incomplete dominance is an inheritance pattern in which neither of the involved alleles completely dominates over the other one.
In heterozygous individuals, both alleles are expressed, and they possess an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous individuals.
Heterozygous individuals express as a mixture of both homozygous progenitors.
Radishes color is an example of a feature coded by a gene that expresses incomplete dominance.
Red radishes are homozygous dominant, RRWhite radishes are homozygous recessive, WWPurple radishes are heterozygous, RWTo answer the question, I will propose four different crosses because I do not have the genotypes of the radishes that are cross-pollinated. So I advise you to study the four cases and select the one that matches your example.
Cross 1: Red with white
Parentals) RR x WW
Gametes) R R W W
F1) 100% RW, purple radishes
Cross 2: Red with Purple
Parentals) RR x RW
Gametes) R R R W
F1) 50% RR red + 50% RW Purple
Genotypic ratio 1:1Phenotypic ratio 1:1Cross 3: White with Purple
Parentals) WW x RW
Gametes) W W R W
F1) 50% RW Purple + 50% WW White
Genotypic ratio 1:1Phenotypic ratio 1:1Cross 4: Purple with Purple
Parentals) RW x RW
Gametes) R W R W
F1) 25% RR red + 50% RW Purple + 25% WW White
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In the lizard species l. Vivipara, most females from the colder, mountainous part of the range live much longer than do individuals from warmer, lowland regions. Compared to the lowlands, what life-history trait is expected in lizards living in the mountains?.
Using the theories of lizard species, we got that Decreased fecundity is the life-history trait which is expected in Vivipara lizards in the mountains as compared to individuals from warmer, lowland regions.
Due to the fitness trade-offs, the mountain population must strike a balance between the survivorship and the fecundity. Therefore, the mountain population exhibits the higher survivorship but lower fecundity than lowland populations.
Hence, In the lizard species Vivipara, most females from the colder, mountainous part of the range live much longer than do individuals from warmer, lowland regions as Compared to the lowlands, the life-history trait which is expected in lizards living in the mountains is Decreased fecundity.
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Identify the process that transfers chemical energy (glucose) into usable energy (ATP)
Answer:
Cellular respiration is the process by which the energy in food is converted into energy that can be used by the body's cells.
Explanation:
The energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP. The process can be summarized as: glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water.
Answer:
Cellular Respiration
Explanation:
Because it uses glucose from photosynthesis to make ATP which is energy.
The physical symptoms of cholera present only after a specific series of events has taken place. What is the most likely sequence of events in the pathogenesis of v. Cholerae?.
Cholera is an infectious disease that occurs when it enters the body. This will have a series of symptoms after admission.
What are the symptoms that will occur?The V. cholerae will be found in contaminated water that is ingested by the individual, if the V. cholerae survives it will pass from the stomach to the intestine and there it will adhere through the pili (which are its adhesins) and then begin to produce cholera toxins. This will cause the host cells to begin to break down, leading to severe diarrhea.
After dealing the damage, the v. cholerae will leave the host via feces. This will cause profuse dehydration in the individual which can lead to death.
It can also generate painful muscle cramps due to the loss of potassium that occurs thanks to profuse diarrhea.
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Converts chemical energy from food into useable energy (cellular respiration)
What’s the organelle
Answer:
Mitochondria
Explanation:
In animal cells, the mitochondria converts food into useable energy (through cellular respiration).
sort the following features of coasts and wetlands as being controlled by either living organisms or geologic and coastal processes.
The characteristics of wetlands and beaches that are influenced by geological and coastal processes as well as living beings are referred to as the aquatic life zone.
What 5 processes occur at the coast?There are five key factors that contribute to coastal erosion. They are corrosion/solution, abrasion, hydraulic action, and corrasion. Corrasion is the throwing of beach debris, such as stones, at the base of a cliff by waves.
Describe the coastal process.Coastal processes and landforms are primarily influenced by waves, tides, and wind. Rivers transport sediment to the coast, where it can be reshaped to create deltas, beaches, dunes, and barrier islands.
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What three respiratory diseases combine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? how does smoking cause this disease?.
The leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, is smoking. Your risk of rises as a result.
What happens if someone with COPD continues to smoke?
Even after acquiring COPD, smoking worsens the condition and may even cause flare-ups or exacerbations. Exacerbations are a sudden exacerbation of symptoms, which typically manifest as extremely uncomfortable breathing. These episodes have the potential to be fatal and can make the condition worse.
When do most smokers develop COPD?
What is the average age that COPD first manifests? The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute states that COPD most frequently affects smokers or those who have smoked in the past who are over 40.
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