In contrast to algae, protozoa, and fungus, which are considered eukaryotes, prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Various animals have various ways of surviving, bodily architecture, environments, and other important distinguishing characteristics.
Both archaea and bacteria have diverse evolutionary histories, and they also differ greatly in terms of their genetic make-up, metabolic processes, and membrane and cell wall composition. Eukaryotes are characterized primarily by the presence of nuclei in their cells. Algae cells are encased in cellulose-based cell walls, which are a form of carbohydrate. Protozoa are protists that serve as the foundation of several food chains by supplying essential nutrients to other species. The fungi can be multicellular, like mushrooms, resembling plants, they are very different from them in reality and fungi lack photosynthesis. As the majority of helminths are large enough to be seen without a microscope, they are not considered to be microorganisms. However, because the illnesses brought on by helminths include tiny eggs and larvae, these worms belong within the umbrella of microbiology. Since viruses are acellular microbes, they do not include cells. Proteins and genetic material that are inactive outside of a host organism either DNA or RNA, but never both make up a virus in its purest form.
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the studded organelle that aids in protein synthesis____
The ribosome is a branched organelle that helps with protein synthesis.
All cells contain ribosomes, which are macromolecular organisms that carry out biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). To create polypeptide chains, ribosomes combine amino acids in the order dictated by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. The short and big ribosomal subunits are the two main parts of ribosomes. Each subunit is made up of numerous ribosomal proteins and one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules (RPs or r-proteins). [1][2][3] The translational apparatus also refers to the ribosomes and related components.
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based on figure 1, explain how p53 regulates the cell cycle in the presence of damaged dna.
When p53 is activated in response to DNA damage, its levels rise quickly, which enhances its capacity to bind DNA and mediate transcriptional activation.
How does p53 control the cell cycle when there is DNA damage?
After DNA damage, the p53 proteins are activated and the cell cycle is halted. Cell cycle-inhibiting proteins like p21 are produced with the help of a specific transcription factor, the p53 protein. The p21 protein stops the cell cycle by preventing the cyclin-cdk complex, which is required for the change from G1 to S phase.
What does p53 do in damaged cells or DNA?
P53 is a crucial enabler of DNA repair because it halts the cell cycle and gives the repair system time to restore genome stability.
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The formula for cellular repiration i a follow: glucoe oxygen carbon dioxide water. In a cla demontration, Mr. Nakaguchi take a ugar packet and pour it on your dek. She then point a fan at the tiny mound of glucoe upplying it with plenty of oxygen. "There we go, we are combining ugar with oxygen!" exclaim the teacher. The cla eagerly wait. For nothing. You had the reactant neceary for cellular repiration, o why did nothing happen?
Glucose + Oxygen = Waters + Carbon Dioxide + Energy, and so forth. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + power (Glucose + Oxygen produces Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy) is the equation for cellular respiration.
You might have noticed that the formula for photosynthesis is the reverse of the formula for cellular respiration. Thus, the stages of cellular respiration should be performed in the following order: Krebs cycle, oxidative decarboxylation, and glycolysis - Oxidative phosphorylation - Electron transport chain. Cellular respiration is the term used to describe the process by which food is broken down in the cell and energy is released. All species' cells engage in cellular respiration. The process through which microorganisms use oxygen to convert food molecules in order to get oxidative phosphorylation for cellular processes is known as cellular respiration.
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Which layer of the atmosphere is most strongly affected by conditions on earth's surface?.
The lowermost layer of the atmosphere (the troposphere) is the most strongly affected by conditions on earth's surface.
How many layers on atmosphere of earth's surface?The atmosphere of the Earth is composed of several distinct layers. Each layer has unique characteristics that help to shield the planet from the effects of outer space. The layers are, from nearest the surface, the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.The troposphere is the closest layer to the Earth's surface. It extends from the surface up to about 7-14 miles high, depending on latitude. This layer holds most of the Earth's weather, clouds, and air pollution.The stratosphere sits above the troposphere, extending from 7 to 30 miles high. This layer features the ozone layer, which absorbs much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. As a result, the stratosphere is much warmer than the troposphere.The mesosphere starts above the stratosphere at 30 miles high and extends up to 50 miles. Temperatures in this layer can reach a frigid -90 degrees Celsius. This is where meteors burn up before they reach the ground.Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere, which extends from 50 to 370 miles high. This layer is extremely thin and contains a few molecules of gas, which is why it is sometimes called the "exosphere". Temperatures here can reach over 1000 degrees Celsius.Finally, the exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It extends from 370 miles up to 6,200 miles high. This is where satellites orbit and some of the Earth's atmosphere escapes and mixes with space.To learn more about atmosphere layer refer to:
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Which statement about the relationship between an organism’s traits and genes is true?
Answer:
Genes code for proteins that determine an organism's traits.
Explanation:
Geneis the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteinsDNA contains the genetic information necessary for the structure and function of living beings.Chromosomes are composed of a DNA molecule, whose segments form the genes that contain specific base sequences to determine a trait.
Briefly explain how the diagram to the right makes a good
model to represent the decay of a radioactive element.
You are encouraged to label the diagram.
You must use complete sentences.
An element's radioactive decay graph can be categorized as an exponential graph, more particularly, the decay of an element through exponential processes. As x increases exponentially in these graphs, y declines and gets closer to zero.
What is Radioactive Decay (Half Life) Equation?The centre of each atom, or nucleus, which accounts for the majority of an element's mass, is made up of a specific number of protons and neutrons. Even though every element has a unique nucleus, they are not always stable. Radiation is the name for the rays and particles that are emitted by unstable elements in an effort to stabilize their nucleus. As long as the element doesn't have a stable nucleus, this process, known as radioactive decay, continues on its own. Different substances breakdown at different speeds when they go through radioactive decay. Through the use of half lifetimes, these rates are measured. The duration of time before half of the nucleus disintegrates is known as a half-life, as its name would imply.How much of an element remains after a specific amount of time can be calculated using the following equation using half-lives:N\s= N ( 1 /2 ) n
Where N denotes the quantity of the element still present, N 0 is the quantity of the element at the beginning, and n denotes the number of half lives that have passed. By dividing the amount of time that has elapsed (t) by the duration of the half-life (T), one can determine the number of half-lives that have passed, even if this is unknown:n = t / T.
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What is the complimentary DNA sequence
for each of the following:
a) 5' TCGTAGGCT 3'
b) 3' CCGAATGCAT 5'
Answer:
a) 3' AGCATCCGA 5'
b) 5' GGCTTACGTA 3'
Explanation:
Based on complementary base pairing rules, T pairs with A, whereas C pairs with G.
In addition, because complementary strands run in complementary opposing directions, if the original sequence is in the 3' → 5' direction, our new strand is in the 5' → 3' direction, and the opposite for the original sequence that starts in the 5' → 3' direction.
Is more energy made with oxygen or without oxygen?
Answer:
More energy is made with oxygen.
Explanation:
Just like when cellular respiration happens, when they use respiration they use and make energy more efficiently rather than through fermentation which isn't as efficient but doesn't use oxygen.
Without oxygen, organisms can split glucose into just two molecules of pyruvate. This releases only enough energy to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen, organisms can break down glucose all the way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules.
Place the four images from the cell cycle in the correct chronological order. four magnified cells
Through mitosis somatic and germ cells divide and produce two identical daughter cells. The correct order is C, B, A, D. Option C.
What is mitosis?Mitosis is a sequence of events that follows the interphase and preceeds cytokinesis. Together, they compose the cell division process through which a diploid somatic cell (2n), produces two identical daughter diploid cells (2n).
During cell division, the whole-cell first suffers duplication of its content and then it separates. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and in germ cells.
Mitosis is divided into four phases,
Prophase ⇒ chromosomes condensate, and the nuclear membrane breaks. Metaphase ⇒ fibers of the spindle apparatus take chromosomes toward the equatorial cell plane, where they line up. Anaphase ⇒ specialized enzymes break the bonds between chromatids and separate them. Each chromatid migrates to one of the poles. Telophase ⇒ the new chromosomes are already in the corresponding poles, and the nuclear membrane forms again in each pole.The correct order is C, B, A, D. Option C.
C ⇒ interphase. Lax chromatine.
B ⇒ prophase. Condensed and visible chromosomes.
A ⇒ metaphase. Chromosomes in the equatorial plane.
D ⇒ anaphase. Sister chromatids migrating to the poles.
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Complete question
Place the four images from the cell cycle in the correct chronological order.
Four magnified cells. Options,
A. Image A, image D, image B, image C
B. Image C, image D, image B, image A
C. Image C, image B, image A, image D
D. Image B, image C, image D, image A
An organism is exposed to a mutagen, such as x-rays or ultraviolet light. What could be the effect of the mutagen on the organism? select all of the answers that apply.
The organism's response to the mutagen may be:
The mutagen may interfere with gene function, which would be bad for the organism.The mutagen might alter gene activity in a way that is advantageous to the organism.The codon-anticodon binding may be altered by the mutagen.A mutagen has the power to alter genetic code to create a mutation, which affects an organism's morphology and functionality. These agents may be chemical, physical, or biological mutagens.Among mutagens' side effects are:The mutagen may interfere with gene function, which would be harmful to the organism. For example, structural changes in some proteins brought on by mutations can result in diseases like Fanconi anemia or Xerodermia pigmentosum. Another negative effect of mutagen exposure is cancer.To know more about mutations visit :-
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An organism is exposed to a mutagen, such as X-rays or ultraviolet light. What could be the effect of the mutagen on the organism? Select all of
the answers that apply
A The mutagen may disrupt gene function to the harm of the organism
B. The mutagen may change gene function in a way that benefits the organism.
C. The mutagen may change the genetic material of the cell from DNA to proteins.
D. The mutagen may change the binding between codons and anticodons.
E.The mutagen may have little or no observable effect on the organism.
Is Fergus a time traveler?.
Not a democracy, the Roman Republic existed from 509 BC to 27 BC. Once again advocated the positive aspects of the Roman republican government around the close of the 20th century.
The topic becomes more complicated if something that resembles modern democracy is mentioned. Many historians of the 20th century discounted Polybius. The elite, not popular power, would have been in charge in reality. In addition to the legislatures of the tribes, curias, and centurias, there was the Senate, which was indirectly elected. Of the 35 tribes that were already there, four gathered the underprivileged employees in the city, while the other 31 were owned. British historian Fergus Millar, who believed that the people of Rome had been powerful, once again advocated the positive aspects of the Roman republican government around the close of the 20th century.
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if individuals tend to reproduce with only a subset of the population, which assumption of the hardy-weinberg principle is being violated?
Consider a population where there is segregation between pair of alleles (A and B) at a single locus. The letters p and q stand for the frequency of alleles A and B, respectively.
In a population with random mating, the Hardy-Weinberg principle connects genotype frequencies to allele frequencies.The population for this study is sizable, and matings are unrelated to the relevant locus.
Because there is no discernible pace of new mutation, allele frequencies remain stable over time.
• That there's no selection against every particular genotype; individuals of all genotype are equally as capable of mating & passing on their genes.
• There hasn't been a major influx of people from populations whose allele frequencies are very dissimilar to those of the endogenous group.
A population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if it reasonably seems to fit these criteria.
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a)
Andrea is investigating the effects of light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. She measured the rate of photosynthesis at different light intensities for two identical plants. The plants were placed in closed containers. One container had an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.40%. The other container had an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.03%.
Look at the graph.
Does an increase in carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?
(Check one box)
⬜Yes
⬜No
b)
Explain your answer.
A) Yes, an increase in carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis.
B) The graph shows that as the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases for both plants. The plant with an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.40% has a higher rate of photosynthesis at all light intensities compared to the plant with an initial carbon dioxide concentration of 0.03%. T
What is photosynthesis graph about?The graph indicates that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration does affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Therefore, plant with higher carbon dioxide concentration, photosynthesis rate is higher, meaning that it is able to produce more glucose and oxygen, which is a clear indication that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration does affect the rate of photosynthesis.
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please help me !!Drag and drop each label to the correct area of the Venn diagram. Each area of the diagram will contain two answers.
Compare and contract science and technology using the Venn diagram below
Technology
Developed through invention and design
Has advanced due to the advance of the other
Searches how to improve observations
Science
Is advanced by experimentation
Searches how to improve observations
Searches for the causes of observation
Both
Has advanced through the ages
What is science and technology?Science refers to the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation in order to understand and explain phenomena. Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as in the design, development, and use of tools, machines, and systems.
The relationship between science and technology is often described as a feedback loop, where scientific discovery drives technological progress and technological advancements enable further scientific investigation.
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Why is mitosis important for humans?.
Answer:
Role of mitosis:
• They aid in high cell number, often known as growth.
• They aid in healing damaged cells or regeneration of cells in cuts or wounds.
• Mitosis ensures genetic stability in freshly created cells.
Explanation:
Mitosis is the mechanism by which the daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells are produced. The cell clones - or replicates - its chromosomes, then evenly divides the replicated chromosomes to ensure that each daughter cell has a complete set.
Your body has trillions of cells (thousands of millions). However, you began life as a single cell - a fertilized egg cell. This cell is then divided and divided again to produce other cells in a process known as mitosis.
Mitosis is a process that produces additional cells that are genetically identical to the original cell. It is essential for the development of embryos, as well as for the growth and development of human bodies. Mitosis is the process through which new cells are formed and old, destroyed, or damaged cells are replaced.
A cell splits into two identical daughter cells during mitosis. Because the daughter cells must have a copy of every chromosome, the process commences by duplicating the chromosomes and then meticulously segregating the copies to provide each new cell with a complete set.
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Two different mice with yellow coat colors mate and have a litter of 6 mice, what is the number of mice that will have both yellow color fur and diabetes?
The number of mice that will have yellow fur out of the six litter will be four(4) this is as a result of the genotype.
What is genotype?An organism's genotype is made up of all of its genetic components. The term "genotype" can also be used to describe the alleles or genetic variations that a person carries in a certain gene or genetic region.
The ploidy, or number of copies of each chromosome, found in that species, determines how many alleles a person can have for a given gene. In diploid organisms like humans, there are two complete sets of chromosomes, which means that each person has two alleles for each gene.
Homozygous refers to a genotype when both alleles are the same. Heterozygous refers to a genotype when there are two distinct alleles.
Phenotype, the observable qualities and attributes of an individual or creature, is influenced by genotype.
When a yellow mouse was crossed to another yellow mouse, the F1 generation produces yellow and brown-black mice in the ratio 2 : 1. The yellow mice are never homozygous.
Yy is the heterozygous genotype (one dominant allele, one recessive allele). The phenotype of this genotype is yellow seed color.
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How do snails get pregnant?.
Snails reproduce by fertilization. Snails mate and lay eggs, which is how nearly everything else reproduces.
A hermaphrodite is any organism that has both male and female reproductive organs and is able to produce both eggs and spermatozoa. The snails seem to have both male and female characteristics.
Two enter two vaginal tracts when snails copulate. While both snails in a coupling transmit sperm, the snail with the best dart shot has a better probability of fertilizing eggs in the end. Some species of snails only release one love dart, whereas others, like the garden snail, release two.
The top portion of the right mantle cavity should be checked. Your snail is a male if it has a sheath next to its gills. If the penile sheath is not visible, the animal is a female. Calyptraeid gastropods are a class of immobile, filter-feeding marine snails that undergo sequential hermaphroditic sex changes from male to female throughout the course of their existence (protandry).
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sublimation process diagram
Explanation:
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If you wish to obtain 10. 0 grams of copper metal from copper(ii) sulfide, what mass of copper(ii) sulfide (in grams) must you use?.
To generate 10.0 g of copper metal, 14.94 g of copper (II) sulfide must be utilized, which is 14.94 g.
The amount of a material in a sample may be determined in what proportion?The mass of an element in 1 mole of the compound is divided by the compound's molar mass, and the result is multiplied by 100 to determine the mass percent of the element in the compound.
A mole is equal to 10 grams of copper divided by 64.
The comparable mole of copper (II) sulfide will also be 0.1563 moles since the mole ratio of copper (II) sulfide to copper is 1:1.
14.94 grams are equal to 0.1563 moles of copper (II) sulfide, or 0.1563 x 95.6.
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chromosomes line up along the equator not in homologous pairs
The paired chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell. This occurs only in metaphase I. In metaphase of mitosis and meiosis II, it is sister chromatids that line up along the equator of the cell
What is homologous chromosomes ?The two chromosomes that make up a pair are typically inherited from the mother and the father. As an illustration, a cell's two copies of chromosome 1 are referred to as homologous chromosomes.
The chromosomal pairs line up along the cell's equator, known as the metaphase plate, with the help of these microtubules.
The pairing of each maternal chromosome with its corresponding paternal chromosome occurs during meiosis. A typical female has 23 homologous chromosomes, compared to a typical male's 22. The reason for this is that men' X and Y chromosomes are not identical.
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the central nervous system consist of the brain and spinal cord. at which level of organization is the brain an example of?
Organs of the central nervous system include the brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord, which are housed in the dorsal body cavity, are so crucial that they are protected by a bone shell due to their importance.
The spinal cord is located in the vertebral column's vertebral canal, and the brain is located in the cranial vault. The spinal cord and brain are connected at the foramen magnum, despite being thought of as two different organs.
Both nerves and ganglia are considered to be peripheral nervous system organs. Like muscles, which are made up of bundles of muscle fibers, so are nerves. The CNS transmits signals to peripheral organs including muscles and glands via spinal and cranial nerves.
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How do Mendel's experiments show that 5 a traits may be dominant or recessive?.
The monohybrid cross used in Mendel's experiments demonstrates that the Traits may be dominant or recessive.
One of the parental traits from a monohybrid cross between two pure breeding varieties is always present in the hybrid progeny, but the opposite characteristic is never displayed in the F1 generation. According to this theory, two alleles of a gene are frequently either dominant or recessive, and the presence of the dominant allele in F1 hybrids prevents the development of the recessive allele.
In accordance with the results of Mendel's studies, some genetic traits can have opposing phenotypes depending on whether two homozygous genotypes or genotypes with totally dominant or completely recessive alleles are genetically mixed to produce the trait.
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Wave A ha a greater wavelength than Wave B. What can you tell me about the frequencie of Wave A and B
If Wave A has a greater wavelength than Wave B. Then frequency of Wave A is smaller than frequency of Wave B.
A wave's wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional. The result is that waves with high frequencies have a short wavelength, whereas waves with low frequencies have a longer wavelength.
The distance between two identical locations in successive cycles is known as the wavelength, and it is used to describe a waveform signal that is sent over a wire or in space.
Frequency is the number of waves that pass a specific area in a defined amount of time. As a result, the frequency is 2 per second if a wave travels through in half a second.
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_____functions in the translation of proteins and synthesis of lipids
The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that functions in the translation of proteins and synthesis of lipids.
What are lipids?The group of molecules known as lipids is diverse and consists of chemicals such as waxes, fats, and other substances. As opposed to being soluble in polar solvents like ether, chloroform, and benzene, they are soluble in nonpolar solvents like water.
How does endoplasmic reticulum help in translating the proteins and synthesis of lipids?The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that participates in the translation of proteins and the creation of lipids (ER). The nuclear envelope is related to the ER, which is a network of flattened sacs and tubules. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are the two different forms of ER (SER). On its cytoplasmic surface, the RER is covered in ribosomes, which are in charge of synthesising and altering proteins. After being carried to the RER lumen, these proteins are further folded and altered before being sent to other cell regions or released outside the cell. Steroids and phospholipids, among other lipids, are synthesised and altered by the SER.
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homologous chromosomes usually have the same arrangement of genes along their length. True/False ?
It is true that the homologous chromosomes have the same arrangement of genes present along their lengths.
Homologous chromosomes, also known as homologs, are the pair of chromosomes which are present in a diploid organisms. One of these chromosomes in the pair are obtained from the mother whereas the other chromosome is obtained from the father.
The word "homo" itself means same and the homologous chromosomes contain the same genes arranged along their lengths. However, these homologous chromosomes can carry different alleles of the same gene. These chromosomes have the same length as well as the same position of the centromere.
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How is cancer related to the study of the cell or tissue?.
The relationship between the cell cycle and cancer is clear: cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell proliferation, and the cell cycle apparatus regulates cell proliferation. Fundamentally, all tumours allow for an excessive number of cells to exist.
Cells that divide uncontrolled and invade neighbouring tissues are what cause cancer.Cancer is mostly brought on by DNA changes. The majority of DNA mutations that result in cancer occur in areas of DNA known as genes. These modifications are also referred to as genetic changes.
By utilising weaknesses found in cancer cells and their precancerous lesions, new approaches to prevens.tion, detection, and therapy will be made possible by a more thorough understanding of the biology of cancer cell.
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What is the term for the female portion of the moss gametophyte?
Select one:
O a. the archegonium
O b. the sporangium
Oc. the rhizoids
Od the antheridium
Oe. the stalk
• a. the archegonium
Hope it helps
with parsimony analysis the best or optimal tree is the one requiring the minimum number of character state changes.
True, With parsimony analysis the best or optimal tree is the one requiring the minimum number of character state changes.
What is parsimony analysis?The principle that the most straightforward explanation is always preferable is known as Occam's razor, from which parsimony derives. When characters are optimally mapped onto the diagrams, parsimony analyses (when successful) lead to cladograms (branching diagrams) with the fewest number of steps (character transformations).
Parsimony, in general, is the idea that the most straightforward explanation for the data should be chosen. According to the principle of parsimony in phylogenetic analysis, a relationship hypothesis that calls for the fewest character changes is the one that has the greatest chance of being accurate. These character changes are known as DNA mutations in the field of molecular systematics.
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Full question:
True or False
with parsimony analysis the best or optimal tree is the one requiring the minimum number of character state changes.
Key hormones of the sympathetic nervous system include:
A. acetylcholine and insulin.
B. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C. glucagon and noradrenaline.
D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
A network of neurons in your body known as the sympathetic nervous system aids in the activation of the "fight-or-flight" response. When you're under stress, in danger, or working out, this system becomes more active. Option D is correct Answer.
What is sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system?"Fight-or-flight" reactions are under the direction of the sympathetic system. Or to put it another way, this approach gets the body ready for hard exercise. In fact, the bodily processes that we would anticipate to make this possible take place. Functions of "rest and digest" are governed by the parasympathetic nervous system.The sympathetic nervous system is activated by the hypothalamus by sending signals to the adrenal glands via the autonomic nerves in response to a distress signal from the amygdala. The epinephrine hormone, sometimes referred to as adrenaline, is released into the bloodstream as a result of this response by these glands.Saliva production is stimulated as part of the PSNS's rest-and-digest function; saliva includes enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. Making tears is referred to as "lacrimation." Your eyes' fragile tissues are protected by tears, which keep them moist.To Learn more About sympathetic nervous system refer to:
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Is Master Raymond Claire's father?.
"Prehistoric time traveller" is the enigmatic Master Raymond. Although not much is known about him, Geillis Duncan and Claire Fraser are believed to have shared him as an ancestor.
Raymond, a respected physician and herbalist, was residing in Geneva about the year 1724. He exchanged letters with a member of the occult named du Carrefours, who lived in Paris. Du Carrefours was suspected by French officials at the same time that Raymond vanished from Geneva. Within weeks following du Carrefours' trial and execution, Raymond had opened up shop in Paris and was said to have taken over some of the spymaster's covert operations.
While living in Paris in the 1740s, he keeps his most suspect components in a cabinet adorned with occult symbols to deter most onlookers.
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