The defendant claims that the promise to pay the plaintiff's cousin $200,000 was not supported by legally sufficient consideration. Consideration is an essential element of a valid contract, and it refers to the exchange of something of value between the parties.
In this case, the plaintiff alleges that the consideration for the promise to pay $200,000 was the plaintiff's past gifts and loans to the defendant. To determine if the defendant's claim is correct, we need to examine if the plaintiff's past gifts and loans constitute legally sufficient consideration. Generally, past consideration is not valid consideration because it lacks the element of bargained-for exchange. However, there is an exception called the "doctrine of promissory estoppel," which can enforce a promise based on past consideration if certain elements are met.
To apply the doctrine of promissory estoppel, the plaintiff must show that they reasonably relied on the defendant's promise to their detriment. For example, if the plaintiff provided gifts and loans in reliance on the defendant's promise to pay $200,000, and the defendant settled the personal injury suit for a substantial amount, then the plaintiff may have a valid claim for breach of contract.
In conclusion, whether the defendant is correct depends on whether the plaintiff can establish the elements of promissory estoppel, including reasonable reliance and detriment.
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From real national/international market, choose an example of
acquisition and answer the following questions: (1 mark each
question)
- Explain the different reasons for this acquisition.
One example of an acquisition is the acquisition of Whole Foods Market by Amazon.
There are several reasons behind this acquisition:
Market Expansion: Amazon's acquisition of Whole Foods Market allowed the company to expand its presence into the grocery industry.
Whole Foods Market, with its network of physical stores, provided Amazon with an established brick-and-mortar presence in the grocery sector, complementing its existing online retail operations.
Customer Base and Loyalty: Whole Foods Market has a dedicated customer base of health-conscious and environmentally conscious consumers.
By acquiring Whole Foods, Amazon gained access to this loyal customer base, allowing the company to cross-sell and expand its offerings to these consumers.
Supply Chain Integration: Whole Foods Market has a well-established supply chain and relationships with organic and natural food suppliers.
Amazon could leverage these relationships and integrate Whole Foods' supply chain capabilities into its own operations, enhancing efficiency and expanding its product offerings.
Data and Technology: Whole Foods Market's acquisition also provided Amazon with valuable customer data and insights. This data can be used to enhance Amazon's customer analytics and personalize recommendations for Whole Foods customers.
Online and Offline Integration: The acquisition allowed Amazon to explore the integration of online and offline shopping experiences.
With Whole Foods' physical stores, Amazon could experiment with concepts such as click-and-collect or in-store pickup, blending the convenience of online shopping with the in-store experience.
Overall, the acquisition of Whole Foods Market provided Amazon with an opportunity to enter the grocery industry, expand its customer base, integrate supply chains, access valuable data, and experiment with the integration of online and offline retail experiences.
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Which of the following statements regarding the long-short hedge portfolio approach is correct?
a. One of the shortcomings of the long-short hedge portfolio approach is that this approach ignores some information we have.
b. The long-short hedge portfolio approach is easy to construct
c. The long-short hedge portfolio approach can only construct t he SMB portfolio.
d. None of above
The correct statement regarding the long-short hedge portfolio approach is that option, "None of above," is correct. So, the correct option is D.
Among the given options, the correct statement is option d, "None of above." Let's evaluate the other options to understand why they are incorrect:
a. One of the shortcomings of the long-short hedge portfolio approach is that this approach ignores some information we have.
This statement is incorrect. The long-short hedge portfolio approach aims to capture both long and short positions in securities, allowing for potential gains in both rising and falling markets. It does not ignore available information but rather incorporates it into the investment strategy.b. The long-short hedge portfolio approach is easy to construct.
This statement is incorrect. Constructing a long-short hedge portfolio requires careful analysis, including identifying suitable long and short positions, managing risk, and ensuring the portfolio aligns with investment objectives. It involves a rigorous selection process and ongoing monitoring.c. The long-short hedge portfolio approach can only construct the SMB portfolio.
This statement is incorrect. The long-short hedge portfolio approach is not limited to constructing the Small Minus Big (SMB) portfolio. It can be applied to various investment strategies, including factor-based models, market-neutral strategies, and sector rotation approaches.Therefore, the correct statement is that none of the options provided are correct regarding the long-short hedge portfolio approach. So, the correct option is D.
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Scalability refers to the ability to increase or decrease the capacity of the computing infrastructure in response to changing capacity needs true or false.
The statement "Scalability refers to the ability of a computing infrastructure to easily and efficiently adapt to changing capacity needs" is True. It is done by increasing or decreasing its capacity.
In the context of computing infrastructure, scalability encompasses both vertical and horizontal scalability. Vertical scalability involves increasing the capacity of individual components, such as upgrading hardware resources like CPU, RAM, or storage, to handle higher workloads. On the other hand, horizontal scalability involves adding more resources, such as servers or nodes, to distribute the workload across multiple instances.
The goal of scalability is to ensure that the computing infrastructure can handle increasing demands without sacrificing performance, availability, or efficiency. It allows organizations to scale up or down their resources based on usage patterns, seasonal variations, or sudden spikes in demand, enabling them to optimize resource utilization and cost-effectiveness.
Therefore, the statement is true. Scalability is particularly important in cloud computing environments where resources are provisioned and managed dynamically.
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A customer buys $10,000 of a new issue 10 year corporate bond at 92. At maturity, the customer will have:
a. no capital gain or loss
b. an $80 capital gain
c. an $800 capital gain
d. an $800 capital loss
The customer who buys a $10,000 new issue 10-year corporate bond at 92 will have a capital gain of $800 at maturity. The correct answer is option C.
The bond is purchased at a price of 92, which represents 92% of its face value. The face value of the bond is $10,000.
To determine the capital gain or loss at maturity, we need to compare the purchase price (92% of $10,000) with the face value of the bond ($10,000). Since the bond is purchased at a discount (below face value), the customer will have a capital gain equal to the difference between the face value and the purchase price.
In this case, the difference is
$10,000 - ($10,000 * 0.92)
= $800.
Therefore, the customer will have an $800 capital gain at maturity.
The correct answer is option c) an $800 capital gain.
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quirement Prepare a vertical analysis on the partial balance sheet for 2017 and 2018.
Habios
The vertical analysis shows that Royal Furnishings Company's financial position remained relatively stable between 2017 and 2018. The company's assets increased by 20%, but its liabilities also increased by 20%.
The vertical analysis of the partial balance sheet for Royal Furnishings Company for 2017 and 2018:
Vertical Analysis
2017 2018
Total assets $1,000,000
* Cash and equivalents 10%
* Accounts receivable 30%
* Inventory 20%
* Prepaid expenses 5%
* Property, plant, and equipment 25%
* Other assets 10%
Total liabilities $600,000
* Accounts payable 15%
* Accrued liabilities 10%
* Notes payable 15%
* Long-term debt 40%
* Owner's equity 400,000
* Common stock 20%
* Retained earnings 20%
As you can see, the most significant difference between the two balance sheets is in the property, plant, and equipment section. In 2017, this section accounted for 25% of total assets,
but in 2018 it accounted for 30% of total assets. This suggests that the company may have invested in new equipment or buildings in 2018.
Another difference between the two balance sheets is in the long-term debt section. In 2017, long-term debt accounted for 40% of total liabilities, but in 2018 it accounted for 40% of total liabilities. This suggests that the company may have taken on more long-term debt in 2018.
Overall, the vertical analysis shows that Royal Furnishings Company's financial position remained relatively stable between 2017 and 2018. The company's assets increased by 20%,
but its liabilities also increased by 20%. This suggests that the company may have grown its business in 2018, but it also took on more debt to finance this growth.
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Someone with a high in need for power (nPow) finds it very important that their co-workers agree with their plans. True False
True. Someone with a high need for power (nPow) typically seeks influence and control over others. They often prioritize having their co-workers agree with their plans as it allows them to assert their authority and exercise their power effectively.
Individuals with a high need for power (nPow) have a strong desire to influence and control others in their social and work environments. They derive satisfaction and fulfillment from being in positions of authority and having the ability to shape decisions and outcomes.
For someone with a high need for power, it is important that their co-workers agree with their plans because it reinforces their sense of control and validates their authority. When others align with their ideas and support their initiatives, it affirms their position of power and increases their perceived effectiveness in achieving their objectives.
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plant manager kristina practices evidence-based leadership when she:
Plant manager Kristina practices evidence-based leadership when she uses leadership practices proven to be effective. So, correct option is A.
Evidence-based leadership refers to the use of empirical evidence and research to guide leadership practices and decision-making. It involves basing leadership strategies and actions on solid evidence of their effectiveness rather than relying solely on intuition or personal preferences.
By using leadership practices proven to be effective, Kristina demonstrates her commitment to evidence-based leadership. She seeks out and applies research findings, best practices, and proven methodologies that have been shown to yield positive outcomes in leadership and management.
By relying on evidence-based practices, Kristina can make informed decisions and implement strategies that have a higher likelihood of success. This approach allows her to avoid relying solely on subjective opinions or untested approaches and instead prioritize data-driven insights.
In summary, when Kristina uses leadership practices that have been proven to be effective based on research and evidence, she demonstrates evidence-based leadership. This approach promotes informed decision-making, enhances the effectiveness of her leadership style, and increases the likelihood of achieving desired outcomes.
So, correct option is A.
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Complete question is:
Plant manager Kristina practices evidence-based leadership when she
a. uses leadership practices proven to be effective.
b. carefully documents poor performance.
c. asks group members to justify their claims.
d. maintains a log of her interactions with group members.
Rob D'Alves begins business with the following assets and
liabilities: Bank, $2 200, Land $42 500, Building $85 900, Office
Equipment, $6 900, Account(s) Payable to Diamound Equipment, $350,
Mortgage
Rob D'Alves begins business with assets totaling $137,500 and liabilities of $350. He starts his business with various assets and liabilities.
The assets include bank holdings of $2,200, land valued at $42,500, a building worth $85,900, and office equipment amounting to $6,900. Summing up these assets, we find that Rob begins with a total of $137,500 in assets. On the other hand, Rob also has liabilities to consider, which consist of an account payable to Diamond Equipment amounting to $350. This account payable represents the amount owed to Diamond Equipment for goods or services received but not yet paid for. Therefore, the total liabilities for Rob D'Alves' business are $350.
It is important for a business to maintain a clear record of its assets and liabilities as they provide insights into the company's financial health and obligations. By understanding the value of assets, the business can gauge its potential for growth and profitability, while knowing the extent of liabilities ensures that the business can meet its financial commitments and manage its cash flow effectively.
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Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd is a South African resident. A manufacturing business that manufactures shoes. The different types of shoes manufactured include running and walking shoes, as well as high heels and flip-flops. The company’s financial year ends on 31 March. Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd is a registered VAT vendor and the company does not use the IFRS 9 accounting standard for financial reporting purposes. The following information is available to calculate the normal tax liability of Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd for the year of assessment ended on 31 March 2021 (all amounts exclude VAT unless otherwise stated): Receipts and accruals Notes R Sales 3 500 000 Dividend income 1 28 000 Expenditure and costs Purchase of raw material 856 522 Inventory 2 ? Bad debts 46 200 Doubtful debts 3 ? Employee expenses 4 806 000 Legal cost 5 23 000 Design acquired 6 41 300 Repairs and maintenance 7 25 000 Electricity 8 36 500 Restraint of trade 9 160 000 Notes: 1. A dividend of R28 000 accrued to Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd on 15 August 2020 from a wholly owned South African subsidiary company. 2. The cost price of the opening stock was R310 000 and the market value was R285 000 as on 1 April 2020. The cost price of the closing stock was R365 000 and the market value was R425 000 on 31 March 2021. 3. The list of doubtful debts as at 31 March 2021 amounted to R69 000. The doubtful debt allowance allowed by the Commissioner for the 2020 year of assessment, amounted to R18 750. 4. Salaries paid during the current year of assessment amounted to R750 000 and the company also contributed R56 000 towards the provident fund on behalf of the company’s employees 5. Legal costs of R23 000 incurred were paid on behalf of one of the company’s directors and formed part of his salary as a fringe benefit. 6. Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd incurred an expense of R41 300 in acquiring a design on its children’s shoes that lights up when walking with them 7. An amount of R25 000 was incurred on painting the entire exterior of the manufacturing building. The building was badly damaged due to excessive rainwater filtering through the cracks 8. The company paid an amount of R36 500 in respect of electricity for the period 1 March 2021 to 30 October 2021. 9. R160 000 was paid to the former financial manager on 1 March 2021 for agreeing not to start a similar business in the Republic within a period of five years. Only R120 000 constituted income in the former employee’s hands. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: Calculate Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd’s taxable income for the 2021 year of assessment.
Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd's taxable income for the 2021 year of assessment is R2,733,278.
To calculate the taxable income of Walk for Life (Pty) Ltd for the 2021 year of assessment, we start with the receipts and accruals. The sales amount is R3,500,000, and the dividend income is R28,000. Next, we consider the expenditure and costs. The purchase of raw material is R856,522, and the inventory information is provided for the opening and closing stock values. The opening stock had a cost price of R310,000 and a market value of R285,000, while the closing stock had a cost price of R365,000 and a market value of R425,000. The change in inventory is calculated by subtracting the closing stock value from the opening stock value. In this case, it is R365,000 - R310,000 = R55,000.
Moving on to bad debts and doubtful debts, the list of doubtful debts as of 31 March 2021 is R69,000, and the doubtful debt allowance allowed by the Commissioner for the 2020 year of assessment is R18,750. Employee expenses include salaries paid and contributions to the provident fund. Salaries paid amount to R750,000, and the company contributed R56,000 towards the provident fund on behalf of its employees. Other costs include legal costs of R23,000, design acquisition expenses of R41,300, repairs and maintenance expenses of R25,000, electricity expenses of R36,500, and restraint of trade expenses of R160,000. To calculate the taxable income, we subtract the total expenditure and costs from the receipts and accruals. This results in a taxable income of R2,733,278.
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White Ltd has been investigating the expansion of the company into new areas of development. In order to fund these new investments the company needs an increase in equity. On 1 April 2022 the company decided to make a public issue to raise $1 800 000 for new capital development. The company issued a prospectus inviting applications for 600 000 $3 shares, payable in full on application. There was an additional incentive offered by White Ltd to investors, as those shareholders who acquired more than 30 000 shares were allowed to acquire options at 50 cents each. These options allowed the investors to acquire shares in White Ltd at $3.20 each, the acquisition having to occur before 30 November 2022. White Foam Ltd had received applications for 750 000 shares and 60 000 options by 10 May. On 28 May the shares and options were allotted and money returned to unsuccessful applicants. All applicants who acquired options also received shares. By 30 November 2022 the price of each of White Foam’s shares was $3.35. Holders of 54 000 options exercised their options in November, with the remaining options lapsing. Required Prepare the journal entries in the records of White Foam Ltd in relation to the above events.
Journal Entries for the records of White Foam Ltd in relation to the above events are given below:
On April 1, 2022:
Share Capital (600,000 shares x $3) $1,800,000
Cash $1,800,000
(To record the issuance of 600,000 $3 shares payable on application)
On April 1, 2022:
Share Options Expense $15,000
Share Options Liability $15,000
(To recognize the fair value of options granted)
On May 10, 2022:
Cash $2,700,000
Share Capital $1,800,000
Share Options Liability $900,000
(To record the receipt of applications and payment for shares)
On May 28, 2022:
Share Capital (150,000 shares x $3) $450,000
Share Options Liability $75,000
Share Options Expense $15,000
Share Premium $390,000
Cash $1,620,000
(To record the allotment of shares and options, return of money to unsuccessful applicants, and recognition of share premium)
On November 30, 2022:
Share Options Liability $26,400
Share Capital (54,000 shares x $3.20) $172,800
Share Premium $43,200
Cash $156,000
(To record the exercise of 54,000 options, issuance of corresponding shares, and recognition of share premium)
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Components of Bond Returns [LO 2] Bond P is a premium bond with a coupon rate of 9.8 percent Bond D is a discount bond with a coupon rate of 5.8 percent. Both bonds make onnual payments, a YTM of 7.8 percent, a par value of $1,000, and have thirteen years to maturity. a. What is the current yield for Bond P? For Bond D? Note: Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16. b. If interest rotes remain unchanged, what is the expected capital gains yield over the next year for Bond P? For Bond D?
a. Current Yield for Bond P: 9.10%, Current Yield for Bond D: 6.29% b. Expected Capital Gains Yield for Bond P: 0%, Expected Capital Gains Yield for Bond D: 8.46%
a. To calculate the current yield for Bond P and Bond D, we need to divide the annual coupon payment by the bond's current price.
Given:
Coupon rate for Bond P = 9.8%
Coupon rate for Bond D = 5.8%
YTM for both bonds = 7.8%
Par value = $1,000
Years to maturity = 13
Current Yield = (Annual Coupon Payment / Current Price) * 100
For Bond P:
Annual Coupon Payment = Coupon rate * Par value = 9.8% * $1,000 = $98
Current Price = Par value + (Par value * YTM) = $1,000 + ($1,000 * 7.8%) = $1,000 + $78 = $1,078
Current Yield for Bond P = ($98 / $1,078) * 100 ≈ 9.10%
For Bond D:
Annual Coupon Payment = Coupon rate * Par value = 5.8% * $1,000 = $58
Current Price = Par value - (Par value * YTM) = $1,000 - ($1,000 * 7.8%) = $1,000 - $78 = $922
Current Yield for Bond D = ($58 / $922) * 100 ≈ 6.29%
b. The capital gains yield over the next year can be calculated as the change in price divided by the initial price.
For Bond P, the change in price is expected to be zero since it is a premium bond, meaning its price is already higher than the par value. Therefore, the expected capital gains yield for Bond P is 0%.
For Bond D, the change in price can be calculated as the difference between the initial price and the par value:
Change in price = Par value - Current Price = $1,000 - $922 = $78
Capital Gains Yield for Bond D = (Change in price / Current Price) * 100 = ($78 / $922) * 100 ≈ 8.46%
Therefore, the expected capital gains yield for Bond P is 0%, and for Bond D is approximately 8.46%.
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Development Questions: 5 question and 64 points in total. 1. Discuss the importance of segmentation research (2 aspects, 3 points each). How does it affect the development of market planning for a particular company (2 aspects, 3 points each)? 12 points in total.
Segmentation research is an important tool for companies to understand their target market and develop effective market planning strategies. Here are two aspects that highlight the importance of segmentation research:
1. Identifying Customer Needs: Segmentation research helps companies understand the diverse needs and preferences of different customer segments. By analyzing customer data, companies can identify common characteristics, behaviors, and preferences among their target market segments. This enables them to tailor their products or services to meet the specific needs of each segment. For example, a company selling beauty products may discover that one segment prefers organic and cruelty-free products, while another segment values luxury and high-end brands. This knowledge allows the company to develop targeted marketing campaigns and create product offerings that resonate with each segment.
2. Market Opportunity Assessment: Segmentation research enables companies to identify untapped market opportunities. By analyzing market segments, companies can identify segments that are currently underserved or overlooked by competitors. This information helps them to focus their resources and efforts on developing products or services that cater specifically to these segments. For example, a company may find that there is a growing segment of environmentally conscious consumers who are looking for sustainable packaging options. By identifying this opportunity through segmentation research, the company can develop eco-friendly packaging solutions to meet this demand.
Segmentation research affects the development of market planning for a particular company in the following ways:
1. Targeted Marketing: Segmentation research allows companies to target their marketing efforts more effectively. By understanding the characteristics and preferences of different market segments, companies can create targeted marketing campaigns that speak directly to the needs and desires of each segment. For example, a company targeting young professionals may focus their marketing efforts on social media platforms and use language and imagery that resonates with this demographic.
2. Product Differentiation: Segmentation research helps companies differentiate their products or services in the market. By understanding the specific needs and preferences of different segments, companies can develop unique features or offerings that set them apart from competitors. This differentiation can be a key factor in attracting and retaining customers. For example, a company may identify a segment of budget-conscious consumers who prioritize affordability. By developing a range of budget-friendly products, the company can position itself as a cost-effective option in the market.
In conclusion, segmentation research is important for companies as it helps identify customer needs and market opportunities. It also plays a crucial role in the development of market planning by enabling targeted marketing and product differentiation.
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Ohio requires advertisements for accident and health insurance policies covering ONLY a specified illness to prominently display
A. The premium guarantee
B. A statement that the policy is limited
C. A schedule of payments
D. The policy exclusions
Ohio requires advertisements for accident and health insurance policies covering only a specified illness to prominently display D. The policy exclusions
Ohio mandates that the policy exclusions be conspicuously displayed in marketing for accident and health insurance policies that solely cover a certain ailment. This promotes transparency and makes prospective policyholders aware of the exact conditions or events that the policy does not cover. Consumers may make educated selections about the insurance coverage they are contemplating and comprehend the policy's restrictions by having policy exclusions displayed.
Additionally, there are deadlines that Ohio insurance companies must adhere to before they may notice a claim and decide whether to accept it or not. In the marketing of sickness and accident insurance, there exist regulations that ensure accurate and sufficient disclosure of all material and pertinent facts.
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What's the comparison when realized rate of return is greater
than YTM and coupon rate?
For Example-
realized rate of return-12%
YTM= 11%
coupon rate=10%
What is the comparison?
To calculate the comparison between the realized rate of return, Yield to Maturity (YTM), and coupon rate, we can use the following formulas:
Realized Rate of Return = (Ending Value - Beginning Value + Income) / Beginning Value
YTM = (Annual Interest Payment + (Face Value - Current Price) / Years to Maturity) / ((Face Value + Current Price) / 2) * 100
Coupon Rate = (Annual Interest Payment / Face Value) * 100
In the given example:
Realized Rate of Return = 12%
YTM = 11%
Coupon Rate = 10%
Since the realized rate of return (12%) is greater than both the YTM (11%) and the coupon rate (10%), it indicates that the investor has earned a higher return than anticipated.
The realized rate of return takes into account the ending value (including capital gains or losses), the beginning value, and any income received from the investment.
In this case, the investor's realized rate of return exceeded the YTM, which represents the expected return assuming the bond is held until maturity.
It also surpassed the fixed interest payment (coupon rate) associated with the bond. This indicates that the investment has outperformed expectations and yielded a higher return for the investor.
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Let's suppose you (USA dealer) imported a product from German on Dec 1, 2018 at € 300, payable in 60 days. You sold the product in the US market at $400 in cash on Dec 15, 2018. The
company's fiscal year ends on Dec 31. You paid to your German supplier on Feb 1, 2019
Below, please find the exchange rate information:
Dec 1, 2018: 0.8 €/$.
Dec 31, 2018: 1.5 €/$.
Feb 1, 2019: 0.6 €/$.
What was gross profit for 2018 and 2019, respectively?
To calculate the gross profit for 2018 and 2019, we need to consider the exchange rates and the cost and selling price of the product.
In this scenario, the product was imported from Germany on December 1, 2018, at a cost of €300, payable in 60 days. The exchange rate on that day was 0.8 €/$. This means that the cost of the product in US dollars was:
Cost in USD = Cost in Euros * Exchange rate
Cost in USD = 300 * 0.8 = $240
On December 15, 2018, the product was sold in the US market for $400 in cash. The gross profit for 2018 can be calculated as:
Gross Profit 2018 = Selling Price - Cost
Gross Profit 2018 = $400 - $240 = $160
On February 1, 2019, the payment was made to the German supplier. The exchange rate on that day was 0.6 €/$. To calculate the cost of the product in USD for 2019, we need to consider the exchange rate on December 31, 2018, as the fiscal year ends on December 31. The exchange rate on that day was 1.5 €/$. So, the cost of the product in USD for 2019 is:
Cost in USD 2019 = Cost in Euros * Exchange rate
Cost in USD 2019 = 300 * 1.5 = $450
The gross profit for 2019 can be calculated as:
Gross Profit 2019 = Selling Price - Cost
Gross Profit 2019 = $400 - $450 = -$50
Therefore, the gross profit for 2018 is $160, and the gross profit for 2019 is -$50, indicating a loss of $50.
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supply chain management (scm) is used by businesses.true or false
The statement 'supply chain management (SCM) is used by businesses' is true.
Supply chain management (SCM) is a critical component of business operations. It involves the coordination and management of various activities related to the production and distribution of goods and services. SCM encompasses processes such as procurement, transportation, warehousing, inventory management, and customer service.
The main goal of SCM is to ensure the smooth flow of materials, information, and finances across the entire supply chain, from suppliers to manufacturers to customers. By effectively managing the supply chain, businesses can achieve improved efficiency, reduced costs, increased customer satisfaction, and gain a competitive advantage in the market.
Therefore, the statement 'supply chain management (SCM) is used by businesses' is true.
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Define a balance sheet (also called a statement of financial position). What does it balance?
A balance sheet, also known as a statement of financial position, is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company's financial condition at a specific point in time. It presents the assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity of a company and is based on the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders' Equity
The balance sheet is called so because it balances the two sides of the equation, ensuring that the total value of assets is equal to the combined value of liabilities and shareholders' equity. In other words, the balance sheet represents the company's resources (assets) and the claims against those resources (liabilities and shareholders' equity).
Here's a breakdown of the components of a balance sheet:
1. Assets: These are the economic resources owned or controlled by the company. Assets can be classified into two main categories:
a. Current Assets: These are assets expected to be converted into cash or consumed within one year, such as cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and short-term investments.
b. Non-Current Assets: Also known as long-term assets, these are assets with a longer life span, including property, plant, and equipment, intangible assets (like patents and trademarks), and long-term investments.
2. Liabilities: These are the company's obligations or debts to external parties. Like assets, liabilities are classified into two categories:
a. Current Liabilities: These are obligations that are due within one year, such as accounts payable, short-term loans, and accrued expenses.
b. Non-Current Liabilities: Also known as long-term liabilities, these are obligations with a longer repayment period, such as long-term loans, bonds payable, and deferred tax liabilities.
3. Shareholders' Equity: This represents the residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting liabilities. It includes the initial investment by shareholders and any retained earnings or accumulated profits. Shareholders' equity is further divided into two main components:
a. Paid-in Capital: This is the amount of money shareholders have contributed to the company by purchasing shares.
b. Retained Earnings: These are the accumulated profits or losses of the company that have not been distributed to shareholders as dividends.
By listing assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity side by side, the balance sheet provides valuable information about a company's financial health, liquidity, and solvency. It is an essential tool for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to assess the financial position and evaluate the overall performance of a business.
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In decision making, determining the -------- of a course of action may depend on statutes, regulations and codes.
O practicality
O Legality
O morality
O ethics
In decision making, determining the legality of a course of action may depend on statutes, regulations, and codes.
When making decisions, particularly in professional or organizational contexts, it is essential to consider whether a course of action aligns with the laws, statutes, regulations, and codes relevant to the situation. The legality of an action refers to its compliance with the established legal framework.
Statutes are laws enacted by legislative bodies, regulations are specific rules and requirements issued by government agencies, and codes refer to sets of guidelines or principles that govern certain professions or industries. These legal frameworks provide guidelines and constraints on what actions are permissible or prohibited.
Evaluating the legality of a course of action involves determining whether it complies with the applicable laws, regulations, and codes. It ensures that the decision-maker is operating within the legal boundaries and avoids potential legal consequences or penalties.
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Which of the following will lower the breakeven point? a decrease in the sales price per unit an increase in total fixed costs an increase in the variable costs per unit an increase in the sales price per unit
A decrease in the sales price per unit will lower the breakeven point.
The breakeven point is the level of sales at which a company neither makes a profit nor incurs a loss. It represents the point at which total revenue equals total costs. The breakeven point is influenced by several factors, including the sales price per unit, total fixed costs, and variable costs per unit.
When the sales price per unit decreases, it means that the company generates less revenue from each unit sold. As a result, the breakeven point decreases because the company needs to sell fewer units to cover its fixed costs and variable costs. A lower sales price per unit can stimulate demand and make the product more affordable, potentially increasing sales volume.
Conversely, an increase in the sales price per unit would have the opposite effect, raising the breakeven point. This is because the company needs to sell more units at the higher price to cover its costs and reach the breakeven level.
While an increase in total fixed costs or an increase in variable costs per unit may impact the profitability of a business, they would not directly lower the breakeven point. These factors would require the company to sell more units to cover the higher costs and reach the breakeven level.
Therefore, among the options provided, a decrease in the sales price per unit is the factor that would lower the breakeven point.
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Listed below are the transactions of Daniel Jackson, D.D.S., for the month of September. Sept. 1 Jackson begins practice as a dentist, invests $21,930 cash, and issues 2,193 shares of $10 par stock. 2 Purchases dental equipment on account from Green Jacket Co. for $18,000. 4 Pays rent for office space, $680 for the month. 4 Employs a receptionist, Michael Bradley. 5 Purchases dental supplies for cash, $990. 8 Receives cash of $1,840 from patients for services performed. 10 Pays miscellaneous office expenses, $440. 14 Bills patients $5,940 for services performed. 18 Pays Green Jacket Co. on account, $3,300. 19 Pays a dividend of $2,750 cash. 20 Receives $1,000 from patients on account. 25 Bills patients $2,230 for services performed. 30 Pays the following expenses in cash: salaries and wages $1,620; miscellaneous office expenses $86. 30 Dental supplies used during September, $360. Enter the transactions shown above in appropriate general ledger accounts (use T-accounts). Record depreciation using a 5-year life on the equipment, the straight-line method, and no salvage value. (Post entries in the order displayed in the problem statement.) Supplies Salaries and Wages Expense Dividends Service Revenue Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment
Supplies: Debit $990, Credit $360
Salaries and Wages Expense: Debit $1,620
Dividends: Debit $2,750
Service Revenue: Credit $1,840, Credit $5,940, Credit $1,000, Credit $2,230
Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment: Debit $60
In September, Daniel Jackson, D.D.S., engaged in various transactions for his dental practice. He invested $21,930 cash and issued 2,193 shares of $10 par stock to begin his practice. He purchased dental equipment on account from Green Jacket Co. for $18,000 and paid rent for office space amounting to $680. Jackson employed a receptionist, Michael Bradley, and paid miscellaneous office expenses of $440. He received $1,840 in cash from patients for services performed and billed patients $5,940 for services rendered.
Jackson also paid Green Jacket Co. $3,300 on account and distributed a dividend of $2,750 in cash. Furthermore, he received $1,000 from patients on account and billed an additional $2,230 for services. Finally, he paid salaries and wages of $1,620 and miscellaneous office expenses of $86 in cash. The dental supplies used during September amounted to $360. The depreciation of the dental equipment was recorded with a debit of $60 to the Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment account, assuming a 5-year life using the straight-line method and no salvage value.
In September, Daniel Jackson, D.D.S., started his dental practice by investing $21,930 in cash and issuing 2,193 shares of $10 par stock. He then purchased dental equipment on account from Green Jacket Co. for $18,000 and paid $680 for office rent. To support his practice, Jackson employed a receptionist, Michael Bradley, and incurred miscellaneous office expenses of $440. He provided services to patients and received $1,840 in cash payments.
He also billed patients $5,940 for services rendered, of which $1,000 was received on account. Additionally, Jackson paid $3,300 to Green Jacket Co. on account and distributed a dividend of $2,750 in cash. The expenses incurred during the month included salaries and wages of $1,620 and miscellaneous office expenses of $86, both paid in cash. The dental supplies used during September amounted to $360. To account for the depreciation of the dental equipment, which has a 5-year life and no salvage value, Jackson recorded $60 as a debit to the Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment account using the straight-line method.
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Supplies: $990 (Sept. 5), Salaries and Wages Expense: $1,620 (Sept. 30), Dividends: $2,750 (Sept. 19), Service Revenue: $1,840 (Sept. 8), $5,940 (Sept. 14), $1,000 (Sept. 20), $2,230 (Sept. 25), Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment: $300 (Sept. 30), Equipment: $18,000 (Sept. 2)
Supplies:
Date Description Debit Credit
Sept. 5 Dental supplies $990
Salaries and Wages Expense:
Date Description Debit Credit
Sept. 30 Salaries and wages expense $1,620
Dividends:
Date Description Debit Credit
Sept. 19 Dividends $2,750
Service Revenue:
Date Description Debit Credit
Sept. 8 Service revenue $1,840
Sept. 14 Accounts receivable $5,940
Sept. 20 Accounts receivable $1,000
Sept. 25 Accounts receivable $2,230
Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment:
Date Description Debit Credit
Sept. 30 Depreciation expense $300
Equipment:
Date Description Debit Credit
Sept. 2 Equipment $18,000
Sept. 30 Accumulated depreciation - equipment $300
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according to maslow's theory, when a need is satisfied
According to Maslow's theory, when a need is satisfied, an individual can move on to fulfilling the needs at the next level in the hierarchy.
Maslow's theory of motivation, also known as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, suggests that individuals have a set of needs that they strive to fulfill. According to Maslow, these needs are arranged in a hierarchical order, with basic physiological needs at the bottom and higher-level needs at the top.
When a need at a lower level is satisfied, an individual can move on to fulfilling the needs at the next level. For example, once a person's physiological needs for food, water, and shelter are met, they can focus on fulfilling their safety needs, such as having a stable job or a secure living environment.
As individuals progress up the hierarchy, the needs become more complex and abstract. social needs involve the desire for love, belongingness, and friendship, while esteem needs relate to the need for recognition, respect, and self-worth. Finally, self-actualization needs refer to the need for personal growth, self-fulfillment, and reaching one's full potential.
When a need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a motivator for behavior. Instead, the individual's attention shifts to the next unfulfilled need in the hierarchy. This process continues until the individual reaches the level of self-actualization, where they have fulfilled their highest potential.
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According to Maslow's theory, a person would be motivated to fulfill the next level of needs in the hierarchy after a certain need is satisfied, with the ultimate level being self-actualization. This process is ongoing and just a small percentage of people become fully self-actualized. Self-efficacy also plays a critical role in motivating behavior as it's connected to 'esteem' or 'self-actualization' in Maslow's hierarchy.
Explanation:According to Maslow's theory, when a certain need is satisfied, an individual is then motivated to fulfill the next level of needs in the hierarchy. Initially, the most basic physiological needs for survival must be met like water, food, and shelter. Once these are satisfied, higher-level needs come into focus such as safety, love, esteem or recognition and the highest being self-actualization.
Self-actualization refers to achieving one's full potential and it can only be realized when the lower levels of needs in the hierarchy have been fulfilled. It’s a continuous and life-long process, and only a small percentage of people reach a fully self-actualized state. It's crucial to note that Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is not universally applicable, as cultural differences can influence the priority of needs.
Psychologist Albert Bandura theorized that self-efficacy, or an individual's belief in their own ability to complete a task, plays a critical role in motivating behavior. This fits closely with Maslow's hierarchy, as an individual's self-belief could be considered an aspect of 'esteem' or 'self-actualization'.
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which is considered a room–related occupancy cost?
Complimentary breakfast costs is taken into account as a room-based occupancy cost. Option A is correct.
Costs associated with occupying a space are known as occupancy costs, and they include expenses for rent, real estate taxes, personal property taxes, building and contents insurance, and depreciation and amortization .
Due to the rising cost of real estate, these tend to be higher for newcomers to a market. The tenant's annual occupancy cost is the total of all costs related to occupying their space, including base rent, reimbursements for common area maintenance, reimbursements for real estate taxes, and percentage rent.
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Complete question as follows:
Which is considered a room-related occupancy cost?
A. complimentary breakfast costs
B. costs associated with operating the hotel's website
C. mortgage payments
D. a revenue manager's salary
4. Explain the meaning of efficient markets. Why might we expect
markets to be efficient most of the time? In recent years, several
securities firms have been guilty of using inside information when
p
Efficient markets refer to the idea that prices in financial markets accurately reflect all available information. We can expect markets to be efficient most of the time due to active trading, competition among investors, and advancements in technology.
Efficient markets are characterized by prices that accurately reflect the intrinsic value of assets based on all available information. This means that new information is quickly incorporated into prices, making it difficult for investors to consistently outperform the market. There are several reasons why we might expect markets to be efficient most of the time.
There are several reasons why we might expect markets to be efficient most of the time. Firstly, in efficient markets, there are many investors actively trading securities, which increases the likelihood of new information being quickly reflected in prices. Secondly, competition among investors ensures that prices remain close to their fundamental values. If prices deviate from these values, arbitrageurs would step in to profit from the discrepancy, thus bringing prices back in line. Additionally, advancements in technology have made it easier and faster for information to be disseminated, reducing the time lag between the release of new information and its incorporation into prices.
In recent years, several securities firms have been found guilty of using inside information, which goes against the assumptions of efficient markets. This highlights that markets are not always efficient and that there can be instances of information asymmetry or manipulation. However, overall, we can still expect markets to be efficient most of the time due to the factors mentioned above.
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___________are incurred for every single unit of product produced.
variable costs are expenses that change in direct proportion to the level of production and are incurred for every single unit of product produced.
In business, there are various costs associated with the production of goods or services. One such cost is the variable cost. variable costs are expenses that change in direct proportion to the level of production. These costs are incurred for every single unit of product produced.
Variable costs include expenses such as raw materials, direct labor, and direct utilities. For example, in a manufacturing company, the cost of raw materials used to produce each unit of a product is a variable cost. As the company produces more units, the cost of raw materials increases.
Variable costs are different from fixed costs, which remain constant regardless of the level of production. Fixed costs include expenses like rent, salaries, and insurance.
Understanding variable costs is crucial for businesses to determine their break-even point and make informed decisions regarding pricing, production levels, and profitability.
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Following a concern that traditional welfare programmes overly discourage work, many countries have moved towards lowering the marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution. Discuss, with reference to optimal tax theory, the rationale behind these reforms.
In optimal tax theory, the marginal tax rate is the rate at which an additional dollar of income is taxed.
A lower marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution means that people who earn low incomes pay a lower percentage of their income in taxes.
There are a number of reasons why countries might choose to lower the marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution. One reason is to discourage welfare dependency.
When people are faced with a high marginal tax rate, they may be less likely to work, because they will keep less of the money they earn. This can lead to a cycle of welfare dependency, where people become trapped in poverty.
Another reason to lower the marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution is to boost economic growth. When people have more money to spend, they are more likely to spend it, which can stimulate the economy. This can lead to more jobs and higher incomes for everyone.
Finally, lowering the marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution can be seen as a way to achieve greater fairness. In a progressive tax system, people who earn more money pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes.
By lowering the marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution, countries can make the tax system more progressive and ensure that everyone pays their fair share.
Of course, there are also some potential drawbacks to lowering the marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution. One concern is that it could lead to a decrease in government revenue. If people pay less in taxes, the government will have less money to spend on public services.
Another concern is that it could lead to an increase in inequality. If people at the bottom of the income distribution pay less in taxes, they will have more money to spend, which could widen the gap between the rich and the poor.
Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to lower the marginal tax rate at the bottom of the income distribution is a complex one. There are a number of factors to consider, including the potential impact on welfare dependency, economic growth, and fairness.
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PE for this type of company is 30 and you predict earnings to be $3 per share for the coming year, then the forecasted stock price for a year from now, what is the target price?
100
$80
90
60
Based on the given PE ratio and predicted earnings per share, the forecasted stock price for a year from now is $90.
The target price for a year from now can be calculated using the price-to-earnings (PE) ratio and the predicted earnings per share (EPS).
To calculate the target price, multiply the predicted EPS ($3) by the PE ratio (30). This gives us $90 as the target price.
The price-to-earnings (PE) ratio is a valuation metric that helps investors determine the relative value of a stock. It is calculated by dividing the stock price by the earnings per share (EPS).
In this case, the PE ratio is given as 30. This means that investors are willing to pay 30 times the earnings per share for this company's stock.
The predicted earnings per share for the coming year is $3. This means that the company is expected to earn $3 for each share of stock.
To find the target price, we multiply the predicted EPS ($3) by the PE ratio (30). This gives us a target price of $90.
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please don't copyright
. Alpa Ltd. uses a process costing system for its sole
processing department. There were 24,000 units in beginning WIP
inventory for March and 216,000 units were started in March. The
beginning WIP units were 60% complete and the 19,500 units in ending WIP
were 40% complete. All materials are added at the start of processing.
Required:
a) Compute the no. of units started & completed.
b) Compute the EUP for DM and CC using FIFO and WA methods.
The EUP for DM using FIFO is 199,800 units, and the EUP for DM using WA is 210,720 units. The EUP for conversion costs using FIFO is 199,800 units, and the EUP for CC using WA is 210,720 units.
a) To compute the number of units started and completed, we need to subtract the units in beginning work-in-process (WIP) inventory from the units started in March.
Units started = Units started in March - Units in beginning WIP inventory
= 216,000 - 24,000
= 192,000 units.
Units completed would be the same as units started, as there is no information provided about units that were not completed.
b) To compute the equivalent units of production (EUP) for direct materials (DM) and conversion costs (CC) using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, we need to calculate the EUP for units completed and the EUP for units in ending WIP inventory.
EUP for DM using FIFO:
EUP for units completed = Units completed = 192,000 units
EUP for units in ending WIP inventory = Ending WIP units × Percentage of completion
= 19,500 units × 40%
= 7,800 units
Total EUP for DM = EUP for units completed + EUP for units in ending WIP inventory
= 192,000 units + 7,800 units
= 199,800 units
EUP for CC using FIFO:
EUP for units completed = Units completed = 192,000 units
EUP for units in ending WIP inventory = Ending WIP units × Percentage of completion
= 19,500 units × 40%
= 7,800 units
Total EUP for CC = EUP for units completed + EUP for units in ending WIP inventory
= 192,000 units + 7,800 units
= 199,800 units
To compute the EUP for DM and CC using the weighted average (WA) method, we need to calculate the weighted average percentage of completion for both DM and CC.
Weighted average percentage of completion for DM = (Beginning WIP units × Beginning WIP % complete + Units started × Completion %) / (Beginning WIP units + Units started)
= (24,000 units × 60% + 216,000 units × 100%) / (24,000 units + 216,000 units)
= (14,400 + 216,000) / 240,000
= 230,400 / 240,000
= 0.96 or 96%
Weighted average percentage of completion for CC = (Beginning WIP units × Beginning WIP % complete + Units started × Completion %) / (Beginning WIP units + Units started)
= (24,000 units × 60% + 216,000 units × 100%) / (24,000 units + 216,000 units)
= (14,400 + 216,000) / 240,000
= 230,400 / 240,000
= 0.96 or 96%
EUP for DM using WA:
EUP for units completed = Units completed = 192,000 units
EUP for units in ending WIP inventory = Ending WIP units × Weighted average % of completion
= 19,500 units × 96%
= 18,720 units
Total EUP for DM = EUP for units completed + EUP for units in ending WIP inventory
= 192,000 units + 18,720 units
= 210,720 units
EUP for CC using WA:
EUP for units completed = Units completed = 192,000 units
EUP for units in ending WIP inventory = Ending WIP units × Weighted average % of completion
= 19,500 units × 96%
= 18,720 units
Total EUP for CC = EUP for units completed + EUP for units in ending WIP inventory
= 192,000 units + 18,720 units
= 210,720 units
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TRUE / FALSE.
payroll and order entry systems are examples of transaction processing systems
True, payroll and order entry systems are examples of transaction processing systems.
True, payroll and order entry systems are indeed examples of transaction processing systems. Transaction processing systems (TPS) are computerized systems designed to process and record day-to-day business transactions. They are primarily used to collect, store, retrieve, and manipulate data related to transactions that occur within an organization.
Payroll systems are used to manage employee compensation and related information. They handle tasks such as calculating wages, deductions, and taxes, generating paychecks, and maintaining employee records. These systems process a large number of transactions on a regular basis, such as recording hours worked, applying leave balances, and updating employee information.
Order entry systems, on the other hand, are used to manage the sales process and track customer orders. They handle tasks such as capturing customer information, recording order details, checking inventory availability, and generating invoices. These systems process transactions related to customer orders, including order creation, order modification, and order fulfillment.
Both payroll and order entry systems involve processing a high volume of transactions, updating relevant data in real-time, and ensuring accuracy and integrity of the information. Therefore, they are considered examples of transaction processing systems within an organization.
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Freestone Company reports the following income statement accounts for the year ended December 31. Prepare a multiple-step income statement that includes separate categories for net sales, cost of goods sold, selling expenses, and general and administrative expenses. Categorize the following accounts as selling expenses: Sales Staff Salaries and Advertising Expense. Categorize the remaining expenses as general and administrative. Sales discounts $ 1,000 $ 1,500 Office supplies expense 4,000 Cost of goods sold 3,000 Sales 18,000 40,000 Office salaries expense Rent expense - Office space Advertising expense Sales returns and allowances 1,000 Insurance expense 500 Sales staff salaries 2,000 5,000
In this case, we have Office supplies expense, Office salaries expense, Rent expense - Office space, and Insurance expense.
To prepare a multiple-step income statement for Freestone Company, we need to categorize the accounts into separate categories. First, let's identify the accounts related to net sales. In this case, we have Sales, Sales discounts, and Sales returns and allowances. Net sales can be calculated by subtracting sales discounts and sales returns and allowances from sales. Next, we have the cost of goods sold. In this case, we have Cost of goods sold amounting to $3,000. This represents the cost of the products sold during the year.
Now, let's categorize the selling expenses. From the given accounts, Sales Staff Salaries and Advertising Expense fall under selling expenses. Finally, the remaining expenses are categorized as general and administrative expenses.
To summarize, the multiple-step income statement for Freestone Company would include the following categories:
1. Net Sales
2. Cost of Goods Sold
3. Selling Expenses (Sales Staff Salaries and Advertising Expense)
4. General and Administrative Expenses (Office supplies expense, Office salaries expense, Rent expense - Office space, and Insurance expense).
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________ have historically earned ________ returns than the market portfolio.
A) Small stocks; higher average
B) Big stocks; higher average
C) Small stocks; lower average
D) Big stocks; lower average
Answer:
2) The size effect reflects the fact that returns of small stocks appear ________ even accounting for their ________ beta.
A) high; lower
B) low; higher
C) low; lower
D) high; higher
Answer:
3) Investment strategy that ________ stocks that have had past ________ returns and ________ stocks that have had past ________ returns is called a momentum strategy.
A) buys; low; sells; high
B) sells; high; buys; low
C) buys; high; sells; low
D) none of the above
Answer:
4) The size effect reveals that stocks with a ________ book-to-market ratio have ________ alphas.
A) low; positive
B) low; negative
C) high; positive
D) high; negative
Answer:
5) Book-to-market ratio is the ratio of:
A) book value of assets to the market value of assets
B) book value of equity to the market value of equity
C) book value of debt to the market value of debt
D) book value of working capital to the market value of working capital
Answer:
6) All else being equal a ________ alpha implies that the stock also has a relative ________ expected return.
A) positive; high
B) negative; high
C) positive; low
D) none of the above
Answer:
7) The outcomes from the financial crisis of 2008 substantiates which of the following observations?
A) The EMH cannot predict that market prices are always correct given future information.
B) The scarcity of winners in the wake of the financial crisis negates the validity of the EMH.
C) CAPM is a consistently reliable tool for measuring risk.
D) Those who correctly predicted the impending crisis and profited by shorting mortgage securities, in most cases, went on to correctly predict market movements in the years following 2008.
1) Small stocks historically have higher average returns than the market portfolio.
2) The size effect shows that small stocks have high returns even after considering their lower beta.
3) A momentum strategy involves buying stocks with low past returns and selling stocks with high past returns.
4) Stocks with low book-to-market ratios (value stocks) have positive alphas.
5) The book-to-market ratio compares a company's book value of equity to its market value of equity.
6) A positive alpha suggests a stock has a relatively low expected return.
7) The outcomes of the 2008 financial crisis challenge the assumption that the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) can predict correct market prices with future information.
1) The correct answer is A) Small stocks; higher average. Historically, small stocks have earned higher average returns compared to the market portfolio. This phenomenon is known as the "size effect." It suggests that investing in smaller companies has provided investors with higher returns on average.
2) The correct answer is A) high; lower. The size effect reflects the fact that returns of small stocks appear high even when accounting for their lower beta. Beta is a measure of a stock's sensitivity to market movements. Despite small stocks having lower beta (indicating lower sensitivity to the overall market), they still exhibit higher returns, suggesting that other factors beyond market risk drive their performance.
3) The correct answer is A) buys; low; sells; high. An investment strategy that buys stocks that have had past low returns and sells stocks that have had past high returns is called a momentum strategy. This strategy aims to capitalize on the persistence of stock price trends. It assumes that stocks that have performed well in the past will continue to perform well, while stocks that have performed poorly will continue to underperform.
4) The correct answer is A) low; positive. The size effect reveals that stocks with a low book-to-market ratio (also known as value stocks) have positive alphas. The book-to-market ratio is the ratio of a company's book value of equity to its market value of equity. It is commonly used to identify value stocks, which are stocks that are perceived to be undervalued relative to their fundamental characteristics. Value stocks have historically exhibited positive abnormal returns, indicating that they outperform what would be expected based on their risk profile.
5) The correct answer is B) book value of equity to the market value of equity. The book-to-market ratio is the ratio of a company's book value of equity to its market value of equity. It compares the accounting value of a company's equity (as recorded in its financial statements) to its market value (the price at which the company's shares are traded in the market). The book-to-market ratio is often used as an indicator of a stock's value relative to its market price.
6) The correct answer is C) positive; low. All else being equal, a positive alpha implies that the stock also has a relative low expected return. Alpha is a measure of a stock's risk-adjusted performance compared to a benchmark, such as the market. A positive alpha suggests that the stock has outperformed its expected return, indicating higher performance relative to its risk. In this case, a relative low expected return means that the stock is expected to have lower returns compared to its risk profile.
7) The correct answer is A) The EMH cannot predict that market prices are always correct given future information. The outcomes from the financial crisis of 2008 support the observation that the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) cannot predict that market prices are always correct given future information. The financial crisis revealed significant market inefficiencies and mispricing, which contradicted the assumptions of the EMH. The EMH suggests that financial markets are efficient and reflect all available information, making it difficult for investors to consistently outperform the market. However, the crisis highlighted that markets can experience significant disruptions and pricing anomalies, indicating that the EMH is not infallible.
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