Problem 2.19 The radius of an atom of gold (Au) is about 1.35 Å Part A Express this distance in nanometers (nm). Express your answer using three significant figures. 90 AED Submit Request Answer Part B Express this distance in picometers (pm). Express your answer using three significant figures. 90 | ΑΣΦ ? pm Submit Resuest Answer The radius of an atom of gold (Au) is about 1.35 Å. Part How many gold atoms would have to be lined up to span 9.5 mm? Express your answer using two significant figures. 190 | ΑΣΦ 6. ? atoms Submit Request Answer Part D if the atom is assumed to be a sphere, what is the volume in em of a single Au atom Express your answer using three significant figures. 190 AEC ? cm Sub Request Answer Pe Feedback

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Answer 1

a) the distance in picometers is 135 pm. b) the distance in picometers is 135 pm. c) The answer is 7.0 × 10^4 atoms. d) The volume of a single gold atom is 9.15 × 10^(-24) cm^3.

Part A:

1.35 Å = 0.135 nm (since 1 Å = 0.1 nm)

Therefore, the distance in nanometers is 0.135 nm.

Part B:

1.35 Å = 135 pm (since 1 Å = 100 pm)

Therefore, the distance in picometers is 135 pm.

Part C:

The length of one gold atom is 1.35 Å = 1.35 × 10^(-10) m.

The number of atoms required to span a distance of 9.5 mm = (9.5 × 10^(-3) m) / (1.35 × 10^(-10) m) = 70,370 atoms.

Rounding to two significant figures, the answer is 7.0 × 10^4 atoms.

Part D:

Assuming the gold atom is a sphere, its volume can be calculated as:

V = (4/3)πr^3, where r is the radius of the atom.

Substituting the value of the radius (1.35 Å = 1.35 × 10^(-10) m) gives:

V = (4/3)π(1.35 × 10^(-10))^3 = 9.15 × 10^(-30) m^3.

Expressing this in cubic centimeters gives:

V = 9.15 × 10^(-30) × 10^6 = 9.15 × 10^(-24) cm^3.

Therefore, the volume of a single gold atom is 9.15 × 10^(-24) cm^3.

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Related Questions

the box is to be filled with sand. which measure would be used to find the amount of sand the box will hold?

Answers

To find the amount of sand that a box will hold, we would use the measure of volume.

Volume is the amount of space that an object or substance takes up in three dimensions, typically measured in cubic units. In the case of the box being filled with sand, we would use the volume of the box to determine how much sand it can hold. This can be calculated by multiplying the length, width, and height of the box together, which gives the total cubic units of volume. The resulting value would be in cubic units such as cubic inches, cubic feet, or cubic meters, depending on the units of measurement used.

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how to send kred to a krew member

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To send Kred to a Krew member, you can follow the steps provided by the Kred platform. These steps typically involve accessing your Kred account, selecting the desired recipient, specifying the amount of Kred to send, and confirming the transaction.

Sending Kred to a Krew member usually requires using the features and functionalities provided by the specific Kred platform or service. The process may vary depending on the platform, so it is recommended to refer to the official documentation or guidelines provided by the platform. Typically, you would need to log in to your Kred account, navigate to the appropriate section for sending Kred, select the intended recipient from the list of Krew members, enter the desired amount of Kred to send, review the transaction details, and confirm the transfer. The platform may also offer additional options or settings for customizing the transfer process.

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Match the word with the definition.

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Domain:  the domain or set of departure of a function is the set into which all of the input of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set X in the notation f: X → Y, and is alternatively denoted as . Since a (total) function is defined on its entire domain, its domain coincides with its domain of definition.

Vertical Line test:  the vertical line test is a visual way to determine if a curve is a graph of a function or not. A function can only have one output, y, for each unique input, x. If a vertical line intersects a curve on an xy-plane more than once then for one value of x the curve has more than one value of y, and so, the curve does not represent a function. If all vertical lines intersect a curve at most once, then the curve represents a function.

Relation: Relations are used to describe a connection between the elements of two sets. They help to map the elements of one set (known as the domain) to elements of another set (called the range) such that the resulting ordered pairs are of the form (input, output).

Practical Range: range is a statistical measurement of dispersion, or how much a given data set is stretched out from smallest to largest. In a set of data, the range is the difference between the greatest and smallest value.

Function: Function is an expression, rule, or law that defines a relationship between one variable (the independent variable) and another variable (the dependent variable).

Practical Domain: The domain is the set of all possible x-values which will make the function "work" and will output real y-values.

function Notation: Function notation is a way of expressing a relationship between two variables. A function is most often denoted by letters such as f, g, and h, and the value of a function f at an element x of its domain is denoted by f(x). In function notation, f(x) represents the output of the function f for a given input x. The letter 'f' is commonly used to represent a function, but other lower case letters such as 'g' or 'h' can also be used. The function notation formula is f(x) = y, where y is the output of the function for a given input x. The set of all pairs (x, f(x)) is called the graph of the function.

how much of the variation in the outcome variable is explained by the least-squares regression line? round the answer to one decimal place. the percentage of variation in the outcome variable that is explained by the least-squares regression line is

Answers

To determine the percentage of variation in the outcome variable that is explained by the least-squares regression line, we need to calculate the coefficient of determination (R-squared). R-squared is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable (outcome) that is explained by the independent variable(s) in the model.

To calculate R-squared, we can square the correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and the predicted values from the regression line. This will give us a value between 0 and 1, which represents the proportion of variation explained.

If we have already calculated the correlation coefficient (r), we can simply square it to obtain R-squared. Alternatively, we can use software or a calculator to obtain the value directly.

Once we have calculated R-squared, we can convert it to a percentage by multiplying by 100. For example, if R-squared is 0.75, then 75% of the variation in the outcome variable is explained by the least-squares regression line.

Therefore, to answer the question, we need to calculate R-squared based on the available data and round the answer to one decimal place. The resulting percentage will be the percentage of variation in the outcome variable that is explained by the least-squares regression line.

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Graph a right triangle with the two points forming the hypotenuse. Using the sides, find the distance between the two points in simplest radical form. (-9, -4) and (-2, 2)

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which simplifies to 85 = c^2. Taking the square root of both sides, c = sqrt(85), which is the simplest radical form for the distance between the two points.

To graph a right triangle with (-9, -4) and (-2, 2) as the endpoints of the hypotenuse, first plot these points on a coordinate plane. Next, determine the third point of the triangle so that it forms a right angle. One possible point is (-9, 2), which creates a right angle at (-9, 2).

Now, find the length of the legs of the triangle. The horizontal leg has length |-9 - (-2)| = 7 units, and the vertical leg has length |-4 - 2| = 6 units.

To find the distance between the two points, use the Pythagorean theorem: a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where a and b are the legs and c is the hypotenuse. So, 7^2 + 6^2 = c^2, or 49 + 36 = c^2,

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If all questions are answered and are correct I will give brainlessly

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Answer:

The length of the hypotenuse is 13 cm, so the area of the missing square is 13^2 = 169 cm.

a researcher is performing an analysis on a 2x2x4 research design. how many independent variables are there in the design?

Answers

In the given research design, there are three independent variables. The notation "2x2x4" represents the number of levels or conditions for each independent variable.

The first independent variable has two levels (2x), the second independent variable has two levels (2x), and the third independent variable has four levels (4). Each independent variable is manipulated or varied independently of the others in order to examine their effects on the dependent variable(s). Therefore, there are three independent variables in this 2x2x4 research design.

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I need help really bad

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The total area of the crown is 26cm²

How to find the area of the krown?

We can divide the crown in some simpler figures, these are:

A rectangle of 8cm by (2 + 1/4) cm, the area is the product of the two dimensions, so we can write this as:

A = 8cm*(2 + 1/4)cm

A = 18cm²

And in 4 triangles whose base is of 2cm, and its height is also of 2cm, then the area of each triangle is:

T = 2cm*2cm/2 = 2cm²

Then the total area of the crown is:

area = 18cm² + 4*2cm²

area = 18cm² + 8cm²

area = 26cm²

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3. Evaluate the expression.
C(8,5)
Put your answer in the form [XX].

Answers

The combination formula  C(8, 5) is calculated as: 56

How to solve Probability combination?

Combinations in probability theory and even other areas of mathematics tell us about a sequence of outcomes where the order does not matter. For example, when we order a pizza, it doesn't matter whether we order it with ham, mushrooms, and olives or olives, mushrooms, and ham.

Now, we want to find the combination given as C(8, 5)

The formula for combination is:

nCr = n!/(r!(n - r)!)

Thus;

8C5 = 8!/(5!(8 - 5)!)

= 56

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The amount of time a certain brand of light bulb lasts is normally distributed with a mean of 2000 hours and a standard deviation of 65 hours. Using the empirical rule, what percentage of light bulbs last between 1805 hours and 2195 hours?

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The percentage of light bulbs lasting between 1805 hours and 2195 hours is given as follows:

99.7%.

What does the Empirical Rule state?

The Empirical Rule states that, for a normally distributed random variable, the symmetric distribution of scores is presented as follows:

The percentage of scores within one standard deviation of the mean of the distribution is of approximately 68%.The percentage of scores within two standard deviations of the mean of the distribution is of approximately 95%.The percentage of scores within three standard deviations of the mean off the distribution is of approximately 99.7%.

For this problem, we have that both 1805 hours and 2195 hours are three standard deviations from the mean, hence the percentage is of 99.7%.

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Is the following shape a rectangle? How do you know?
C
D

A
OA. There is not enough information to determine.
the figure

Answers

The correct explanation about the rectangle is No, the adjacent sides are not perpendicular. Option D

How do we describe a rectangle?

A rectangle is defined as a quadrilateral with four right angles (90 degrees).

The shape provided in the diagram is not a rectangle because its four sides are not right angles.


Given that the coordinates for each point is a (3.9, -1)  b(2, 4)  c. (-2, -2)  d. (-1, -3).


Slope of AB = (4 - (-1)) / (2 - 3.9) = 5 / (-1.9) =-2.63

Slope of BC = (4 - 2) / (2 - (-2)) = 2 / 4 = 0.5

Slope of CD = (-2 - (-3)) / (-2 - (-1)) = 1 / -1 = -1

Slope of DA = (-1 - (-2)) / (3.9 - (-1)) = 1 / 4.9 = 0.20

The slopes of AB and CD are not equal, and the slopes of BC and DA are not equal either. Therefore, the opposite sides are not parallel.

the product of the slopes of adjacent sides (AB and BC) is not -1, which indicates that the angle between them is not a right angle

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Find the mean absolute deviation of the data below 11, 13, 10, 9, 7, 6, 9, 7

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The mean absolute deviation of the data is equal to 1.75.

How to calculate the mean for the set of data?

In Mathematics and Geometry, the mean for a data set can be calculated by using the following formula:

Mean = [F(x)]/n

For the total number of data, we have;

F(x) = 11 + 13 + 10 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 9 + 7

F(x) = 72.

Next, we would determine the mean as follows;

Mean = [F(x)]/n

Mean = 72/8

Mean = 9.

Generally speaking, MAD is an abbreviation for mean absolute deviation and it can be calculated by using this formula;

MAD = 1/n ∑|x - μ|

Where:

n represents the number of data (observed values)μ represents the mean of the data set.x represents the individual data (values).

By substituting the given parameters into the MAD formula, we have the following;

MAD = 1/8 [(11 - 9) +  (13 -9) +(10-9)+(9-9)+(7-9) +(6-9) + (9-9) + (7 -9)]

MAD = 1/8(2 + 4 +1+0+2+3+0+2).

MAD = 1/8(14)

MAD = 1.75

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The mean absolute deviation of the given data is 1.75

Calculating mean absolute deviation (MAD)

From the question, we are to calculate the mean absolute deviation of the given data

To calculate the mean absolute deviation,

First, we will determine the mean of the data

Mean = (11 + 13 + 10 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 9 + 7) / 8

Mean = 72/8
Mean = 9

Now,

We will determine the absolute value of the difference between each data and the mean

|11 - 9| = 2

|13 - 9| = 4

|10 - 9| = 1

|9 - 9| = 0

|7 - 9| = 2

|6 - 9| = 3

|9 - 9| = 0

|7 - 9| = 2

Now,

We will determine the mean of these absolute differences:

Mean absolute deviation = (2 + 4 + 1 + 0 + 2 + 3 + 0 + 2) / 8

Mean absolute deviation = 14 / 8

Mean absolute deviation = 1.75

Hence,

The mean absolute deviation is 1.75

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process totals ($100s) 137 108 107 352 sample size 10 10 10 30 sum of squares 1,893 1,188 1,175 4,256 in an anova table, what are the degrees of freedom for the treatment source of variation? g

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Therefore, the degrees of freedom for the treatment source of variation is 3.

In ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), the total variability of a dataset is divided into different sources of variation, such as treatment, error, and total. The treatment source of variation represents the differences between the means of the groups being compared. The degrees of freedom for the treatment source of variation refer to the number of independent pieces of information used to estimate the variability due to treatment. It is calculated as the number of groups minus one. In this case, with four groups, the degrees of freedom for the treatment source of variation is 3. This value is used in calculating the F-statistic and determining if there are significant differences between the group means.

The degrees of freedom for the treatment source of variation can be calculated using the formula:

Degrees of freedom (treatment) = number of groups - 1

In this case, there are 4 groups, so the degrees of freedom for the treatment source of variation would be:

Degrees of freedom (treatment) = 4 - 1 = 3

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Seven times the sum of a number 3 and equals 5 .

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The number that satisfies the equation is -9/7.

What number satisfies the expression?

An expression refers to the statement having minimum of two numbers, variables or both and an operator connecting them.

Let x be the number.

Then, we can write the word in expression of [tex]7(x+2) = 5[/tex]

We should expand the left side:

7(x + 2) = 5

7x + 14 = 5

7x = 5 - 14

7x = -9

x = -9/7.

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Please help me its due on wen but it needs to be turned in on tue night at 12

Answers

Answer:

C

Step-by-step explanation:

you just have to find the surface area here. 2(2x10) = 40 this is the area of both the sides. then 2(15×10) = 300 this is the area of the top and the bottom. after that we will find the area of the the back and the front side which is 2(15×2) = 60. finally we will add them up. 40+300+60= 400 in^2. remember the surface area is 2(lw + wh + hl) where I is the length w is the width and h is the height

how would the frenet formulas generalize to r4? r5? how many differential invariants are needed to specify a curve up to initial starting frame? what are the curves with constant differential invariants in that space? what possibilities can you find to help 3d beings visualize these curves?

Answers

The Frenet formulas describe the properties of curves in three-dimensional space (R^3). They provide a framework for understanding the curvature, torsion, and other geometric properties of curves.

However, when considering higher-dimensional spaces such as R^4 and R^5, the Frenet formulas can be generalized to accommodate these additional dimensions.

In R^4, we can extend the Frenet formulas to include two additional geometric quantities: the bitorsion and the pentascurvature. These additional quantities capture the behavior of curves in the extra dimensions beyond the usual curvature and torsion.

In R^5, further generalizations of the Frenet formulas can be made, incorporating additional geometric quantities that account for the curvature and torsion in the fifth dimension.

To specify a curve in R^n up to the initial starting frame, n differential invariants are needed. These differential invariants are geometric quantities that remain unchanged under transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling. They provide a concise representation of the curve's intrinsic properties.

Curves with constant differential invariants in R^n are interesting because they exhibit specific geometric characteristics that remain invariant throughout the curve. These curves can be viewed as special cases where the geometric properties remain constant along the entire curve.

To help 3D beings visualize curves in higher-dimensional spaces such as R^4 and R^5, one approach is to use mathematical representations and computer visualization techniques. Three-dimensional projections of higher-dimensional curves can be displayed using various visualization tools, such as interactive 3D graphics or virtual reality environments. These techniques allow 3D beings to explore and perceive the complex structure of curves in higher-dimensional spaces,

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20 points.
Please help me out I am struggling

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A. The x-intercepts of the graph represent a zero profit and $8 profit respectively, while the maximum value of the graph represents the maximum profit.

The interval over which the function is increasing is [0, 4] and the interval over which the function is decreasing is [4, 8]

With respect to the sale and profit, it means that the profit increases until it reaches the maximum profit of $270 and decreases after the vertex (4, 270).

B. An approximate average rate of change of the graph from x = 1 to x = 4 is $50 per unit sale.

C. The constraints of the domain is x > 0.

How to determine the x-intercept and average rate of change?

By critically observing the graph shown above, the x-intercepts are (0, 0) and (8, 0) while the maximum value of the graph is located at the vertex and it represent the maximum profit of $270.

Furthermore, the interval over which this quadratic function is increasing is [0, 4] and the interval over which the quadratic function is decreasing is [4, 8].

Part B.

In Mathematics, the average rate of change of f(x) on a closed interval [a, b] is given by this mathematical expression:

Average rate of change = [f(b) - f(a)]/(b - a)

Next, we would determine the average rate of change of the function g(t) over the interval [1, 4]:

a = 1; f(a) = 120

b = 4; f(b) = 270

By substituting the given parameters into the average rate of change formula, we have the following;

Average rate of change = (270 - 120)/(4 - 1)

Average rate of change = 150/3

Average rate of change = 50

Therefore, the average rate of change from x = 1 to x = 4 represent a profit of $50 per unit sale.

Part C.

In conclusion, the constraints of the domain is x > 0 or [1, 8] because the company cannot sell zero erasers and make profit.

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Complete Question;

The graph below shows a company's profit f(x), in dollars, depending on the price of pens x, in dollars, sold by the company:

Part A: What do the x-intercepts and maximum value of the graph represent? What are the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing, and what do they represent about the sale and profit?

Part B: What is an approximate average rate of change of the graph from x = 1 to x = 4, and what does this rate represent?

Part C: Describe the constraints of the domain.

consider the following sequence of operations on elements 1, 2, . . . , 8 : union(1, 5), union(2, 6), union(5, 6), union(3, 7), union(4, 8), union(3, 4), union(1, 7). after this sequence of operations, what is the parent node of element 1?

Answers

After the given sequence of operations, the parent node of element 1 is the node representing the set {1,5,6,7}.

The sequence of operations given involves the Union-Find algorithm, which is used for disjoint set data structure. In this algorithm, each element is represented by a node, and each node is initially considered as a parent node. Union operation is used to combine two sets, and Find operation is used to determine which set an element belongs to.
In the given sequence of operations, the sets {1,5,6,7} and {2,3,4,8} are formed by performing union operations. Now, to determine the parent node of element 1, we need to perform a Find operation on it. Since element 1 is part of the set {1,5,6,7}, we need to find the parent node of any element from this set.
By following the sequence of operations, we can see that union(1,5) combines the sets {1} and {5} into one set {1,5}. Similarly, union(5,6) combines sets {1,5} and {6} into one set {1,5,6}. Finally, union(1,7) combines sets {1,5,6} and {7} into one set {1,5,6,7}. Therefore, the parent node of element 1 is the node representing the set {1,5,6,7}.
In conclusion, after the given sequence of operations, the parent node of element 1 is the node representing the set {1,5,6,7}.

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Glenda checks, her computer monitors made at her company for defects. It has been shown that 0.5% of the monitors are defective. She decides to check several monitors and record if they are defective which of the following will make this process into a binomial experiment.

Answers

As long as Glenda's process follows these criteria, it will be a binomial experiment.

Glenda's process of checking computer monitors for defects to be considered a binomial experiment, it must meet the following criteria:
1. Fixed number of trials (n): Glenda must check a fixed number of monitors, such as 50 or 100.
2. Only two possible outcomes: Each monitor can either be defective (success) or not defective (failure).
3. Independent trials: The outcome of one trial (checking one monitor) does not affect the outcome of any other trials.
4. Constant probability of success (p): The probability of finding a defective monitor should remain constant at 0.5% (0.005) for all trials.
As long as Glenda's process follows these criteria, it will be a binomial experiment.

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What is the answer ?

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The equation that shows how to find p, the total amount of Alex's paycheck, is:

35/p = 70/100.

This equation represents the fact that 70% of Alex's paycheck (0.7p) was automatically deposited into her savings account, and that amount is given as $35. To solve for p, we can divide both sides of the equation by 0.7:

p = 35 / 0.7

p = 35/70 x 1/100

35/p = 70/100.

Therefore, the total amount of Alex's paycheck this week is $50.

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yes help please!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Answers

Answer:

the answer is B D and E

Step-by-step explanation:

as you can see the enlargement is by 3

Answer:

D and E :)

Step-by-step explanation:

Use the formula to find the volume of the figure. Show your work.

Answers

The volume of the hemisphere is 261.8 cubic feet

What is volume of a hemisphere?

We can easily find the volume of the hemisphere since the base of the sphere is circular. The volume of the hemisphere is derived by Archimedes. The volume of a hemisphere = (2/3)πr³ cubic units.

In this problem, we simply substitute the values into the formula and then solve for the volume.

v = 2/3πr³

radius(r) = diameter(d) / 2

r = 10 /2

r = 5ft

Substituting the values;

v = 2/3π(5)³

v = 261.8ft³

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Choose the INCORRECT statement below.

Answers

Answer:

N

Step-by-step explanation:

16/17 write as a decimal

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

0.9411764706 since you would just divide 16/17.

Answer:0.94

Step-by-step explanation:

You can put 16/17 into the calculator and you will get 0.941176471, so you just round to the nearest hundredths, like it asks ,and there you go.

9.4c-1.01*(22b-5.2c)+b

Answers

I think you wana simplify so here you go:


1) Expand by distributing terms.

9.4x−(22.22y−5.252x)+y

2) Remove parentheses.

9.4x−22.22y+5.252x+y

3) Collect like terms.

(9.4x+5.252x)+(−22.22y+y)

4) Simplify.
14.652x−21.22y
At this point you can't simplify it any further as there are no like terms
Hope this helps!

Joy is selling t-shirts to raise money for charity. She orders 100 t-shirts and plans to sell them for $15 each. Describe the domain and range of the
function that models h e r
sales.

Answers

The domain of the function that models Joy's sales is the set of all possible numbers of t-shirts that Joy can sell, which is the set of non-negative integers less than or equal to 100. This is because Joy cannot sell a negative number of t-shirts, and she cannot sell more than the 100 t-shirts she has ordered.

The range of the function is the set of all possible amounts of money that Joy can make from selling the t-shirts. This is the set of non-negative real numbers less than or equal to $1500. This is because the maximum amount of money Joy can make is $1500, which is the product of the number of t-shirts (100) and the price per t-shirt ($15).

10. In a survey, 52% of people state that they enjoy outdoor activities, 29% state that they have kids, and 15% state that they enjoy outdoor activities and have kids. What conclusion you can write for the group of people surveyed?

Answers

We can conclude  that there is a segment of the questioned population that values outdoor recreation and has children. The percentage of persons who belong to this subset is shown by the overlap percentage 15%.

What is the conclusion?

29% of individuals say they have children and 52% say they like outdoor activities. 15% of respondents also mention having children and enjoying outdoor activities.

This evidence leads us to the conclusion that there is a correlation between those who prefer outdoor activities and those who are parents. There are people in the poll who fit into both categories as seen by the 15% of respondents who say they like outdoor activities and have children.

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PLEASE HELP I AM GROUNDED AND DONT UNDERSTAND

Answers

Answer:

114 degrees

Step-by-step explanation:

x + 66 = 180

x = 180-66

x=114 degrees

A small submarine starts at –1,260 feet in relation to sea level. Then it descends 5 feet per minute for 12 minutes.
What is the new position of the submarine in relation to sea level?

Answers

The new position of the submarine in relation to sea level is -1200 feet (below sea level).

The initial position of the submarine is -1260 feet below sea level, and it descends at a rate of 5 feet per minute for 12 minutes. To calculate the new position of the submarine in relation to sea level, we can use the formula: New position = Initial position - (rate of change x time).

By substituting the given values into the formula, we can calculate the new position:

New position = -1260 - (-5 x 12)

New position = -1260 + 60

New position = -1200 feet

Therefore, the new position of the submarine in relation to sea level is -1200 feet below sea level.

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scores on a university exam are normally distributed with a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 8. using the 68-95-99.7 rule, what percentage of students score above 86?

Answers

Approximately 32% of students scored above 86 on the university exam.

To determine the percentage of students who score above 86, we can use the 68-95-99.7 rule, also known as the empirical rule or the three-sigma rule.

According to this rule, in a normal distribution:

Approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean.

Approximately 95% of the data falls within two standard deviations of the mean.

Approximately 99.7% of the data falls within three standard deviations of the mean.

Given that the mean is 78 and the standard deviation is 8, we can calculate the z-score for 86 using the formula:

z = (x - μ) / σ, where x is the value, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation.

z = (86 - 78) / 8 = 1

Since 86 is one standard deviation above the mean, we know that approximately 68% of students scored below 86. Therefore, the percentage of students who score above 86 can be estimated as 100% - 68% = 32%.

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