Muscle contraction occurs when somatic neurons and muscle fibers connect through neuromuscular synapse. The order of events is 4, 3, 5, 2, 1.
How does muscle contaction occur?Muscle fiber contractions are due to stimulation produced by somatic motor neurons, when their axons get in contact with muscle fibers through a neuromuscular synapse.
The sequence of events during muscle contraction is as follows,
1) At rest, attraction strengths between myosin and actin filaments are inhibited by the tropomyosin.
2) An action potential originates in the central nervous system, and travels to the somatic motor neuron membrane, where it activates the calcium channels.
3) Calcium channels open and the ions get into the neuron.
4) Calcium makes vesicles fuse with the membrane.
5) Vesicles release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) into the synaptic space at the juncture.
6) Ach moves through the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the skeletal muscle fiber.
7) This recognition event causes the ion channels to open,
sodium ions cross the membrane to get into the muscle fiber (sarcoplasm), potassium gets out.8) The difference in charges caused by the migration of sodium and potassium makes the muscle fiber membrane turns more positively charged (depolarized).
9) The action potential caused by the depolarization enters the t-tubules. Consequently, it depolarizes the inner portion of the muscle fiber.
10) Depolarization activates the T tubules membrane calcium channels and releases the ion into the sarcolemma.
At this point, tropomyosin is obstructing binding sites for myosin on the thin filament.
11) When calcium binds the troponin C, the troponin T alters the structure of tropomyosin by moving it and unblocks the binding sites.
12) Myosin binds to the uncovered actin-binding sites, and while doing it, ATP is transformed into ADP and inorganic phosphate.
13) Z-bands are then pulled toward each other, thus shortening the sarcomere and the I-band and producing muscle fiber contraction.
According to this framework, the correct order of events is,
4. Vesicles full of acetylcholine are stored at the axon terminal.
3. Action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction.
5. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft.
2. Acetylcholine binds to ligand gated sodium channels.
1. Action potential is propagated in the sarcolemma.
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which statement does not apply to experimental surgery on animals?
The statement that does not apply to experimental surgery on animals is that the importance of a sterile surgery is to be decided by the researcher.
What is surgery?A surgical procedure is an intervention that involves the opening of the body of an organism in order to carry it out.
The statement that does not apply in the experimental surgery of animals is that the importance of a sterile surgery is to be decided by the researcher.
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Development refers to the increase in size of an individual
true
false
Answer: true
Explanation: Growth refers to change in size, like weight or length. Development refers to changes in physical, social, emotional, and intellectual abilities.
A heron, a large wading bird, is hunting in a pond that contains three types of prey: fish, frogs, and snakes. All three types of prey are abundant and provide the same amount of energy to the heron. The heron has the highest handling time capturing fish, an intermediate handling time capturing snakes, and the lowest handling time capturing frogs. What prey item would foraging theory predict that the heron should catch most frequently
The preferred prey item would be frogs.
What is optimal foraging theory?
It is a theory in ecology that proposes that predating animals that get the most energy from minimal efforts are favored by natural selection.
In order words, selection forces prefer investing minimum energy in order to extract maximally available energy.
In this case, the heron needs to use the lowest time to harvest the maximum energy possible. Since all the preys offer the same amount of energy, the one that requires the lowest time would be preferable for the heron.
In other words, frogs would be the most preferable prey.
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What happens during prophase of meiosis I?
Answer:
Meiosis I, the first meiotic division, begins with prophase I. During prophase I, the complex of DNA and protein known as chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. The pairs of replicated chromosomes are known as sister chromatids, and they remain joined at a central point called the centromere.
Explanation:
Describe the relative thicknesses of the walls of the heart chambers of the fetal pig.
The description of the relative thickness of the walls of the heart chambers is that; the heart chambers themselves are thin, but the heart chambers are very thick.
What is the wall of the heart?
The heart chambers are composed of four hollow spaces within your heart. They are;
Two atria (upper chambers) - one to your right atrium and one to the left atrium.
Two ventricles (lower chambers) - One to your right ventricle and one to your left ventricle. Each of these chambers plays an important role in your heart's functioning.
Finally, the description of the relative thickness of the walls of the heart chambers is that; the heart chambers themselves are thin, but the heart chambers are very thick.
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The process of ________ helps to ensure that a scientist’s research is original, significant, logical, and thorough.
Answer: peer review
Explanation:
hope it helped :D
What percent of organic matter sink into deeper water where it may be removed effectively from the atmosphere?
The percentage of organic matter which sinks into deeper water is; 10%.
What is organic matter?The percentage of organic matter produced in the euphotic zone and which subsequently, sinks to deep waters is 10%.
This can be attributed to the fact that 90% of the organic matter produced in the euphotic zone is decomposed in the euphotic zone.
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What safety rule should you follow when performing an experiment that involves electricity?
The word transcribe means 'to write out' and the word translate means 'to express in a different language'. Review the meanings of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. How do the technical meanings of these words relate to meanings of the words in ordinary language.
The word transcribe means 'to pass the code from DNA to RNA', whereas the word translate means 'change from mRNA to protein', which is a different language.
What is the genetic code?The genetic code is a series of instructions that indicate how to synthesize proteins from a given gene sequence.
During transcription, the DNA gene sequence is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA).
During translation, triplets of nucleotides or codons in mRNA determine specific amino acids in the growing protein sequence.
In conclusion, the word transcribe means 'to pass the code from DNA to RNA', whereas the word translate means 'change from mRNA to protein', which is a different language.
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ASAP ASAPWhich of the following is an example of Genetic Engineering?
A. Mating the most productive plants together so their offspring will have a high yield.
B. Altering the DNA of yeast to create vaccines.
C. Raising pure breeds of dogs.
D. Altering the chemical structure of alloys to create better characteristics.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The literal definition of genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
D. Altering the chemical structure of alloys to create better characteristics.
is the best example of Genetic Engineering
what is genetic engineering?Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a procedure that makes use of laboratory-primarily based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. this could involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting an area of DNA, or including a brand new segment of DNA.
Genetic engineers alter, splice, eliminate, and rearrange genes a good way to modify an organism or groups of organisms.
uses of genetic engineering
In Medicine: Genetic engineering can be applied to:
Manufacturing of drugs.Creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and,Gene therapy.Human growth hormones.Follicle-stimulating hormones.Human albumin.Monoclonal antibodies.Antihemophilic factors.Learn more about genetic engineering here
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What are some characteristics of primates?
Primates are a group of mammals. Thus, they possess all the characteristics of mammals.
What are primates?The primates are a group of animals under the mammalian class. They include animals such as monkeys, lemurs, apes, and humans.
The basic characteristics of primates include:
Possession of a large and complex brainEyes are located on the head facing forward with stereoscopic visionPossession of hands that can grasp objectsAbility to nurture their younger onesDescended testicles in malesThe characteristics are in addition to the basic features of mammals.
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Cell theory states that all living things contain one or more cells. why do you think chill theory meets the definition of a scientific theory? Do you think it should be a scientific law? Explain your response.
The cell theory meets the definition of a scientific theory, yes because the scientific theory refers to the well-proven explanation of aspects of the natural world.
What does the cell theory claim?Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, the basic structural and organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
The cell theory is a scientific theory because it managed not only to theorize but also to prove in a way that supports the arguments of a scientific theory. When a theory can be proved in general, it becomes a law, so yes it could be a law.
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Human Impact on Earth Lab Report
Instructions: In the Human Impact Lab, you task will be to assist the Global Protection Agency to decrease the effects of human impact on Earth. Record your observations in the lab report below. You will submit your completed report.
Name and Title:
Include your name, instructor's name, date, and name of lab.
Data:
Record the data in the table below for each of the locations.
Location Timeline Human Impact Measurements Recommendation to Decrease Human Impact
New York City
Water Pollution
(in parts per million) 50 years ago
Present Day
Future Development Impact
Amazon Rainforest
Levels of CO2
(in parts per million) 50 years ago
Present Day
Future Development Impact
Sahara Desert
Loss of land by Erosion (in meters) 50 years ago
Present Day
Future Development Impact
Explanation:
this is one question or one chapter can you please tell me the single question then I will answer
What happened if the temperature was too high for enzymes
If the temperature was too high for enzymes they would be denatured which is why they have optimum temperature they work with.
What is Denaturation?This occurs when the structure of a protein is modified as a result of various factors.
Such factors include high temperature which results in the structure being changed and leads to the enzyme losing some properties needed for action.
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Which activity do you think accounts for the greatest percentage of your own personal water usage?
Answer: Taking a bath
Explanation:
From my perspective, taking a bath consumes the most water for your personal water usage. Washing your hands only takes little water, and brushing your teeth also only takes a small amount as well. As for other activities, I think they also only take a little. Taking a bath or washing your body takes the most amount, I think.
which organism causes gastroenteritis and is possibly transmitted through the respiratory route in addition to the fecal-oral route
An organism causes gastroenteritis and is possibly transmitted through the respiratory route in addition to the fecal-oral route Noroviruses.
What is gastroenteritis?The term "gastroenteritis" refers to irritation and inflammation of the digestive tract, including the stomach and intestines.
The most common causes are viral agents, bacteria, parasites and food poisoning, and the most common complaints are diarrhoea, abdominal pain, cramps, nausea and vomiting.
Noroviruses are the leading cause of adult gastroenteritis in North America and are responsible for projectile vomiting in infected individuals.
Thus, Noroviruses is the answer.
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What is the function of the epithelium?
The function of the epithelium is the lining of the inner and outer body surfaces and comprising the parenchyma of the glands.
What is the function of the body tissue?The epithelium is defined as a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces on the human body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Now, the function of the epithelium is the lining of the inner and outer body surfaces and comprising the parenchyma of the glands.
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What types of isolation lead to the formation of new species?
Help ASAP!!!!
I need to turn it in as soon as possible.
you have 30min to figure this out.
Thank you :)
A hypertonic solution has:
Fewer water molecules outside the cell than are inside the cell
More water molecules outside the cell than are inside the cell
The same number of water molecules inside and outside of the cell
No water inside or outside of the cell
A hypertonic solution has:
Fewer water molecules outside the cell than are inside the cell. Thus, option "A" is correct.
What is hypertonic solution?The cell is in a hypertonic solution because it lost water through osmosis and shrunk.A hypertonic solution contains more solute molecules compared to solvent molecules while the hypotonic solution has more solvent molecules than solute molecules.When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it loses water through osmosis and shrinks.An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution absorbs water through osmosis, increases in size and then bursts. Plant cell, on the other hand, does not burst when placed in a hypotonic solution as it contains a cellulose cell wall.Thus, option "A" is correct.
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Which methods are commonly used by sysadmins to organize issues? check all that apply
The methods which are most commonly used by the sysadmins to organize issues are;
Random machine checks.Service monitoring alerts.Which methods are commonly used by sysadmins to organize issues?In a bid to further enhance early detection of issues, it has become standard practice to carry out random machine checks at frequent intervals and enable service monitoring alerts. The combination of the aforementioned techniques helps sysadmins detect faults early before they get out of hand.
Remarks;
Random machine checks
Daily checks on each machine
Service monitoring alerts
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What do you call a chemical within the postsynaptic neuron that is indirectly activated by synaptic activity and interacts with intracellular enzymes or receptors?
A chemical within the postsynaptic neuron that is indirectly activated by synaptic activity and interacts with intracellular enzymes or receptors is second messenger.
What is second messenger?
A second messenger is a substance whose release within a cell is promoted by a hormone and which brings about a response by the cell.
This chemical is within the postsynaptic neuron that is indirectly activated by synaptic activity.
Thus, a chemical within the postsynaptic neuron that is indirectly activated by synaptic activity and interacts with intracellular enzymes or receptors is second messenger.
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Mutations are random changes to the structure of a gene. the likelihood of a mutation occurring can increase if a cell is
when mutations in a gene alter the sequence of amino acids,
can be
altered.
reset
next
Mutations are random changes to the structure of a gene. the likelihood of a mutation occurring can increase if a cell is when mutations in a gene alter the sequence of amino acids, can be altered.
What occurs whilst a random mutation occurs?What is generally known as "random mutation" does now no longer in truth arise in a mathematically random pattern. The procedure of genetic mutation is extraordinarily complex, with more than one pathways, concerning multiple systems. Current studies indicates maximum spontaneous mutations arise as mistakes withinside the restore procedure for broken DNA.
These outside sellers of genetic alternatives are known as mutagens. Exposure to mutagens frequently reasons changes withinside the molecular shape of nucleotides, in the long run inflicting substitutions, insertions, and deletions withinside the DNA sequence.
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The properties of water are an essential part of what makes water unique. What effect does the properties of water have on Earth’s surface and its systems?
The effect the properties of water have on Earth’s surface and its systems include:
WeatheringErosionWhat is Erosion?This is the process in which earthen materials are worn away and transferred from one part to another.
The absorption and retention properties of water also ensure that weathering takes place.
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Answer:
The effect the properties of water have on Earth’s surface and its systems include:
Weathering and Erosion
What geological change and event occurs at a transform boundary?
A. Plates collide, and a trench is formed.
B. Plates move apart, and a rift is formed.
C. Plates collide, and a mountain is formed.
D. Plates slide past one another, and a fault is formed.
The indigestible part of a plant is called ____. protein carbohydrates fats fiber
Roughage, also known as Dietary Fiber is the indigestible part of a plant.
Answer:
fiber
Explanation:
simply indigestible made of fiber tho
at which state of respiration does the co2 release that place
A. Krebs cycle.
B. Glycolysis.
C. Electron Transport System.
Answer: A. Krebs cycle
Describe the processes that occur after pollination, including fertilisation and seed formation.
Answer:
Step one: After pollen has landed on the stigma, it grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary. Step two: The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the nucleus in the ovule. Step three: The fertilised ovule develops into a seed.
hope it helps.
Which attribute has the potential to influence future thoughts, actions, and human endeavors?
Creativity is an attribute of a person with the potential to influence future thoughts, actions, and human endeavors.
What is creativity?Creativity can be defined as an attribute of a person that involves the use of thought processes and actions, so as to generate original ideas that proffers a unique solution to a specific problem.
This ultimately implies that, creativity is an attribute of a person with the potential to influence future thoughts, actions, and human endeavors.
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What two layers are the smooth muscle cells arranged in?
Answer:
The smooth muscle in the intestine is arranged into two layers: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
The two layers that the smooth muscles cells are arranged in are; an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
What are the Intestine Muscles?The smooth muscle cells of the intestine has three layers of smooth muscle that consists of the outer longitudinal, the middle circular, and the inner oblique muscles.
Now, out of all the three layers listed above, the two layers that the smooth muscles cells are arranged in are an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
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A researcher is concerned about a population of Bavarian pine voles, a type of endangered rodent. The researcher wants to estimate the genetic diversity of the population by collecting DNA samples from some of the pine voles. Which sampling method should he use?
Tagging and wildlife tracking. Thus, option "C" is correct.
What is Wildlife tracking?Wildlife tracking is a process employed by biologists and scientific researchers including conversational agencies to remotely the movements and migratory patterns of free-ranging wild animals using GPS and other sensors.
The tracking and monitoring of these endangered species is vital because it helps in the conservation process. Through the monitoring of wildlife, agencies can keep track of animal potters, population demographics and habitat utilization.
Thus, option "C" is correct.
A.
netting
B.
quadrat sampling
C.
tagging and wildlife tracking
D.
point counts
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